CN114512804A - Fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on composite left-right-hand transmission line and implementation method thereof - Google Patents
Fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on composite left-right-hand transmission line and implementation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite left-right-hand transmission line and an implementation method thereof. In the equivalent circuit model of the antenna unit, the left side and the right side are respectively provided with a series capacitor CLHAnd a series inductance LRHConnected in series and then connected to a parallel capacitor C in parallelRHAnd a parallel inductor LLHOne end of (2), variable capacitor C connected in series between the two side circuitsVThen the middle capacitor C and the variable capacitor C are connected in parallelVThe resonance angular frequency of the left hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right hand part are changed by the middle capacitor C together, the capacitance value of the variable capacitance diode is controlled by an external voltage source, and the variable capacitor C is controlledVAnd then control the propagation constant beta, thus realize and regulate the radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna, the invention only regulates the single variable through controlling the bias voltage, realize the beam scanning; the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna has the advantages of simple structure of a biasing circuit, large scanning range, large bandwidth and the like, and has good prospects in communication scenes such as mobile communication, satellite communication and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna, in particular to a fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite left-right-hand transmission line and an implementation method thereof.
Background
The composite right-left hand transmission line antenna is a leaky-wave antenna, and has the advantages of wide working bandwidth, high directionality, simple structure, low profile and frequency scanning characteristics. The angle of the beam radiated by the composite left-right hand transmission line antenna can be changed along with the change of the working frequency of the antenna, so that the coverage area of the antenna radiation beam is increased, but the characteristic of frequency scanning is not practical in the actual communication scene, and in the scenes needing beam scanning, such as mobile communication, satellite communication and the like, the communication signal is a narrow-band signal with fixed central frequency, so that the characteristic of fixed-frequency beam scanning is more suitable for the modern communication scenes.
In order to enable the composite right-and-left-handed transmission line antenna for constant frequency beam scanning to realize the front-and-back scanning of the zero-crossing angle, the resonant frequencies of the left-and-right-handed part of the composite right-and-left-handed transmission line need to be increased or decreased simultaneously. There have been some studies on designing a Composite Right-hand and Left-hand transmission line Antenna for Fixed-Frequency Beam Scanning, and using two independent voltages to control two variables of the Composite Right-hand and Left-hand transmission lines to realize Beam Scanning of the Antenna (see reference [1]: s.chen, d.k.karmokan, z.li, p.qin, r.w.ziolkowski and y.j.guo, "Continuous Beam Scanning at a Fixed Frequency With a Composite Right-/Left-Handed Beam Antenna Operating Over a Frequency Band," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and processing, vol.67, No.12, pp.7272-7284, dec.2019).
As shown in fig. 1, of the conventional composite right-and-left-hand transmission lineThe equivalent circuit model comprises two series capacitors CLHTwo series inductors LRHTwo parallel capacitors CRHAnd two parallel inductors LLHTo form a circuit with symmetrical left and right sides, one circuit is a series capacitor CLHAnd a series inductance LRHConnected in series and then connected to a parallel capacitor C in parallelRHAnd a parallel inductor LLHThe equivalent circuit model has two resonance angular frequencies, which are the resonance frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand part respectively; in the existing composite right and left hand transmission line technology, in order to realize the forward and backward beam scanning in a large range, the parallel capacitor C needs to be changed simultaneouslyRHAnd a parallel inductor LLHAnd a variable in (C), and a series capacitance CLHAnd a series inductance LRHThe resonant frequency of the left-hand part and the resonant angular frequency of the right-hand part can be changed simultaneously, and two independent control voltages are generally required for changing the two variables simultaneously, so that the design complexity of the bias circuit is increased by the technology.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to realize the forward and backward beam scanning of the composite left and right hand transmission line in a large range, the invention provides a fixed frequency beam scanning antenna based on the composite left and right hand transmission line and a realization method thereof, wherein the single variable of the composite left and right hand transmission line is controlled by only single voltage to realize the beam scanning of the antenna; the antenna has the advantages of simple structure of the biasing circuit, large scanning range, large bandwidth and the like, and has good prospect in communication scenes such as mobile communication, satellite communication and the like.
One objective of the present invention is to provide a fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite left-right-hand transmission line.
The invention relates to a fixed frequency wave beam scanning antenna based on a composite left-right hand transmission line, which comprises: the antenna comprises a dielectric substrate, an antenna unit, a microstrip line and a direct current bias line; the antenna array comprises a dielectric substrate, a plurality of antenna units and a plurality of antenna units, wherein the plurality of antenna units are arranged along one dimension to form an antenna array, the arrangement direction of the antenna array is specified to be transverse, and the arrangement direction vertical to the antenna array is specified to be longitudinal; the two ends of the antenna array are respectively connected with a microstrip line, the microstrip line is connected to a radio frequency connector, the radio frequency connector at one end is connected with a microwave energy source and serves as a feed-in end of microwave energy, and the radio frequency connector at the other end is connected with a matched load and serves as an absorption end of the microwave energy; each antenna unit is connected to the positive voltage of an external voltage source through a direct current bias line;
each antenna unit includes: the device comprises two pairs of metal through holes, two metal patches, two longitudinal grooves, two gaps, a direct current feed patch, two variable capacitance diodes and an inductor; two pairs of holes penetrating through the upper surface and the lower surface are formed in the dielectric substrate, a layer of metal covers the surfaces of the holes to form two pairs of metal through holes, and the connecting line of each pair of metal through holes is along the longitudinal direction; a metal patch is arranged between each pair of metal through holes, the upper edge and the lower edge of each metal patch are respectively contacted with the corresponding metal through hole, and the metal patches are electrically connected with the corresponding metal through holes; a longitudinal groove is formed in the center of the upper surface of each metal patch, the direction of the longitudinal groove is along the longitudinal direction, and the longitudinal groove is positioned on a connecting line of the corresponding pair of metal through holes; arranging a direct current feed patch between the two metal patches; the direct current feed patches are respectively spaced from the metal patches positioned on the two sides to form two gaps; the two variable capacitance diodes respectively span the corresponding gaps, and the metal patch is connected to the direct current feed patch through the variable capacitance diodes; an inductor is arranged at the edge of the direct current feed patch and is connected to a direct current bias line through the inductor; forming a metal floor on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate, wherein the metal through holes are communicated with the metal floor, and the metal floors of the antenna units are connected into a whole; the metal floor is connected to the negative voltage of an external voltage source; the antenna unit is bilaterally symmetrical about the center line of the direct current feed patch, and the center line is along the longitudinal direction;
the equivalent circuit model of the antenna unit includes: each pair of metal vias is equivalent to a parallel inductor LLHThe metal patches and the metal floor on the two sides and the dielectric substrate are equivalent to two parallel capacitors C on the two sidesRHEach metal patch is equivalent to a series inductor LRHEach longitudinal slot is equivalent to a series capacitor CLHEach slot and the corresponding varactor are jointly equivalent to a variable capacitance CVStraight, straightThe current feed patch, the metal floor and the dielectric substrate are equal to a middle capacitor C together, and a circuit with symmetrical left and right sides is formed; the left and right sides are respectively provided with a series capacitor CLHAnd a series inductance LRHConnected in series and then connected to a parallel capacitor C in parallelRHAnd a parallel inductor LLHOne end of the two-side circuit, the middle of the two-side circuit is connected with a variable capacitor C in seriesVThen the middle capacitor C is connected in parallel; variable capacitance C due to the presence of the middle capacitance CVThe resonance angular frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand part are changed by the middle capacitor C together, so that the resonance angular frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand part are changed by the middle capacitor C together with the variable capacitor CVRelated, and equivalent circuit model resonance angular frequency dependent variable capacitance CVIs changed; when the variable capacitance CVWhen the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, the beam radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is formed by the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna and the propagation constant k in the air0Ratio determination, i.e. radiation angle of fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna
Therefore, the propagation constant β of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, which corresponds to the increase of the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna; similarly, when the variable capacitance C is usedVWhen the antenna becomes smaller, the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced, and correspondingly, the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced; the microwave is fed into the antenna array from the radio frequency connector at one end through the microstrip line, the microwave is radiated out through the antenna array, and the energy which is not radiated out is absorbed by the matching load connected with the radio frequency connector at the other end; the inductor connects the direct current bias line with the direct current feed patch, so that high-frequency current in the metal patch is isolated from the direct current bias line, and the bias voltage loading of the direct current bias line on the variable capacitance diode is not influenced; the positive voltage of an external voltage source is applied to one end of the variable capacitance diode through a direct current bias line and a direct current feed patch connected with the direct current bias line, and the negative voltage of the bias voltage passes through a metal floor, a metal through hole connected with the metal floor and two metal through holes connected with the metal floorThe side metal patch is applied to the other end of the variable capacitance diode, and the external voltage source is utilized to control the capacitance value of the variable capacitance diode and control the variable capacitance CVAnd further controls the propagation constant beta, thereby realizing that the single variable capacitor C in the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is adjusted only by controlling the bias voltageVTo adjust the radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna.
The fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is a two-port network, and the dispersion is expressed as
Where P is the length of an antenna element of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna, and a and D are elements of the transmission (ABCD) matrix of the two-port network, so that the dispersion expression is:
where ω is angular frequency, ω is 2 pi f, and f is frequency, when the variable capacitance C is takenVWhen β is made equal to 0, the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is in a resonant state, the radiation beam angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is 0 °, and the corresponding resonant angular frequency is:
when the variable capacitance CVWhen the frequency of the resonance angle is increased, the frequency of the resonance angle is reduced, the dispersion curve moves to low frequency, the propagation constant beta becomes a positive number, and the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna becomes a positive direction; when the variable capacitance CVWhen the frequency is reduced, the resonant angular frequency is increased, the dispersion curve moves to high frequency, the propagation constant beta becomes a negative number, and the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna becomes a negative direction; omega1And ω2Of which the minimum value is the radiation beam of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antennaResonant angular frequency, ω, of the left-hand part at an angle of 0 °1And ω2The maximum value of (3) is the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand portion of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna having a radiation beam angle of 0 °.
The dielectric substrate is made of an insulating material.
The metal covered by the two pairs of metal through holes is copper, aluminum or aluminum alloy; the metal patch is made of copper, aluminum or aluminum alloy; the material of the direct current feed patch adopts copper, aluminum or aluminum alloy; the variable capacitance diode adopts a patch variable capacitance diode; the inductor adopts a patch inductor.
Metal through hole, metal patch, dielectric substrate, longitudinal slot, DC feed patch, gap, varactor, and parallel inductor LLHParallel capacitor CRHSeries inductor LRHAnd a series capacitor CLHA middle capacitor C and a variable capacitor CVThe relationship between them satisfies an empirical approximate relationship:
LRH≈μrμ0te/w
CRH≈εrε0we/t
C≈εrε0wl/t
wherein, murIs the relative permeability, mu, of the dielectric substrate0Is the permeability in free space, εrIs the relative dielectric constant, ε, of a dielectric substrate0Is the dielectric constant in free space, t is the thickness of the dielectric substrate, e is the width (transverse direction) of one of the two side metal patches, and w is the width of the two metal patchesThe length (longitudinal direction) of one side metal patch in the side metal patches, d is the diameter of the metal through hole, s is the width of the longitudinal groove, h is the length of the longitudinal groove, l is the width of the direct current feed patch, g is the width of the slot, and C' is the capacitance value of the varactor. The invention also aims to provide a method for realizing the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on the composite left-right-hand transmission line.
The invention discloses a method for realizing a fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite left-right hand transmission line, which comprises the following steps:
1) fixed frequency beam scanning antenna setting:
a) two pairs of holes penetrating through the upper surface and the lower surface are formed in the dielectric substrate, a layer of metal is covered on the surfaces of the holes to form two pairs of metal through holes, and the connecting line of each pair of metal through holes is along the longitudinal direction; a metal patch is arranged between each pair of metal through holes, the upper edge and the lower edge of each metal patch are respectively contacted with the corresponding metal through hole, and the metal patches are electrically connected with the corresponding metal through holes; a longitudinal groove is formed in the center of the upper surface of each metal patch, the direction of the longitudinal groove is along the longitudinal direction, and the longitudinal groove is positioned on a connecting line of the corresponding pair of metal through holes; arranging a direct current feed patch between the two metal patches; the direct current feed patches are respectively spaced from the metal patches positioned at the two sides to form two gaps; the two variable capacitance diodes respectively span the corresponding gaps, and the metal patch is connected to the direct current feed patch through the variable capacitance diodes; an inductor is arranged at the edge of the direct current feed patch and is connected to a direct current bias line through the inductor; forming a metal floor on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate, wherein the metal through holes are communicated with the metal floor, and the metal floors of the antenna units are connected into a whole; the metal floor is connected to the negative voltage of an external voltage source; the antenna unit is bilaterally symmetrical about the center line of the direct current feed patch, and the center line is along the longitudinal direction;
b) forming a plurality of antenna units on a dielectric substrate, wherein the antenna units are arranged along one dimension to form an antenna array, the arrangement direction of the antenna array is specified to be transverse, and the arrangement direction vertical to the antenna array is specified to be longitudinal;
c) the two ends of the antenna array are respectively connected with a microstrip line, the microstrip line is connected to a radio frequency connector, the radio frequency connector at one end is connected with a microwave energy source and serves as a feed-in end of microwave energy, and the radio frequency connector at the other end is connected with a matched load and serves as an absorption end of the microwave energy;
d) each antenna unit is connected to the positive voltage of an external voltage source through a direct current bias line;
2) the equivalent circuit model of the antenna unit includes: each pair of metal vias is equivalent to a parallel inductor LLHThe metal patches on the two sides, the metal floor and the dielectric substrate are equivalent to two parallel capacitors C on the two sidesRHEach metal patch is equivalent to a series inductor LRHEach longitudinal slot is equivalent to a series capacitor CLHEach slot and the corresponding varactor are jointly equivalent to a variable capacitance CVThe direct current feed patch, the metal floor and the dielectric substrate are equal to a middle capacitor C together, and a circuit with symmetrical left and right sides is formed; the left and right sides are respectively provided with a series capacitor CLHAnd a series inductance LRHConnected in series and then connected to a parallel capacitor C in parallelRHAnd a parallel inductor LLHOne end of the two-side circuit, the middle of the two-side circuit is connected with a variable capacitor C in seriesVThen the middle capacitor C is connected in parallel;
3) variable capacitance C due to the presence of the middle capacitance CVThe resonance angular frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand part are changed by the middle capacitor C together, so that the resonance angular frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand part are changed by the middle capacitor C together with the variable capacitor CVRelated, and equivalent circuit model resonance angular frequency dependent variable capacitance CVIs changed; when the variable capacitance CVWhen the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, the beam radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is formed by the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna and the propagation constant k in the air0Ratio determination, i.e. radiation angle of fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna
Therefore, the propagation constant β of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, which corresponds to the increase of the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna; also, the same applies toWhen the variable capacitance CVWhen the antenna becomes smaller, the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced, and correspondingly, the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced;
4) the microwave is fed into the antenna array from the radio frequency connector at one end through the microstrip line, the microwave is radiated out through the antenna array, and the energy which is not radiated out is absorbed by the matching load connected with the radio frequency connector at the other end;
5) the inductor connects the direct current bias line with the direct current feed patch, so that high-frequency current in the metal patch is isolated from the direct current bias line, and the bias voltage loading of the direct current bias line on the variable capacitance diode is not influenced;
6) positive voltage of an external voltage source is applied to one end of the variable capacitance diode through a direct current bias line and a direct current feed patch connected with the direct current bias line, negative voltage of the bias voltage is applied to the other end of the variable capacitance diode through a metal floor, a metal through hole connected with the metal floor and metal patches on two sides connected with the metal through hole, the capacitance value of the variable capacitance diode is controlled by using the external voltage source, and a variable capacitance C is controlledVAnd further controls the propagation constant beta, thereby realizing that the single variable capacitor C in the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is adjusted only by controlling the bias voltageVTo adjust the radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna.
The invention has the advantages that:
the invention only uses single voltage to control the single variable of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna of the composite left-right hand transmission line, thus realizing the beam scanning of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna; the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna has the advantages of simple structure of a biasing circuit, large scanning range, large bandwidth and the like, and has good prospects in communication scenes such as mobile communication, satellite communication and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuit model of a conventional composite right-left hand transmission line;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite right-and-left-handed transmission line according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an antenna unit of an embodiment of the constant frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite right and left-handed transmission line according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit model diagram of a fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite right-and-left-handed transmission line according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a dispersion curve diagram of an equivalent circuit model of an embodiment of the constant frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite right and left handed transmission line according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a dispersion curve diagram of an antenna unit of an embodiment of the constant frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite right and left handed transmission line of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a beam scanning pattern of one embodiment of a fixed frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite right and left handed transmission line in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph of the S-parameters of an embodiment of the constant frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite right and left handed transmission line in accordance with the present invention;
fig. 9 is a graph of antenna efficiency for an embodiment of the constant frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite right and left handed transmission line of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further elucidated by means of specific embodiments in the following with reference to the drawing.
As shown in fig. 2, the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on the composite left-right hand transmission line of the present embodiment includes: the antenna comprises a dielectric substrate 1, an antenna unit 3, a microstrip line 2 and a direct current bias line 4; the antenna array comprises a dielectric substrate 1, a plurality of antenna units 3, a plurality of antenna units and a plurality of antenna units, wherein the plurality of antenna units are arranged along one dimension to form an antenna array, the arrangement direction of the antenna array is specified to be transverse, and the arrangement direction vertical to the antenna array is specified to be longitudinal; two ends of the antenna array are respectively connected with a microstrip line 2, the microstrip line 2 is connected to a radio frequency connector, the radio frequency connector at one end is connected with a microwave energy source and serves as a feed-in end of microwave energy, and the radio frequency connector at the other end is connected with a matched load and serves as an absorption end of the microwave energy; each antenna unit is connected to the positive voltage of an external voltage source through a direct current bias wire 4;
as shown in fig. 2 and 3, each antenna unit includes: two pairs of metal through holes 31, two metal patches 33, two longitudinal slots 32, a slot 34, a direct current feed patch 35, two varactors 36 and an inductor 37; two pairs of holes penetrating through the upper surface and the lower surface are formed in the dielectric substrate, a layer of metal is covered on the surfaces of the holes to form two pairs of metal through holes 31, and the connecting line of each pair of metal through holes 31 is along the longitudinal direction; a metal patch 33 is arranged between each pair of metal through holes 31, the upper edge and the lower edge of each metal patch 33 are respectively contacted with the corresponding metal through hole 31, and the metal patches 33 are electrically connected with the corresponding metal through holes 31; a longitudinal groove 32 is formed in the center of the upper surface of each metal patch 33, the direction of the longitudinal groove 32 is along the longitudinal direction, and the longitudinal groove is located on a connecting line of the corresponding pair of metal through holes 31; a direct current feed patch 35 is arranged between the two metal patches 33, and the length of the direct current feed patch 35 is equal to that of the metal patches 33; the direct current feed patch 35 is respectively distanced from the metal patches 33 positioned at the two sides to form two gaps 34; two varactors 36 respectively cross over the corresponding slots 34, and the metal patch 33 is connected to the direct current feed patch 35 through the varactors 36; an inductor 37 is arranged at the edge of the direct current feed patch 35 and is connected to a direct current bias line through the inductor 37; forming a metal floor on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate, wherein the metal through holes 31 are communicated with the metal floor, and the metal floors of the antenna units are connected into a whole; the metal floor is connected to the negative voltage of an external voltage source; the antenna unit is bilaterally symmetrical about the center line of the direct current feed patch 35, and the center line is along the longitudinal direction;
as shown in fig. 4, the equivalent circuit model of the antenna element includes: each pair of metal vias 31 corresponds to a parallel inductor LLHThe metal patches 33 on both sides, the metal floor and the dielectric substrate are equivalent to two parallel capacitors C on both sidesRHEach metal patch 33 is equivalent to a series inductor LRHEach longitudinal slot 32 corresponding to a series capacitor CLHEach slot 34 and the corresponding varactor 36 together correspond to a variable capacitance CVThe direct current feed patch 35, the metal floor and the dielectric substrate are equivalent to a middle capacitor C together to form a circuit with symmetrical left and right sides; the left and right sides are respectively provided with a series capacitor CLHAnd a series inductance LRHConnected in series and then connected to a parallel capacitor C in parallelRHAnd a parallel inductorLLHOne end of the two-side circuit, the middle of the two-side circuit is connected with a variable capacitor C in seriesVThen the middle capacitor C is connected in parallel; variable capacitance C due to the presence of the middle capacitance CVAnd the middle capacitor C changes the resonance frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance frequency of the right-hand part together, so that the resonance frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance frequency of the right-hand part and the variable capacitor CVRelated, and equivalent circuit model resonant frequency dependent variable capacitance CVIs changed; when the variable capacitance CVWhen the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, the beam radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is formed by the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna and the propagation constant k in the air0Ratio determination, i.e. radiation angle of fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna
Therefore, the propagation constant β of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, which corresponds to the increase of the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna; similarly, when the variable capacitance C is usedVWhen the antenna becomes smaller, the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced, and correspondingly, the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced; the microwave is fed into the antenna array from the radio frequency connector at one end through the microstrip line, the microwave is radiated out through the antenna array, and the energy which is not radiated out is absorbed by the matching load connected with the radio frequency connector at the other end; the positive voltage of an external voltage source is applied to one end of the variable capacitance diode 36 through a direct current bias line and a direct current feed patch 35 connected with the direct current bias line, the negative voltage of the bias voltage is applied to the other end of the variable capacitance diode 36 through a metal floor, a metal through hole 31 connected with the metal floor and two side metal patches 33 connected with the metal through hole 31, the capacitance value of the variable capacitance diode 36 is controlled by the external voltage source, and the variable capacitance C is controlledVAnd further controls the propagation constant beta, thereby realizing that the single variable capacitor C in the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is adjusted only by controlling the bias voltageVTo adjust the radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna.
The fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is a two-port network with dispersionIs shown as
Where P is the length of an antenna element of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna, and a and D are elements of the transmission (ABCD) matrix of the two-port network, so that the dispersion expression is:
where ω is angular frequency, ω -2 π f, f is frequency, and when C is takenVWhen β is made equal to 0, the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is in a resonant state, the radiation beam angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is 0 °, and the corresponding resonant angular frequency is:
when the variable capacitance CVWhen the frequency of the resonance angle is increased, the frequency of the resonance angle is reduced, the dispersion curve moves to low frequency, the propagation constant beta becomes a positive number, and the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna becomes a positive direction; omega1And ω2Of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antennas is the resonance angular frequency, ω, of the left-hand part of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna having a radiation beam angle of 0 °1And ω2The maximum value of (3) is the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand portion of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna having a radiation beam angle of 0 °.
When the variable capacitance CVWhen the frequency of the resonance angle is reduced, the frequency of the resonance angle is increased, the dispersion curve moves to high frequency, the propagation constant beta becomes a negative number, and the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna becomes a negative direction.
Using the dispersion expression, fig. 5 shows an example of the dispersion curve of an equivalent circuit model of an antenna element, showing the variation with CVIncreasing the propagation constant beta of the fixed frequency beam scanning antennaThe process of a negative number becoming a positive number.
In this embodiment, the capacitor C is connected in seriesLHTake 1pF, series inductance LRHTaking 4nH and connecting a capacitor C in parallelRHTaking 1pF, connecting inductance L in parallelLH1nH is taken, and 4pF is taken as the parallel capacitor C. With variable capacitance CVContinuously, the propagation constant β changes continuously from negative to positive.
The fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on the composite left-right hand transmission line is composed of 1 x 8 antenna units, the length P of the length of one antenna unit is 45mm, the thickness t of a dielectric substrate is 1.575mm, the model of the dielectric substrate is Rogers RT5870, the dielectric constant is 2.33, the diameter d of a metal through hole 31 is 1.2mm, the length h of a longitudinal groove 32 is 14mm, the width s of the longitudinal groove 32 is 0.8mm, the length w of a metal patch 33 is 20mm, the width is 20.075mm, the width g of a gap 34 is 0.8mm, and the width l of a direct current feed patch 35 is 3.25 mm.
The unit was modeled using time domain simulation of commercial electromagnetic simulation software CST to obtain a dispersion curve as shown in FIG. 6, with variable capacitance CVThe propagation constant beta is continuously changed from negative number to positive number, so that the characteristics of the equivalent circuit model of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna are verified by utilizing the actual structure, namely the antenna can be continuously scanned from negative direction to positive direction by changing a single variable.
The implementation method of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on the composite left-right hand transmission line comprises the following steps:
1) a fixed frequency beam scanning antenna arrangement, as shown in fig. 2;
2) as shown in fig. 3, the equivalent circuit model of the antenna element includes: each pair of metal vias 31 corresponds to a parallel inductor LLHThe metal patches 33 on both sides, the metal floor and the dielectric substrate are equivalent to two parallel capacitors C on both sidesRHEach metal patch 33 is equivalent to a series inductor LRHEach longitudinal slot 32 corresponding to a series capacitor CLHEach slot 34 and the corresponding varactor 36 together correspond to a variable capacitance CVThe DC feed patch 35 is equivalent to the metal floor and the dielectric substrateA circuit which is symmetrical at the left side and the right side is formed on the middle capacitor C; the left and right sides are respectively provided with a series capacitor CLHAnd a series inductance LRHConnected in series and then connected to a parallel capacitor C in parallelRHAnd a parallel inductor LLHOne end of the two-side circuit, the middle of the two-side circuit is connected with a variable capacitor C in seriesVThen the middle capacitor C is connected in parallel;
3) variable capacitance C due to the presence of the middle capacitance CVThe resonance angular frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand part are changed by the middle capacitor C together, so that the resonance angular frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand part are changed by the middle capacitor C together with the variable capacitor CVRelated, and equivalent circuit model resonance angular frequency dependent variable capacitance CVIs changed; when the variable capacitance CVWhen the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, the beam radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is formed by the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna and the propagation constant k in the air0Ratio determination, i.e. radiation angle of fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna
Therefore, the propagation constant β of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna increases, which corresponds to the increase of the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna; similarly, when the variable capacitance C is usedVWhen the antenna becomes smaller, the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced, and correspondingly, the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced;
4) the microwave is fed into the antenna array from the radio frequency connector at one end through the microstrip line, the microwave is radiated out through the antenna array, and the energy which is not radiated out is absorbed by the matching load connected with the radio frequency connector at the other end;
5) the inductor 37 connects the dc bias line to the dc feed patch 35, thereby isolating the high frequency current in the metal patch 33 from the dc bias line without affecting the bias voltage loading of the varactor 36 by the dc bias line;
6) a positive voltage from an external voltage source is applied to one end of the varactor diode 36 via a dc bias line and a dc feed patch 35 connected to the dc bias line,the negative voltage of the bias voltage is applied to the other end of the variable capacitance diode 36 through the metal floor, the metal through hole 31 connected with the metal floor and the two side metal patches 33 connected with the metal through hole 31, the capacitance value of the variable capacitance diode 36 is controlled by an external voltage source, and the variable capacitance C is controlledVAnd further controlling a propagation constant beta, thereby realizing that the single variable capacitor C in the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is adjusted only by controlling the bias voltageVTo adjust the radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna.
The antenna is modeled and simulated by using the time domain simulation of CST software, a scanning directional diagram with the working frequency of 3.45GHz shown in figure 7 is obtained, the radiation directionality is good, and the beam scanning effect is obvious. As the capacitance value of the varactor diode 36 continuously increases from 0.1pF to 0.58pF, the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna continuously increases from-41 ° to 32 °. When the capacitance of the varactor diode 36 is 0.3pF, the S-parameter curve of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is shown in fig. 8, where the operating frequency band is 3.17GHz-3.71GHz and S is within the operating frequency band11Less than-10 dB, and antenna efficiency greater than 48%, indicating that the matching of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna with the source is good, and the radiation performance of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is good, as shown in fig. 9. As can be seen from fig. 8 and 9, the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on the composite right-and-left-handed transmission line has the advantage of large bandwidth.
The invention provides a fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna of a composite left-hand and right-hand transmission line with a propagation constant regulated by a single variable, and aims to control the radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna by regulating the single variable. Under the guidance of a circuit model of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna, the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on the composite left hand and the composite right hand is designed, and the capacitance value of a variable capacitance diode 36 loaded on the antenna is controlled through a variable external voltage, so that the wide-range beam scanning from a negative angle to a positive angle on the fixed frequency is realized. The invention simplifies the design of the large-range fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on the composite left-right hand transmission line, and avoids the simultaneous change of control multivariable to realize fixed-frequency beam scanning.
Finally, it is noted that the disclosed embodiments are intended to aid in further understanding of the invention, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that: various substitutions and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and the appended claims. Therefore, the invention should not be limited to the embodiments disclosed, but the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A fixed frequency wave beam scanning antenna based on a composite left-right hand transmission line, wherein an equivalent circuit model of the composite left-right hand transmission line comprises two series capacitors CLHTwo series inductors LRHTwo parallel capacitors CRHAnd two parallel inductors LLHTo form a circuit with symmetrical left and right sides, one circuit is a series capacitor CLHAnd a series inductance LRHConnected in series and then connected to a parallel capacitor C in parallelRHAnd a parallel inductor LLHOne end of (a); in the existing composite right and left-handed transmission line technology, in order to realize the large-range forward and backward beam scanning, the parallel capacitor C needs to be changed simultaneouslyRHWith parallel inductance LLHAnd a variable in (C), and a series capacitance CLHAnd a series inductance LRHHas two resonance angular frequencies, respectively a resonance frequency of the left-hand part and a resonance angular frequency of the right-hand part, characterized in that said fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna comprises: the antenna comprises a dielectric substrate, an antenna unit, a microstrip line and a direct current bias line; the antenna array comprises a dielectric substrate, a plurality of antenna units and a plurality of antenna units, wherein the plurality of antenna units are arranged along one dimension to form an antenna array, the arrangement direction of the antenna array is specified to be transverse, and the arrangement direction vertical to the antenna array is specified to be longitudinal; the two ends of the antenna array are respectively connected with a microstrip line, the microstrip line is connected to a radio frequency connector, the radio frequency connector at one end is connected with a microwave energy source and serves as a feed-in end of microwave energy, and the radio frequency connector at the other end is connected with a matched load and serves as an absorption end of the microwave energy; each antenna unit is connected to the positive voltage of an external voltage source through a direct current bias line;
each antenna unit includes: the device comprises two pairs of metal through holes, two metal patches, two longitudinal grooves, two gaps, a direct current feed patch, two variable capacitance diodes and an inductor; two pairs of holes penetrating through the upper surface and the lower surface are formed in the dielectric substrate, a layer of metal covers the surfaces of the holes to form two pairs of metal through holes, and the connecting line of each pair of metal through holes is along the longitudinal direction; a metal patch is arranged between each pair of metal through holes, the upper edge and the lower edge of each metal patch are respectively contacted with the corresponding metal through hole, and the metal patches are electrically connected with the corresponding metal through holes; a longitudinal groove is formed in the center of the upper surface of each metal patch, the direction of the longitudinal groove is along the longitudinal direction, and the longitudinal groove is positioned on a connecting line of the corresponding pair of metal through holes; arranging a direct current feed patch between the two metal patches; the direct current feed patches are respectively spaced from the metal patches positioned at the two sides to form two gaps; the two variable capacitance diodes respectively span the corresponding gaps, and the metal patch is connected to the direct current feed patch through the variable capacitance diodes; an inductor is arranged at the edge of the direct current feed patch and is connected to a direct current bias line through the inductor; forming a metal floor on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate, wherein the metal through holes are communicated with the metal floor, and the metal floors of the antenna units are connected into a whole; the metal floor is connected to the negative voltage of an external voltage source; the antenna unit is bilaterally symmetrical about the center line of the direct current feed patch, and the center line is along the longitudinal direction;
the equivalent circuit model of the antenna unit includes: each pair of metal vias is equivalent to a parallel inductor LLHThe metal patches on the two sides, the metal floor and the dielectric substrate are equivalent to two parallel capacitors C on the two sidesRHEach metal patch is equivalent to a series inductor LRHEach longitudinal slot is equivalent to a series capacitor CLHEach slot and the corresponding varactor are jointly equivalent to a variable capacitance CVThe direct current feed patch, the metal floor and the dielectric substrate are equal to a middle capacitor C together, and a circuit with symmetrical left and right sides is formed; the left and right sides are respectively provided with a series capacitor CLHAnd a series inductance LRHConnected in series and then connected to a parallel capacitor C in parallelRHAnd a parallel inductor LLHOne end of the two-side circuit, the middle of the two-side circuit is connected with a variable capacitor C in seriesVThen the middle capacitor C is connected in parallel; variable capacitance C due to the presence of the middle capacitance CVAnd a middle partThe capacitor C changes the resonance angular frequency of the left hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right hand part together, so that the resonance angular frequency of the left hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right hand part and the variable capacitor CVRelated, and equivalent circuit model resonance angular frequency dependent variable capacitance CVIs changed; when the variable capacitance CVWhen the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, the beam radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is formed by the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna and the propagation constant k in the air0Ratio determination, i.e. radiation angle of fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna
Therefore, the propagation constant β of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, which corresponds to the increase of the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna; similarly, when the variable capacitance C is usedVWhen the antenna becomes smaller, the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced, and correspondingly, the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced; the microwave is fed into the antenna array from the radio frequency connector at one end through the microstrip line, the microwave is radiated out through the antenna array, and the energy which is not radiated out is absorbed by the matching load connected with the radio frequency connector at the other end; the inductor connects the direct current bias line with the direct current feed patch, so that high-frequency current in the metal patch is isolated from the direct current bias line, and the bias voltage loading of the direct current bias line on the variable capacitance diode is not influenced; the positive voltage of an external voltage source is applied to one end of the variable capacitance diode through a direct current bias line and a direct current feed patch connected with the direct current bias line, the negative voltage of the bias voltage is applied to the other end of the variable capacitance diode through a metal floor, a metal through hole connected with the metal floor and metal patches on two sides connected with the metal through hole, the capacitance value of the variable capacitance diode is controlled by using the external voltage source, and the variable capacitance C is controlledVAnd further controls the propagation constant beta, thereby realizing that the single variable capacitor C in the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is adjusted only by controlling the bias voltageVTo adjust the radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna.
2. The fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna according to claim 1, wherein the dispersion of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is:
where ω is angular frequency, ω is 2 pi f, and f is frequency, when the variable capacitance C is takenVWhen β is made equal to 0, the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is in a resonant state, the radiation beam angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is 0 °, and the corresponding resonant angular frequency is:
when the variable capacitance CVWhen the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, the resonance angular frequency is reduced, the dispersion curve moves to low frequency, the propagation constant beta becomes positive, and the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna becomes positive; when the variable capacitance CVWhen the frequency is reduced, the resonant angular frequency is increased, the dispersion curve moves to high frequency, the propagation constant beta becomes a negative number, and the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna becomes a negative direction; omega1And ω2Of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antennas is the resonance angular frequency, ω, of the left-hand part of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna having a radiation beam angle of 0 °1And ω2The maximum value of (3) is the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand portion of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna having a radiation beam angle of 0 °.
3. The fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric substrate is made of an insulating material.
4. The fixed frequency beam scanning antenna according to claim 1, wherein the metal covering the two pairs of metal vias is copper, aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
5. The fixed frequency beam scanning antenna of claim 1, wherein said metal patch is made of copper, aluminum or aluminum alloy.
6. The fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna according to claim 1, wherein the material of the dc feed patch is copper, aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
7. The fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna according to claim 1, wherein the varactor diode is a patch varactor diode.
8. The fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna according to claim 1, wherein the inductor is a patch inductor.
9. A method for implementing a fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna based on a composite left-right hand transmission line according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
1) fixed frequency beam scanning antenna setting:
a) two pairs of holes penetrating through the upper surface and the lower surface are formed in the dielectric substrate, a layer of metal is covered on the surfaces of the holes to form two pairs of metal through holes, and the connecting line of each pair of metal through holes is along the longitudinal direction; a metal patch is arranged between each pair of metal through holes, the upper edge and the lower edge of each metal patch are respectively contacted with the corresponding metal through hole, and the metal patches are electrically connected with the corresponding metal through holes; a longitudinal groove is formed in the center of the upper surface of each metal patch, the direction of the longitudinal groove is along the longitudinal direction, and the longitudinal groove is positioned on a connecting line of the corresponding pair of metal through holes; arranging a direct current feed patch between the two metal patches; the direct current feed patches are respectively spaced from the metal patches positioned at the two sides to form two gaps; the two variable capacitance diodes respectively span the corresponding gaps, and the metal patch is connected to the direct current feed patch through the variable capacitance diodes; an inductor is arranged at the edge of the direct current feed patch and is connected to a direct current bias line through the inductor; forming a metal floor on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate, wherein the metal through holes are communicated with the metal floor, and the metal floors of the antenna units are connected into a whole; the metal floor is connected to the negative voltage of an external voltage source; the antenna unit is bilaterally symmetrical about the center line of the direct current feed patch, and the center line is along the longitudinal direction;
b) forming a plurality of antenna units on a dielectric substrate, wherein the antenna units are arranged along one dimension to form an antenna array, the arrangement direction of the antenna array is specified to be transverse, and the arrangement direction vertical to the antenna array is specified to be longitudinal;
c) the two ends of the antenna array are respectively connected with a microstrip line, the microstrip line is connected to a radio frequency connector, the radio frequency connector at one end is connected with a microwave energy source and serves as a feed-in end of microwave energy, and the radio frequency connector at the other end is connected with a matched load and serves as an absorption end of the microwave energy;
d) each antenna unit is connected to the positive voltage of an external voltage source through a direct current bias line;
2) the equivalent circuit model of the antenna unit includes: each pair of metal vias is equivalent to a parallel inductor LLHThe metal patches on the two sides, the metal floor and the dielectric substrate are equivalent to two parallel capacitors C on the two sidesRHEach metal patch is equivalent to a series inductor LRHEach longitudinal slot is equivalent to a series capacitor CLHEach slot and the corresponding varactor are jointly equivalent to a variable capacitance CVThe direct current feed patch, the metal floor and the dielectric substrate are equal to a middle capacitor C together, and a circuit with symmetrical left and right sides is formed; the left and right sides are respectively provided with a series capacitor CLHAnd a series inductance LRHConnected in series and then connected to a parallel capacitor C in parallelRHAnd a parallel inductor LLHOne end of the two-side circuit, the middle of the two-side circuit is connected with a variable capacitor C in seriesVThen the middle capacitor C is connected in parallel;
3) variable capacitance C due to the presence of intermediate capacitance CVThe resonance angular frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand part are changed by the middle capacitor C together, so that the resonance angular frequency of the left-hand part and the resonance angular frequency of the right-hand part are changed by the middle capacitor C together with the variable capacitor CVRelated to, andresonant angular frequency dependent variable capacitance C of effective circuit modelVIs changed; when the variable capacitance CVWhen the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, the beam radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is formed by the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna and the propagation constant k in the air0Ratio determination, i.e. radiation angle of fixed-frequency beam-scanning antenna
Therefore, the propagation constant β of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is increased, which corresponds to the increase of the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna; similarly, when the variable capacitance C is usedVWhen the antenna becomes smaller, the propagation constant beta of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced, and correspondingly, the radiation angle of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is reduced;
4) the microwave is fed into the antenna array from the radio frequency connector at one end through the microstrip line, the microwave is radiated out through the antenna array, and the energy which is not radiated out is absorbed by the matching load connected with the radio frequency connector at the other end;
5) the inductor connects the direct current bias line with the direct current feed patch, so that high-frequency current in the metal patch is isolated from the direct current bias line, and the bias voltage loading of the direct current bias line on the variable capacitance diode is not influenced;
6) the positive voltage of an external voltage source is applied to one end of the variable capacitance diode through a direct current bias line and a direct current feed patch connected with the direct current bias line, the negative voltage of the bias voltage is applied to the other end of the variable capacitance diode through a metal floor, a metal through hole connected with the metal floor and metal patches on two sides connected with the metal through hole, the capacitance value of the variable capacitance diode is controlled by using the external voltage source, and the variable capacitance C is controlledVAnd further controls the propagation constant beta, thereby realizing that the single variable capacitor C in the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna is adjusted only by controlling the bias voltageVTo adjust the radiation direction of the fixed-frequency beam scanning antenna.
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