CN104380563A - 具有对于负电压的提高的鲁棒性的蓄电池管理系统 - Google Patents

具有对于负电压的提高的鲁棒性的蓄电池管理系统 Download PDF

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CN104380563A
CN104380563A CN201380032659.9A CN201380032659A CN104380563A CN 104380563 A CN104380563 A CN 104380563A CN 201380032659 A CN201380032659 A CN 201380032659A CN 104380563 A CN104380563 A CN 104380563A
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storage battery
management system
list pond
single cell
battery management
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CN104380563B (zh
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H·芬克
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Robert Bosch GmbH
Samsung SDI Co Ltd
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Samsung SDI Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种蓄电池管理系统(100)，其具有至少一个单池监控单元(400、600、700)，该至少一个单池监控单元(400、600、700)具有多个单池电压连接端(209)、与这些单池电压连接端(209)耦合的多根传输导线(501)和由多个电的半导体模块组成的单池监控电路，这些电的半导体模块通过这些传输导线(501)并联连接。该蓄电池管理系统(100)设置用于，通过该至少一个单池监控单元(400、600、700)监控多个蓄电池单池(103)，这些蓄电池单池(103)分别在两侧，分别以其正的蓄电池单池端子(302)和其负的蓄电池单池端子(110)通过这些单池电压连接端(303)与该蓄电池管理系统(100)相连接。此外为这些传输导线(501)中一根或多根设置保险丝(401)，使得在每个与该蓄电池管理系统(100)相连接的蓄电池单池(103)中，与该蓄电池单池(103)相耦合的多根传输导线(501)中的至少一根具有在其电流路径中的保险丝(401)。

Description

具有对于负电压的提高的鲁棒性的蓄电池管理系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有至少一个单池监控单元的蓄电池管理系统，该至少一个单池监控单元包括多个单池电压连接端、与这些单池电压连接端耦合的多条传输导线和由多个电的半导体模块组成的单池监控电路，这些电的半导体模块通过这些传输导线并联连接。本发明尤其涉及一种这样的蓄电池管理系统，其被设置用于，通过至少一个单池监控单元监控多个蓄电池单池，这些蓄电池单池分别在两侧、分别以其正的蓄电池单池端子和其负的蓄电池端子通过多个单池电压连接端与该蓄电池管理系统相连接。
背景技术
显然，将来不仅在例如风力发电装置的静态应用中，在例如混合牵引车辆和电动车辆的车辆中，还是在消费品领域，例如在笔记本电脑和移动电话中，均面临着更多的新的蓄电池系统的应用，对这些蓄电池系统提出关于其可靠性、安全性、效率和使用寿命的非常高的要求。
采用锂离子技术的蓄电池尤其适用于这样的任务。此外其因为高的能量密度和低的自放电而出色。根据定义锂离子蓄电池由两个或更多的相互连接的锂离子单池组成。多个锂离子单池能够通过并联或串联电路连接成模块，且然后连接成蓄电池。在此蓄电池模块通常由六个或更多单池组成。
为了保证足够长的使用寿命的安全和按照规定的功能，能够将多个锂离子单池与蓄电池管理系统连接，由此实现监控和调节蓄电池。在此该蓄电池管理系统执行多个任务，如对多个蓄电池单池的运行来说必要的对多个蓄电池单池的平衡、温度调节等。也尤其实现监控各个蓄电池单池的电压，尤其因此不发生过载或负载不足。
图1中示出了牵引蓄电池的蓄电池管理系统100的原理图。其中所示的结构由所谓的蓄电池控制单元101(“蓄电池控制单元”)(BCU)和至少一个或多个、通过通信总线114在多个蓄电池模块(未示出)的位置之前连接的、所谓的单池监控单元102(“单池监控电路”)(CSC)组成。在此单池监控单元102监控例如一个或两个蓄电池模块的多个蓄电池单池103。单池监控单元102的数量足够，以监控牵引蓄电池的高数量的、例如至一百个蓄电池单池103。根据对蓄电池管理系统的效率设置的要求，BCU和CSC电子部件也能够布置在共同的电路板上。此外如在图1中所示，通过该蓄电池控制单元的正的蓄电池电压传输导线104和负的蓄电池电压传输导线105截取该蓄电池的总电压，以接着在蓄电池控制单元中进一步处理。此外该蓄电池控制单元101除了控制充电接触器106外，还控制正的蓄电池接触器107和负的蓄电池接触器108，通过它们能够分别无电压地连接正的蓄电池单池端子109和负的蓄电池单池端子110。尤其通过控制且接下来断开该接触器能够在过电流或短路的情况下实现蓄电池的分离，因此在紧急情况下能够避免由高的蓄电池电压造成的危险状况。为了确定蓄电池电流使用多个电流传感器111、112。此外该蓄电池控制单元101能够例如通过CAN总线113与中央的车辆控制装置(未示出)连接。
图2中示出了一种单池监控单元200的示例性的输入电路的原理图。如图2中所示，该单池监控单元200以模块化的方式构造且具有被称作伴随芯片201(“配套芯片”)的监控组件，该监控组件控制维持可靠的单池电压范围，以及所谓的前端芯片或主芯片202，由其测量这些单池电压。该前端芯片202包括模数转换器203以及控制和通信单元204，其能够例如通过多个菊花链连接端205发出和读入数据。此外该单池监控单元200的输入电路具有滤波器206和阻抗工作的平衡电路207。该伴随芯片201能够被构造为临界电压比较器且在超出或者低于各电压极值时发出报警208且执行硬件开伞索(Hardware-Reiβleine)，以例如断开图1中所示的接触器。如图2中所示，锂离子单池的电压极值能够处于2.6V或者4.2V。将该单池电压被确定作为单池电压连接端209上的输入电压。
例如在该申请人之前的申请号为DE 10 2011 079 120 A1的专利申请中阐明了具有伴随芯片的单池监控单元。
已知的蓄电池管理系统上的缺点为，尤其在存在多个待监控的蓄电池单池的情况下，监控可能需要高的附加的电路花费，该监控也包括负的输入电压，该电路花费可能关联高的成本。出于这个原因已知的蓄电池管理系统通常被设置为对负的输入电压不具有足够的鲁棒性。
发明内容
根据本发明提供了一种具有至少一个单池监控单元的蓄电池管理系统，该至少一个单池监控单元具有多个单池电压连接端、与这些单池电压连接端耦合的多根传输导线和由多个电的半导体模块组成的单池监控电路。其中该多个电的半导体模块通过布置在该至少一个单池监控单元中的传输导线并联连接。该蓄电池管理系统设置用于，通过该至少一个单池监控单元来监控多个蓄电池单池，这些蓄电池单池分别在两侧、分别以其正的蓄电池单池端子和其负的蓄电池单池端子通过这些单池电压连接端与该蓄电池管理系统相连接。为多根传输导线中一根或多根设置保险丝，使得在每个与该蓄电池管理系统相连接的蓄电池单池上，与这些蓄电池单池相耦合的多根传输导线中的至少一根具有在其电流路径中的保险丝。
本发明的优点在于，也能够对于在这些单池电压连接端上的负的输入电压提供该蓄电池管理系统的提高的鲁棒性。尤其能够避免的是，由于负的输入电压出现毁坏该集成的开关电路或者该电的半导体模块，其布置在该蓄电池管理系统或者这些单池电压监控单元中。损坏的背景是，这些半导体组件对在其输入端上的负电压敏感并且由于这样的负电压非常高的逆电流能够流过这些组件。这样的高逆电流除了能够毁坏这些半导体组件外还能够导致这些单池电压监控单元的电路板材料着火，这又能够导致车辆着火。根据本发明通过布置在这些单池监控单元中的保险丝在负输入电压的情况下保护该蓄电池管理系统。对此可能设置的对于负电压的监控电子器件的扩展变得多余。
根据本发明的一种实施方式，该电的半导体模块具有控制维持允许的单池电压范围的伴随芯片(“配套芯片”)，和也被称作前端芯片的主芯片。该主芯片能够包括模数转换器以及控制和通信单元。通过该主芯片能够测量这些单池电压。
根据本发明通过设置在一个或者多个这些传输导线中的保险丝保护该伴随芯片的半导体元件。根据本发明的方案不限于这种仅仅基于主半导体元件的蓄电池管理系统。因此该概念“主半导体模块”在本发明的范围内通常被用于一种元件，其具有主半导体元件或其功能主要地或大部分基于主半导体元件，其中也能够存在多个元件。
在本发明的一个有利的实施方式中，这些传输导线分别构造用于与正的蓄电池单池端子接触的正的支路或者高侧路径或者构造用于与负的蓄电池单池端子接触的负的支路或者低侧路径，其中该根据本发明所使用的保险丝根据顺序交替地被置于这些传输导线的正的支路或负的支路中，该顺序通过在沿着由多个蓄电池单池组成的线路布置多个单池电压连接端而给出。
由此已经能够以尤其成本低廉的方式实现提高地保护该蓄电池管理系统不受负电流或逆向流动的过电流的破坏。其中相比于这些单池电压连接端或这些传输导线的总数来说仅仅消耗一半数量的根据本发明的保险丝。
那么在该实施方式中尤其已经能够在这些情况下提供更有效的避免受过电流破坏的保护，其中这样施加负电压，使得负电压的更高和更低的作用点分别连接在保险装置上，其中处于这些作用点之间的单池电压连接端仅仅与无保险的导线相连接。
其中该实施方式适用于多个蓄电池，其中由于这些蓄电池和这些蓄电池单池的特殊的结构型式多个负电压仅仅以更低的可能性出现在两个这样的单池电压连接端之间，其中，这些传输导线没有设置根据本发明的保险丝，且其中已有的负电压反而以更高的可能性尤其施加在两根这种传输导线之间，其中至少一根配置有根据本发明的保险丝。直观地说，这些有利的成本低廉的实施方式例如适用于多个蓄电池，其中通常已有的负电压不会出现在两个无保险的单池电压连接端或者通道之间，从而无保险的传输导线仅仅处于这两个通道的中间。在这种情况下，还有在该保险装置可能被触发时，该负的输入电压还是可能施加在蓄电池管理系统上的两个无保险的通道上且能够相应地具有负作用。
因此上述具有一半的潜在花费的实施方式能够正好覆盖这些情况，其在实际中发生的可能性很高。
根据本发明的另一个改进，这些传输导线中的每一个设置有保险丝。由此能够实现对于多个负电压的全面保护。
本发明尤其也设置用于这样的单池监控装置，其具有与这些单池监控电子器件的多根传输导线连接的滤波器和平衡电路，更准确地说，其中该滤波器和平衡单元与这些剩余的根据本发明的多个电的半导体模块通过这些传输导线并联连接。
此外本发明也能够有利地应用在蓄电池管理系统中，其中所谓的检测导线被用于高精度的电压获取。
那么根据本发明的一种有利的实施方式，这些单池监控单元中的至少一个被这样设置，使得这些单池监控单元的至少一个的这些传输导线被设置作为与相应分配的多个单池电压连接端耦合的多根检测导线。其中，这些单池监控模块中的至少一个的多个电的半导体模块具有至少一个平衡电路，在此该平衡电路直接耦合在这些单池电压连接端上。更准确地说，优选的是，在该平衡电路和各单池电压连接端之间没有布置其他的半导体模块，该平衡电路连接在这些单池电压连接端上。换言之，优选的是，这些剩余的半导体模块，包括用于确定与该平衡电路平衡的各蓄电池单池的单池电压的电路，布置在该平衡电路之后。
由此能够有利地把平衡电流的电流路径的长度最小化，使得在一定程度上不出现由该平衡电流造成的电压下降，这种电压降歪曲电压测量。因此该实施方式尤其适用于高精度地确定多个单池电压。
根据该实施方式例如这样连接该伴随芯片和滤波器，使得其处于该平衡电路和该单池电压确定电路之间。
此外尤其优选地，根据本发明的保险丝，或者当不仅各个正的支路而且各个负的支路均设置有自身的保险丝时，分别两个保险丝布置在这些传输导线、这里为这些检测导线中的平衡电路和单池电压确定电路之间。
该单池电压确定电路能够通过该主芯片或者前端芯片实施，其通过这些检测导线获取这些单池电压连接端上的当前的蓄电池单池电压。如上述已经提到的，接着该平衡电路优选地同样与这些检测导线连接，直接紧邻在这些单池电压连接端之后。
根据本发明一个非常有利的进一步改进，该平衡电路具有MOSFET开关、平衡电阻和与正常的蓄电池单池电压极性相反的内部二极管。由此能够，尽管该保险丝不布置在该平衡电路之前，而是仅仅布置在其之后，也在使用检测导线的情况下，为该平衡电路提供针对负电流的足够的保护。
此外根据本发明的主题还提出了一种具有一个或多个蓄电池模块的蓄电池，其还具有根据本发明的蓄电池管理系统。该蓄电池包括布置在一个或多个蓄电池线路中的多个蓄电池单池，其中蓄电池线路具有多个串联连接的蓄电池单池，从而能够产生高的输出电压，例如以驱动机动车。
根据本发明的改进进一步提升该蓄电池的鲁棒性，通过为了防止这些蓄电池单池被过电流破坏的一个或多个串联连接的蓄电池单池均具有集成的单池保险装置。该集成的单池保险装置这样设置，使得在电流流动的过电流情况下中断这些蓄电池单池。由此能够例如在出现短路的情况下避免损坏这些蓄电池单池。
同时能够通过布置在这些单池监控单元中的保险丝确保，通过将蓄电池单池从该蓄电池线路这样分离，尽管在这样的情况下在这些相应的单池电压连接端上存在高的负电压，也不会在单池监控单元中造成损坏。
优选地该根据本发明的蓄电池是锂离子蓄电池。
此外根据本发明提出了一种具有电机的机动车，该机动车包括根据本发明的蓄电池，其中该蓄电池为该电机供电且布置在该机动车的驱动线路中。
在从属权利要求中说明且在说明书中阐述本发明的多个有利的改进。
附图说明
根据附图和以下说明书进一步阐明本发明的多个实施例。其中：
图1示出了用于根据现有技术的牵引蓄电池的蓄电池管理系统的原理图；
图2示出了根据现有技术的示例性的单池监控单元的输入电路的原理示意图；
图3示出了具有集成的保险装置的多个蓄电池单池，根据本发明的一个实施方式，其能够由根据本发明的蓄电池管理系统监控和调节；
图4示出了根据第一实施方式的、具有提高的对于负的输入电压的鲁棒性的根据本发明的单池监控单元的示意图，其中代表性地仅示出一个电压获取通道；
图5示出了根据第二实施方式的、用于具有提高的对于负的输入电压的鲁棒性的根据本发明的单池监控单元的多个电压获取通道的保险丝的布置的示意图；
图6示出了根据第三实施方式的、具有对于负的输入电压的提高的鲁棒性的根据本发明的单池监控单元；以及
图7示出了根据第四实施方式的、带有对于负的输入电压的提高的鲁棒性的具有检测导线的根据本发明的单池监控单元。
具体实施方式
通常用于牵引蓄电池的多个蓄电池单池被实施为具有集成的元件以用于提高安全性。这样的元件能够例如是集成在这些蓄电池单池中的保险装置。为此参见图3，其中示出了配置有集成的保险装置301(“电流中断装置”)的蓄电池单池300，其中该在此所示的蓄电池单池300能够由该具有根据本发明的蓄电池管理系统(在图3中未示出)监控和控制。如果以不允许的高电流驱动其中使用这样的蓄电池单池300的蓄电池系统，那么该保险元件，在此为该集成的保险装置301能够断开蓄电池单池300，以避免伤害这些蓄电池单池300。在该情况下能够在属于相关蓄电池单池300的蓄电池管理系统的多个输入夹上施加多个非常高的负电压，根据其数量其能够快速如该总蓄电池电压一样高，该总蓄电池电压在牵引蓄电池中能够达到400V或者更高。
图3中还示出了蓄电池单池300的壳体304。在该壳体304与该多个蓄电池端子302、303之间分别存在有限的电阻，其值在实际中取决于这些蓄电池单池300的特殊形式。此外该蓄电池单池300具有确定的内阻307和取决于单池种类和充电状态的空载电压306，该空载电压306在锂离子单池中通常被保持在2.6V到4.2V之间的范围内。根据图3中的实施方式该集成的保险装置301与正的蓄电池端子302连接且被设置用于，中断这些蓄电池单池300的电流通道。此外在图3中还显示了出现在蓄电池中的多个电容308。
图4示出了一种根据本发明的单池监控单元的示意图，根据本发明的实施方式该单池监控单元具有对于负的输入电压的提高的鲁棒性。简单起见图4中仅仅示出了一个电压获取通道。然而该监控单元400通常具有多个电压获取通道。
图4中所示的多个构件，其已经在上文与图2一起被进一步阐述，为了避免重复，在此不重新讨论。图4中示出了，如根据本发明的蓄电池管理系统的单池监控电子器件通过简单的保险丝401能够避免受到不允许的负电压的作用。如果在单池监控电子器件的一个或多个输入端上出现负的输入电压，那么在为了电压获取和监控使用的电子构件的该集成的电路中通常流过不允许的高的逆电流。因此该在图4中所示的保险丝401断开且防止，高电流能够如此强地加热这些导体，使得电路板材料着火。因此能够以图4中所示的布置明显提高鲁棒性，尤其在外部的且还有在蓄电池内部的短路的情况下，如其能够因为具有机械变形的事故或由于其他原因发生一样。
图5中示例性地示出了根据本发明的第二实施方式的用于根据本发明的单池监控单元的多个电压获取通道的传输导线501和保险丝的布置的可能性。
图6示出了根据本发明的第三实施方案方式的具有对于负的输入电压的提高的鲁棒性的根据本发明的单池监控单元。
与图4中所示的单池监控单元400不同，图6中所示的单池监控单元在这些传输导线或电压获取通道的两个支路中分别布置保险丝401。
基于根据图6的方案，尽管由于两倍多的保险装置具有高费用，但是能够为该蓄电池管理系统能够遭受的所有可能的负电压实现非常全面的保护。通过提高数量的布置在该传输导线中的多个保险装置401保护这些情况，其中负的电压在该蓄电池管理系统的两个直接相邻的通道上出现。
图7示出了一种具有所谓的检测导线的根据本发明的单池监控单元，根据本发明的第四实施方式该单池监控单元对于负的输入电压具有提高的鲁棒性。
根据图7根据本发明的保险丝布置在用于平衡这些单池的电路部件701之后。在此该平衡电路701能够通过用于单池平衡的构件的合适的设置被保护。该所示的MOSFET开关706具有与正常的单池电压极性相反的内部二极管703。因为短路在单池监控单元700的输入端上施加负的电压，从而该内部二极管被导通且电流流过，该电流被平衡电阻702限制。在该平衡电阻702的合适的设置中能够这样限制该电流，使得该电路板材料能够不出现着火。
在该单池监控单元700处使用用于高精度获取这些单池电压的多根检测导线704。为此该为了平衡这些单池使用的多个电路部件701直接敷设在具有被分离的多根信号导线的电路板上的多个连接端209上，因此由于这些平衡电流导致的电压降不会造成这些蓄电池单池103的电压确定的错误。该伴随芯片201被设置用于，与电压确定并行地或者无关地附加地执行电压监控，其中在此检验，是否这些单池电压处于由于安全性原因被限制的电压间隔内。根据图7中所示的示例性的实施，与该平衡电路701并联连接的伴随芯片201同样被连接在这些检测导线704上。但是替代地该伴随芯片201也能够连接在这些导线705上，通过这些导线705实施这些蓄电池单池103的平衡。于是为了保护伴随芯片201不受负电压破坏必须采取附加的安全措施，这些附加的安全措施可能与附加的电路花费关联。

Claims (10)

1.一种蓄电池管理系统(100)，其具有至少一个单池监控单元(400、600、700)，所述至少一个单池监控单元(400、600、700)包括多个单池电压连接端(209)、与所述多个单池电压连接端(209)耦合的多根传输导线(501)和由多个电的半导体模块组成的单池监控电路，所述多个电的半导体模块借助于所述多根传输导线(501)并联连接，其中，所述蓄电池管理系统(100)被设置用于借助于所述至少一个单池监控单元(400、600、700)来监控多个蓄电池单池(103)，所述多个蓄电池单池(103)分别在两侧、分别以其正的蓄电池单池端子(302)和其负的蓄电池单池端子(110)通过所述多个单池电压连接端(209)与所述蓄电池管理系统(100)相连接，其特征在于，为所述多根传输导线(501)中一根或多根设置保险丝(401)，使得在每个与所述蓄电池管理系统(100)相连接的蓄电池单池(103)中，与所述蓄电池单池(103)相耦合的所述多根传输导线(501)中的至少一根具有在其电流路径中的保险丝(401)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蓄电池管理系统(100)，其中，所述多个电的半导体模块包括用于监控待监控的蓄电池单池(103)的电压的伴随芯片(201)和主芯片(202)，所述主芯片具有模数转换器(203)以及控制和通信单元(204)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的蓄电池管理系统(100)，其中，所述多根传输导线(501)分别构造用于与正的蓄电池单池端子(302)接触的正的支路或者构造用于与负的蓄电池单池端子(303)接触的负的支路，其中，所述保险丝(401)参照顺序交替地被置于所述多根传输导线(501)的正的支路或负的支路中，所述顺序通过在沿着由多个蓄电池单池(103)组成的线路的方向布置所述多个单池电压连接端(209)而给出。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的蓄电池管理系统(100)，其中，所述多根传输导线(501)中的每根设置有保险丝(401)。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的蓄电池管理系统(100)，其中，多个单池监控单元(400、600、700)中的至少一个被这样设置，使得所述多个单池监控单元(400、600、700)中的至少一个的所述多根传输导线(501)被设置作为与相应分配的所述多个单池电压连接端(209)耦合的多根检测导线(704)，并且此外所述多个单池监控单元(400、600、700)中的至少一个的所述多个电的半导体模块还具有至少一个平衡电路(701)，所述平衡电路(701)如此直接耦合在所述多个单池电压连接端(209)上，使得剩余的多个半导体模块和尤其是用于确定多个单池电压的电路布置在所述平衡电路(701)之后。
6.根据权利要求5所述的蓄电池管理系统(100)，其中，所述平衡电路(701)具有MOSFET电路(706)、平衡电阻(702)和与正常的蓄电池单池电压极性相反的内部二极管(703)。
7.一种蓄电池，其具有一个或多个蓄电池模块，所述一个或多个蓄电池模块分别具有多个蓄电池单池(103)，所述多个蓄电池单池(103)串联连接在蓄电池线路中，并且所述蓄电池还包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的蓄电池管理系统(100)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的蓄电池，其中，为了保护所述多个蓄电池单池(103)免受过电流破坏，一个或多个串联连接的蓄电池单池(103)分别具有集成的单池保险装置(301)。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的蓄电池，其中，所述多个蓄电池单池(103)为锂离子单池。
10.一种机动车，其具有电机和根据权利要求7到9中任一项所述的蓄电池，所述蓄电池为所述电机供电且布置在所述机动车的驱动线路中。
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