CN104356538A - Flame-retardant smoke-eliminating polyvinyl chloride wire and cable material - Google Patents
Flame-retardant smoke-eliminating polyvinyl chloride wire and cable material Download PDFInfo
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- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
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- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
- H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
- H01B3/443—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from vinylhalogenides or other halogenoethylenic compounds
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- C08J2423/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
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Abstract
The invention discloses a flame-retardant smoke-eliminating polyvinyl chloride wire and cable material which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of polyvinyl chloride; 20-40 parts of a non-flame-retardant plasticizer; 10-15 parts of a flame-retardant plasticizer; 40-80 parts of filling master batch; 5-10 parts of a flame retardant; 5-10 parts of a stabilizer; 1-1.5 parts of a lubricant; 1-1.5 parts of antioxidant, wherein the filling master batch is mainly obtained by granulating huntite and aluminum hydroxide micropowder. The compatibility of flame retardant, smoke suppressant material and the like with polyvinyl chloride is improved through the filling master batch, so that the flame retardant effect of the compound composition is greatly improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of wire cable insulating protecting materials, particularly a kind of polyvinyl chloride wire cable material with flame retardancy and smoke suppression effect.
Background technology
Polyvinyl chloride is called for short PVC, the thermoplastic resin be polymerized under initiator effect by vinylchlorid.It is the homopolymer of vinylchlorid.Ryuron and vinyl chloride copolymer are referred to as vinyl chloride resin.PVC is the white powder of amorphous structure, and the degree of branching is less.Industrial PVC molecular weight generally, in 50,000 ~ 120,000 scopes, has larger polymolecularity, the reduction of molecular weight with polymerisation temperature and increasing; Without definite melting point, 80 ~ 85 DEG C start to soften, and 130 DEG C become viscoelastic state, and 160 ~ 180 DEG C start to change viscous state into; There is good mechanical property, about tensile strength 60MPa, shock strength 5 ~ 10kJ/m2; There are excellent dielectric properties.But to the poor stability of light and heat, more than 100 DEG C or through long-time exposure in sunshine, will decompose and produce hydrogenchloride, and autocatalytically is decomposed further, cause variable color, physical and mechanical properties also declines rapidly, must add stablizer in actual applications to improve the stability to light and heat.PVC is very hard, and solvability is also very poor, and can only be dissolved in the minority solvents such as pimelinketone, ethylene dichloride and tetrahydrofuran (THF), all stable to organic and mineral acid, alkali, salt, chemical stability reduces with the rising of use temperature.PVC is dissolved in acetone-dithiocarbonic anhydride or Acetone-Benzene mixed solvent, forms fiber for dry-spinning or wet-spinning, claims polyvinyl chloride fibre.There is difficult combustion, acid and alkali-resistance, antimicrobial, wear-resisting and have good heat retention and elasticity.
The maximum feature of polyvinyl chloride is fire-retardant, is therefore widely used in flame retardant application.Such as, but polyvinyl chloride can discharge hydrogenchloride and other toxic gases, Dioxins in combustion.
The burning of polyvinyl chloride is divided into two steps.First go out hydrogen chloride gas and the diolefine containing double bond 240 DEG C of-340 DEG C of combustion decomposition, then the burning of carbon occurs at 400-470 DEG C.Polyvinyl chloride is applied to the non-conductive protective layer of electric wire in large quantities based on its characteristic and cost performance simultaneously; be widely used in social base construction, daily life; now; it is heated, the characteristic of releasing a large amount of black smoke that easily give off poisonous gas and burn of burning just seems particularly outstanding; on society and the people's lives and property safety all there is great impact, this be utilize in a large number polyvinyl chloride as wire cable material have to faced by a major issue.
Summary of the invention
For solving the problem, the invention discloses a kind of polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression, by utilizing compositional flame-retardant smoke elimination material in the flame retardancy and smoke suppression effect in different temperature of combustion stage, thus the synergy taken full advantage of between the differing temps stage fire retardant smoke suppressor of polyvinyl chloride burning, thus significantly improve polyvinyl chloride as the use properties of wire cable material and safety performance.
(with the weight parts) composed as follows of the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression disclosed by the invention: polyvinyl chloride 100 parts; Non-flame resistant softening agent 20-40 part; Flame-retardant plasticizer 10-15 part; Filler parent granule 40-80 part; Fire retardant 5-10 part; Stablizer 5-10 part; Lubricant 1-1.5 part; Oxidation inhibitor 1-1.5 part, wherein filler parent granule is mainly huntite and fine aluminum hydroxide powder granulation obtains.
Preferred as one, filler parent granule be huntite micro mist and fine aluminum hydroxide powder in mass ratio 1:1-4 to be uniformly mixed and after heating up, add after the coupling agent accounting for filler parent granule total mass 0.5-1.5% continues to be uniformly mixed, then add account for filler parent granule total mass 10-30% help hybrid body mixing and stirring after again granulation obtain.
Preferred as one, the particle diameter of huntite micro mist and fine aluminum hydroxide powder is 1-4 μm.
Preferred as one, be warming up to 50-100 DEG C after huntite micro mist mixes with fine aluminum hydroxide powder.
As one preferably, coupling agent is any one in silane coupling agent.Silane coupling agent is KH550, KH560, KH570, KH792, DL602, DL171 etc., not only containing chloro, methoxyl group, oxyethyl group, methoxy ethoxy, acetoxyl group etc. in silane coupling agent, generate silanol (Si (OH) 3) during the hydrolysis of these groups, and be combined with inorganic substance, form siloxanes.Simultaneously also containing reactive groups such as vinyl, amino, epoxy group(ing), methacryloxy, sulfydryl or urea groups.These reactive groups can react with organic substance and combine.Therefore, by using silane coupling agent, can erect " molecular bridge " between inorganic substance and the interface of organic substance, link together the material of two kinds of character great disparities the performance improving matrix material and the effect increasing bonding strength.Thus it is more firm to make the organic and inorganic composition in wire cable material combine, while the consistency effectively improving storeroom and adhesive property, utilize the shielding of silanol composition in material and covering effect thus drastically increase the resistance of organic materials to the aspect such as photoaging, oxidative aging, effectively can extend the work-ing life of organic materials, can also safety in utilization be improved simultaneously, reduce maintenance cost.
Preferred as one, help hybrid body to be one in ethylene-octene copolymer or propylene-octene Copolymer or ethylene-butene copolymer.Choose the mixed carrier that the multipolymers such as ethylene-octene form as inorganic powder material, because multipolymer and inorganic powder have good consistency, simultaneously under the help of coupling agent, powder can be made to be evenly distributed in copolymerization carrier, thus obtain the homogeneous filler parent granule material of quality, thus in the preparation of PVC cable material, comprise huntite, aluminium hydroxide interior multiple inorganic materials other comprise disperse in the gas chromatography system of pvc material more even, from not only ensureing that the quality stability of polyvinyl chloride wire cable material is good, the flame retardancy and smoke suppression effect of huntite and aluminium hydroxide self can also be played substantially, promote the synergy with other fire retardants simultaneously.
Preferred as one, non-flame resistant softening agent is at least one in dioctyl terephthalate, Di Iso Decyl Phthalate, trioctyl trimellitate.
Preferred as one, flame-retardant plasticizer is at least one in triphenylphosphate, tetrabormated dioctyl phthalate (DOP), Resorcinol two (diphenyl phosphoester), dihydroxyphenyl propane two (diphenyl phosphoester).
Preferred as one, fire retardant is antimonous oxide.
Preferred as one, oxidation inhibitor is at least one in Hinered phenols, phosphorous acid esters, suffocated amine antioxidant.
Preferred as one, stablizer is calcium zinc stabilizer.
Preferred as one, lubricant is at least one in polyethylene wax, erucicamide, stearic acid or silicone.
This programme selects huntite to be based on its effect as described below, huntite is when polymer combustion, stable cement shape coke layer can be formed, combustion processes and flame spreading through combustionmaterial particle can be organized further, therefore there is good flame-retardant smoke inhibition effect, and have synergy with the ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE SB 203 99.8 PCT in aluminium hydroxide and main flame retardant, so have selected huntite to carry out assisting flame-resistant smoke-inhibiting PVC cable material.But the consistency of untreated huntite and PVC base system resin is bad, a large amount of softening agent can affect the dispersive ability of this powder, is difficult to play its due effect.Therefore, present invention employs the obtained composite master batch of first process and insert in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) RESINS system again, excellent effect, obtained product flame-retardant smoke inhibition ability increases greatly.Because the combustion decomposition temperature of aluminium hydroxide is at 200-300 degree Celsius, and the decomposition temperature of huntite is at 300-600 degree Celsius.Both carry out complementation, all serve the effect of heat absorption in whole heating by ignition process, and generate a large amount of fine and close layer of charcoal, spreading further of fire-retardant flame.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, illustrate the present invention further, following embodiment should be understood and be only not used in for illustration of the present invention and limit the scope of the invention.
(with the weight parts) composed as follows of the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression disclosed by the invention: polyvinyl chloride 100 parts; Non-flame resistant softening agent 20-40 part; Flame-retardant plasticizer 10-15 part; Filler parent granule 40-80 part; Fire retardant 5-10 part; Stablizer 5-10 part; Lubricant 1-1.5 part; Oxidation inhibitor 1-1.5 part, wherein filler parent granule is mainly huntite and fine aluminum hydroxide powder granulation obtains.
Preferred as one, filler parent granule be huntite micro mist and fine aluminum hydroxide powder in mass ratio 1:1-4 to be uniformly mixed and after heating up, add after the coupling agent accounting for filler parent granule total mass 0.5-1.5% continues to be uniformly mixed, then add account for filler parent granule total mass 10-30% help hybrid body mixing and stirring after again granulation obtain.
Preferred as one, the particle diameter of huntite micro mist and fine aluminum hydroxide powder is 1-4 μm.
Preferred as one, be warming up to 50-100 DEG C after huntite micro mist mixes with fine aluminum hydroxide powder.
As one preferably, coupling agent is any one in silane coupling agent.
Preferred as one, help hybrid body to be one in ethylene-octene copolymer or propylene-octene Copolymer or ethylene-butene copolymer.
Preferred as one, non-flame resistant softening agent is at least one in dioctyl terephthalate, Di Iso Decyl Phthalate, trioctyl trimellitate.
Preferred as one, flame-retardant plasticizer is at least one in triphenylphosphate, tetrabormated dioctyl phthalate (DOP), Resorcinol two (diphenyl phosphoester), dihydroxyphenyl propane two (diphenyl phosphoester).By selecting the softening agent of two types (flame-retardant plasticizer and non-flame resistant softening agent) to be not only be in the consideration to wire cable material processibility, also for application cost, environment friendly, processibility, shaping efficiency, the impact of the aspects such as processing effect.
Preferred as one, fire retardant is antimonous oxide.
Preferred as one, oxidation inhibitor is at least one in Hinered phenols, phosphorous acid esters, suffocated amine antioxidant.Here the oxidation inhibitor selected, can in silane coupling agent under the coated combination of silanol end group and isolation action, further strengthened, reduction high energy light, ray penetrate bombardment as UV-light etc., the oxidisability extensively existed under can also shielding the environment for use in use comprising oxygen and corrodibility composition permeate and corrode, thus improve the effect of antioxidant and anti-aging.
Preferred as one, stablizer is calcium zinc stabilizer.
Preferred as one, lubricant is at least one in polyethylene wax, erucicamide, stearic acid or silicone.In raising curtain coating, while reducing the impact on materials processing processability such as inorganic composition, stiff molecule composition, also there are wide material sources, play the effect to equipment lubrication and self-lubricating, improve shaping effect, improve the surface smoothness of product.
Embodiment
As the composition explanation that following table one is embodiment of the present invention 1-10
Embodiment 1:
After first the huntite of particle diameter 1-2 micron and aluminium hydroxide being stirred by upper table proportioning, intensification is preheated to 67 DEG C, again with the Silane coupling agent KH550 of corresponding amount carry out processing then with help hybrid body to carry out Homogeneous phase mixing (as to carry out the high-speed mixing of 5-10 minute, also can carry out being mixed to evenly in other mixing equipment), then the preparation carrying out filler parent granule in twin screw is dropped into, then other components are put in high-speed mixer by the parts by weight in showing together with the filler parent granule to prepare and fully mix, discharge from high-speed mixer, put into twin screw extruder feed hopper, extruding pelletization in twin screw extruder is fed into by feeding machine.Extrude from head through twin screw extruder, then pass through granulator granulation.Select each component raw materials weighing by weight according to upper table one embodiment 1 again, after mixing granulation, namely can obtain wire cable material finished product of the present invention.
Form according to described in upper table in embodiment 2, after being only the huntite of particle diameter 2-3 micron and aluminium hydroxide to stir by upper table proportioning with the difference of embodiment 1, heating up and be preheated to 50 DEG C.
Form according to described in upper table in embodiment 3, after being only the huntite of particle diameter 3-4 micron and aluminium hydroxide to stir by upper table proportioning with the difference of embodiment 1, heating up and be preheated to 58 DEG C.
Form according to described in upper table in embodiment 4, after being only the huntite of particle diameter 2-3 micron and aluminium hydroxide to stir by upper table proportioning with the difference of embodiment 1, heating up and be preheated to 92 DEG C.
Form according to described in upper table in embodiment 5, after being only the huntite of particle diameter 3-4 micron and aluminium hydroxide to stir by upper table proportioning with the difference of embodiment 1, heating up and be preheated to 100 DEG C.
Form according to described in upper table in embodiment 6, after being only the huntite of particle diameter 1-2 micron and aluminium hydroxide to stir by upper table proportioning with the difference of embodiment 1, heating up and be preheated to 87 DEG C.
Form according to described in upper table in embodiment 7, after being only the huntite of particle diameter 2-3 micron and aluminium hydroxide to stir by upper table proportioning with the difference of embodiment 1, heating up and be preheated to 73 DEG C.
Form according to described in upper table in embodiment 8, after being only the huntite of particle diameter 1-2 micron and aluminium hydroxide to stir by upper table proportioning with the difference of embodiment 1, heating up and be preheated to 97 DEG C.
Form according to described in upper table in embodiment 9, after being only the huntite of particle diameter 3-4 micron and aluminium hydroxide to stir by upper table proportioning with the difference of embodiment 1, heating up and be preheated to 82 DEG C.
Form according to described in upper table in embodiment 10, after being only the huntite of particle diameter 2-3 micron and aluminium hydroxide to stir by upper table proportioning with the difference of embodiment 1, heating up and be preheated to 54 DEG C.
The difference of embodiment 11-20 and embodiment 1-10 is only that silane coupling agent is KH560.
The difference of embodiment 21-30 and embodiment 1-10 is only that silane coupling agent is KH570.
The difference of embodiment 31-40 and embodiment 1-10 is only that silane coupling agent is KH792.
The difference of embodiment 41-50 and embodiment 1-10 is only that silane coupling agent is DL602.
The difference of embodiment 51-60 and embodiment 1-10 is only that silane coupling agent is DL171.
In order to prove technical essential of the present invention further, the present invention devises series of contrast and verifies. the mixture of huntite, aluminium hydroxide, ethylene-octene copolymer and silane coupling agent is replaced to by the filler parent granule equivalent in embodiment 1, not by granulation in early stage, directly be mixed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) RESINS system and carry out manufacture, form comparative example 1 and carry out test and comparison.Filler parent granule in embodiment 2 is replaced to equivalent huntite, forms comparative example 2 and carry out test and comparison.Ethylene-octene copolymer in embodiment 3 is replaced to the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer of equivalent, form comparative example 3 and carry out test and comparison.Filler parent granule in embodiment 4 is replaced to the aluminium hydroxide fire retardant of equivalent, form comparative example 4 and carry out test and comparison.
Comparative example
As the performance synopsis that following table two is embodiment 1-10 performance table and embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1-4
As can be seen from Table II, comparative example 1 and embodiment 1 are stretched to also have in oxygen index and smoke density in rate in intensity and are all generally declined, this is because not by manufacturing master batch, the component of the inside is not fully disperseed, and the effect not playing its application causes.Comparative example 2 and embodiment 2 can be found out, under equal parts, huntite and aluminium hydroxide combine to coordinate and can better play fire-retardant and but the effect of flame.Comparative example 3 and embodiment 3 can be found out, the carrier making filler parent granule of this analog copolymer of ethylene-octene copolymer can make the performance drawing high the aspect such as intensity and elongation at break of polyvinyl chloride cable material more excellent.Comparative example 4 and embodiment 4 can be found out, this aluminium hydroxide containing the weight such as the filler parent granule composition ratio of huntite have better fire-retardant press down flame effect.
Through actual test, the test-results of discovery embodiment 11-60 and embodiment 1-10 are all relatively, all in the fluctuation range that actual tests allows, situation simultaneously no matter in green tensile intensity, original broken elongation, oxygen index, smoke density (nonflame) and smoke density (having flame) etc. all indicated by comparative example 1-4, shows excellent part of the present invention.So in this, in view of the present invention program's embodiment is numerous, each embodiment experimental data is huge numerous, be not suitable for particularize explanation herein, but the content of the required checking of each embodiment is all close with the final conclusion obtained, so do not illustrate one by one the checking content of each embodiment herein, to be tabulated by embodiment 1-10 and contrast between embodiment 1-4 and comparative example 1-4 can obtain the excellent part of technical scheme fully clearly, have general part all equally to other embodiment.
The non-limit part of technical scope mid point value that this place embodiment is protected application claims, equally all in the scope of protection of present invention.
Technique means disclosed in the present invention program is not limited only to the technique means disclosed in above-mentioned technique means, also comprises the technical scheme be made up of above technical characteristic arbitrary combination.The above is the specific embodiment of the present invention; it should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention; can also make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications are also considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a polyvinyl chloride wire cable material for flame retardancy and smoke suppression, is characterized in that: (with the weight parts) composed as follows of the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of described flame retardancy and smoke suppression: polyvinyl chloride 100 parts; Non-flame resistant softening agent 20-40 part; Flame-retardant plasticizer 10-15 part; Filler parent granule 40-80 part; Fire retardant 5-10 part; Stablizer 5-10 part; Lubricant 1-1.5 part; Oxidation inhibitor 1-1.5 part, wherein filler parent granule is mainly huntite and fine aluminum hydroxide powder granulation obtains.
2. the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described filler parent granule be huntite micro mist and fine aluminum hydroxide powder in mass ratio 1:1-4 to be uniformly mixed and after heating up, add after the coupling agent accounting for filler parent granule total mass 0.5-1.5% continues to be uniformly mixed, then add account for filler parent granule total mass 10-30% help hybrid body mixing and stirring after again granulation obtain.
3. the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the particle diameter of described huntite micro mist and fine aluminum hydroxide powder is 1-4 μm.
4. the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression according to claim 2, is characterized in that: be warming up to 50-100 DEG C after described huntite micro mist mixes with fine aluminum hydroxide powder.
5. the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression according to claim 2, is characterized in that: described coupling agent is any one in silane coupling agent.
6. the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression according to claim 2, is characterized in that: described in help hybrid body to be one in ethylene-octene copolymer or propylene-octene Copolymer or ethylene-butene copolymer.
7. the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described non-flame resistant softening agent is at least one in dioctyl terephthalate, Di Iso Decyl Phthalate, trioctyl trimellitate.
8. the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described flame-retardant plasticizer is at least one in triphenylphosphate, tetrabormated dioctyl phthalate (DOP), Resorcinol two (diphenyl phosphoester), dihydroxyphenyl propane two (diphenyl phosphoester).
9. the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described fire retardant is antimonous oxide.
10. the polyvinyl chloride wire cable material of flame retardancy and smoke suppression according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described oxidation inhibitor is at least one in Hinered phenols, phosphorous acid esters, suffocated amine antioxidant.
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CN201410586131.2A CN104356538B (en) | 2014-10-28 | 2014-10-28 | Flame-retardant smoke-eliminating polyvinyl chloride wire and cable material |
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Cited By (5)
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CN105111622A (en) * | 2015-09-15 | 2015-12-02 | 嘉兴海棠电子有限公司 | Sheath material for CMR-level high-flame-retardant environment-friendly data cable and preparation method thereof |
CN106366509A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-02-01 | 宁波国海电子有限公司 | Preparation method of flame-retardant coating composition for cable |
CN106398037A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-02-15 | 宁波国海电子有限公司 | Flame retardant coating composition for cables |
CN106751209A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-05-31 | 苏州曙帆信电子科技有限公司 | A kind of weatherability polyvinyl chloride Masterbatch |
CN109897303A (en) * | 2019-01-21 | 2019-06-18 | 乐庭电线工业(惠州)有限公司 | Radio frequency line polyvinyl chloride cable material and preparation method thereof |
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Cited By (8)
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CN105111622A (en) * | 2015-09-15 | 2015-12-02 | 嘉兴海棠电子有限公司 | Sheath material for CMR-level high-flame-retardant environment-friendly data cable and preparation method thereof |
CN106366509A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-02-01 | 宁波国海电子有限公司 | Preparation method of flame-retardant coating composition for cable |
CN106398037A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-02-15 | 宁波国海电子有限公司 | Flame retardant coating composition for cables |
CN106398037B (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2018-11-27 | 宁波国海电子有限公司 | The fire-retardant coating composition of cable |
CN106366509B (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2018-11-27 | 宁波国海电子有限公司 | The preparation method of the fire-retardant coating composition of cable |
CN106751209A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-05-31 | 苏州曙帆信电子科技有限公司 | A kind of weatherability polyvinyl chloride Masterbatch |
CN109897303A (en) * | 2019-01-21 | 2019-06-18 | 乐庭电线工业(惠州)有限公司 | Radio frequency line polyvinyl chloride cable material and preparation method thereof |
CN109897303B (en) * | 2019-01-21 | 2021-06-08 | 乐庭电线工业(惠州)有限公司 | Radio frequency wire polyvinyl chloride cable material and preparation method thereof |
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