CN104350553A - Encapsulated surge protector having central duct - Google Patents

Encapsulated surge protector having central duct Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104350553A
CN104350553A CN201380028701.XA CN201380028701A CN104350553A CN 104350553 A CN104350553 A CN 104350553A CN 201380028701 A CN201380028701 A CN 201380028701A CN 104350553 A CN104350553 A CN 104350553A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
discharge device
overvoltage protection
cap
housing
end accessory
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN201380028701.XA
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN104350553B (en
Inventor
M.苏利策
G.巴伦蒂恩
I.戈特沙尔克
E.皮珀特
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens Energy Global GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of CN104350553A publication Critical patent/CN104350553A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN104350553B publication Critical patent/CN104350553B/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01CRESISTORS
    • H01C7/00Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/10Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material voltage responsive, i.e. varistors
    • H01C7/12Overvoltage protection resistors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01CRESISTORS
    • H01C7/00Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/10Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material voltage responsive, i.e. varistors
    • H01C7/12Overvoltage protection resistors
    • H01C7/123Arrangements for improving potential distribution
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01CRESISTORS
    • H01C7/00Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/10Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material voltage responsive, i.e. varistors
    • H01C7/12Overvoltage protection resistors
    • H01C7/126Means for protecting against excessive pressure or for disconnecting in case of failure

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Gas-Insulated Switchgears (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a surge protector having a conductor element (2) clamped between end fittings (5) in an encapsulated housing, which has an electric duct (10) through the housing. According to the invention, the duct (10) is arranged coaxially to the longitudinal axis of the conductor element (2) and the electrical connection from the conductor element (2) to the duct (10) is routed through a through-opening (23) in the ground-facing end fitting (5). This allows a particularly space-saving arrangement.

Description

There is the packaged type discharge device for overvoltage protection of center sleeve
Technical field
The present invention relates to the packaged type discharge device for overvoltage protection described in a kind of preceding sections according to claim 1.
Background technology
Discharge device for overvoltage protection is such as the guard system of switchgear, and this overvoltage is conducted to the earth when there is overvoltage due to electric shock or the disabler of other part system and other components of therefore protection switch equipment by it.
This discharge device for overvoltage protection comprises one or more cylindrical discharge element, and they have by independent, that same columniform varistor element is formed varistor post.Varistor element has the resistance relevant with voltage.When low voltage, this varistor element is used as insulator.From specific threshold voltage (depending on material), it shows good conductive capability.Varistor element usually by metal oxide as zinc oxide is made.Arresting element is limited on the two ends of end accessory, and this end accessory forms the electrical connection with switchgear and the earth.In order to also ensure electrical connection under mechanical load, varistor post must be held togather under stress.This can carry out like this, and pulling force component, such as rope or bar (plastics preferably strengthened by glass fibre are formed) are clamped in end accessory under tension.This pulling force component surrounds varistor post and the cage therefore formed around it at this.
In order to the use in gas isolated switchgear, discharge device for overvoltage protection has the housing of Fluid Sealing, and this housing surrounds one or more arresting element.Housing in this case raising anti-breakdown with fluid, be that sulphur hexafluoride is filled mostly.This housing is mostly made up of metal and is electrical ground.The end accessory of arresting element is by being directed through the contact of housing and ground connection.Another end accessory is electrically connected with the contact on the outside being positioned at housing by bushing, and this contact is used for being connected with switchgear.Especially larger discharge device for overvoltage protection usually have on its on high-tension side end control cover, its as one side closed cylinder spiral-lock on the end of varistor.In the simplest situation, varistor post is electrically connected with end accessory and the end accessory of ground side is electrically connected with cap, and therefore varistor post is formed with housing and is electrically connected.Then, the connection on varistor post and ground is formed by the ground connection of housing.If be recorded to occurred discharge process, then rheostat post must be connected with the monitoring device of the outside being arranged on Fluid Sealing.Need the grounding path be separated with housing of varistor post for this reason.In order to provide this grounding path, then electrical connection must with housing electric insulation be directed to from varistor post the contact be positioned at outside housing.
By the discharge device for overvoltage protection of the known a kind of such design of German application (document number 10 2,011 077 394.0) very early of the applicant, it has sleeve pipe in ground side cap between arresting element and shell wall.Electrical connection between varistor post and sleeve pipe is formed by electric wire.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is, provides a kind of discharge device for overvoltage protection, and it can realize more simply assembling and more compact structure form.
Described technical problem solves according to technical scheme according to claim 1 by of the present invention.
At this, discharge device for overvoltage protection has the discharge column be arranged in the metal shell of ground connection.This discharge column comprises arresting element, pulling force component and ground side with on high-tension side end accessory.Arresting element clamps by pulling force component between end accessory.In addition, discharge device for overvoltage protection has electric bushing, and it has the current path from enclosure interior to outside of relative housing insulation.According to the present invention, the longitudinal axis of sleeve pipe arranges with the axis coaxial ground of arresting element and arresting element is electrically connected with sleeve pipe by interface unit.This interface unit forms the electrical connection between arresting element and sleeve pipe at this, this sleeve pipe relative to ground end accessory electric insulation of side and impenetrating mouth be directed through in the end accessory of ground side.
Be directed through by this sleeve pipe and run through opening in the end accessory of ground side, there is no need for the additional structure space of sleeve pipe on the end accessory side with corresponding insulation clearance, discharge device for overvoltage protection can construct more compactly thus.This solution result also in less size in the axial direction, because may be used for sleeve pipe at the structure space of end accessory inside.In addition can simplify the pre-assembled of the module be made up of arresting element, end accessory and pulling force component and sleeve pipe, and assemble because coaxial layout can be undertaken by simple sleeve, thus simplify assembling.
Particularly advantageously, housing design be Fluid Sealing and be filled with insulating gas.Especially, when sulphur hexafluoride is used as insulating gas, can discharge device for overvoltage protection be designed compacter by the less insulation clearance of relative atmospheric.
In a kind of favourable structural design, this housing has cap, it is arranged the end accessory of ground side.This sleeve pipe is directed through cap at this.Thus, sleeve pipe and discharge column can be assembled simply and be assembled in outside housing.
Cap preferably has the pressure compensator for compensating excess pressure in housing.
In addition preferably, cap has closed inspection opening.Inspection opening allows easily to open housing in order to maintenance purpose.
Further preferably, cap has and fills exhaust apparatus for insulating gas.Fill exhaust apparatus by this, insulating gas is discharged from housing with insulating gas or in order to maintenance purpose without the need to opening just can be filled by this housing.Therefore ensure that and do not have insulating gas to leak in atmospheric environment.
By setting pressure compensation arrangement in cap and/or inspection opening and/or fill exhaust apparatus, housing design can be obtained simpler.
Particularly advantageously, interface unit has earthing contact and flexible element in the longitudinal axis of sleeve pipe.At this, earthing contact has smooth bearing-surface (arresting element is bearing on this bearing-surface) and the accommodation section for flexible member.This structure ensures to be electrically connected especially reliably.
In another kind preferably constructs, arresting element by the end accessory of the spacer element of electric insulation and ground side separately.This arresting element thus with end accessory electric insulation.This spacer element advantageously prevents the electrical breakdown between arresting element and end accessory.
Spacer element is particularly advantageously designed to tubular and flexible member is at least partially disposed on spacer element inside.Design compact especially can be realized thus.In order to insulating gas can enter in the pipe of spacer element, spacer element has opening in tube wall.
The accommodation section of earthing contact is preferably designed for the annular flange flange for guiding spacer element and/or flexible member.By guiding spacer element and/or flexible member, assembling is simplified.
Specify in the another kind of preferred structural design of the present invention, the annex of ground side is consisted of cap.The pulling force component of this discharge column is directly anchored in cap in ground side at this, and then arresting element is fixed on cap.Therefore, cap forms the end accessory of ground side, and this saves material especially.
Accompanying drawing explanation
The present invention is set forth further below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is the perspective, cut-away view according to discharge device for overvoltage protection of the present invention,
Fig. 2 is the perspective, cut-away view of the case lid with electric bushing,
Fig. 3 is the perspective, cut-away view of the end of the ground side of active parts according to discharge device for overvoltage protection of the present invention,
Fig. 4 is the alternative form of implementation according to discharge device for overvoltage protection of the present invention.
The part of mutual correspondence is marked with identical Reference numeral in all of the figs.
Embodiment
The end completing the ground side of installation according to discharge device for overvoltage protection 1 (without housing) of the present invention shown in Figure 1.Arresting element 2 is made up of the varistor element of the assembling of multiple column, and be clamped by multiple pulling force component 7 (only one of them being shown at this) between two end accessories 5 (ground side with on high-tension side end accessory, the end accessory of ground side is only shown at this).The longitudinal axis 30 that pulling force component 7 is parallel to arresting element 2 is arranged, and radially around longitudinal axis.Axial direction is defined by the longitudinal axis 30 of arresting element 2.The plastics that pulling force component 7 is usually strengthened by fiber are formed and are anchored in end accessory 5 by crimping, the fixed muffle 8 compressing or bond on pulling force component 7.The on high-tension side end upper pulling force element 7 of the arresting element 2 do not illustrated herein is fixed on end accessory 5 in a similar manner.The end side surface of the ground side of arresting element 2 arranges the contact, ground 3 of dish type.Arresting element 2 and end accessory 5 separate by tubular interval element 17 between contact, ground 3 and end accessory 5 vertically, and therefore between contact, ground 3 and fixed muffle 8 or between contact 3, ground and end accessory 5, guarantee enough insulation clearance.Be bearing on the radial flange 24 in this opening 23 in the opening 23 of element 17 circle of inserting end department enclosure 5 vertically here.The electrical insulating material that spacer element 17 is tolerated by dimensionally stable and temperature is made and especially has high bending resistance energy.This usually use reinforcement, especially glass fibre strengthen plastics.Be made up of electrical insulating material by spacer element 17, end accessory 5 electric insulation of arresting element 2 relative to ground side.Contact 3, ground has the flange 21 of annular in the end side surface of its arresting element 2 dorsad.It has the external diameter of the internal diameter being equivalent to spacer element 17, and therefore the side being positioned at radially outer of flange 21 is used as the guiding structural of spacer element.Therefore, be also referred to as active parts 18, by arresting element 2, end accessory 5, being equipped with assembly that the pulling force component 7 of fixed muffle 8 and spacer element 17 form can easily pre-assembled.Fig. 3 illustrates the end of the ground side of this active parts 18, but in multiple pulling force component 7 is only shown.
Fig. 1 also illustrates the shell wall of the ground side of housing, and it is made up of cap 4.Sleeve pipe 10 is directed through the opening in cap 4.Sleeve pipe 10 has insulated tube 13, exterior insulation sleeve 12, built-in electrical insulation sleeve 14 and sleeve conductor 11 at this.First insulated tube 13 is introduced in the opening of cap 4 to assemble this sleeve 10.Insulated tube 13 is all given prominence to from opening in these both sides.Now on the inner side of cap 4, built-in electrical insulation sleeve 14 is sleeved on the ledge of insulated tube 13.Insulating sleeve 14 is tubulose equally and has the internal diameter of the external diameter being equivalent to insulated tube 13.Insulating sleeve 14 protrudes past the end in the housing of insulated tube 13 vertically at this.Therefore insulated tube 13 and built-in electrical insulation sleeve 14 are arranged coaxially with longitudinal axis 30.On the outside of housing, exterior insulation sleeve 12 is sleeved on the end of the hull outside of insulating bar 13.Outside insulating sleeve 12 has the groove 29 of annular at this, the end of the hull outside of this groove 29 housing insulation bar 13.The annular flange flange 28 of outside insulating sleeve 12 stretches into wherein vertically on the radially inner side of insulated tube 13.At this bushing conductor 11 being expressed as metallic pin then from hull outside through exterior insulation sleeve 12, through insulated tube 13 to case inside.The end of the case inside of bushing conductor 11 protrudes past built-in electrical insulation sleeve 14 at this, and stretches in housing.Backstop, such as nut are at the hull outside end portion of bushing conductor 11 its penetration depth fixed.Pad 15 is placed in the end of the enclosure interior of bushing conductor 11, and it to be placed on built-in electrical insulation sleeve 14 and to be fixed by nut 16.Exterior insulation sleeve 12 has sealing device 22 on its end face, such as, be O shape ring, and it is by exterior insulation sleeve 12 relatively housing, is relative cap 4 and facing sleeve conductor 11 seals at this.Therefore sleeve pipe 10 is the airtight arrangements of electric connections from case inside to hull outside, and the relative housing of this arrangements of electric connection is electric insulation.Fig. 2 illustrates to have this cap 4 having completed the sleeve pipe 10 of installation.
In addition, Fig. 1 illustrates the cap 4 and the assembled state of active parts 18 with sleeve pipe 10.End accessory 5 is fixed on cap 4 by bolt 6.Built-in electrical insulation sleeve 14 stretches at least in part in spacer element 17 at this together with the end of the enclosure interior of bushing conductor 11.The arrangements of electric connection between contact 3, ground and sleeve pipe 10 is formed in by the flexible member between contact, ground 3 and pad 15 9 (be helical spring at this) being arranged on spacer element 17 inside.Therefore, contact, ground 3 and flexible member 9 are interface units, and rice element 2 is electrically connected with sleeve pipe 10 by this interface unit.The radially inner side of the flange 21 of contact 3, ground provides the accommodation section for flexible member 9, and this flexible member 9 is directed through this accommodation section and centering.In order to insulating gas can enter the inside of spacer element 17, opening 20 is set in the wall of spacer element 17.Current path is now directed to hull outside from arresting element 2 through contact 3, ground, flexible member 9, pad 15, nut 16 and bushing conductor 11.This current path opposed end annex 5 and housing are insulation, and are directed through end accessory 5 and shell wall (be cap 4 at this).
Although in figures 1 and 3 only respectively shown with source block 18 and sleeve pipe 10, multiple active parts 18 can also be had in the housing according to discharge device for overvoltage protection 1 of the present invention.Then each active parts 18 is furnished with the sleeve pipe 10 of self, and it is arranged coaxially with the arresting element 2 of each active parts 18 respectively.
Fig. 4 illustrates other structural design of the present invention.At this, the end accessory of ground side is consisted of cap 4.Pulling force component 7 is directly fixed on cap 4 by fixed muffle 8, and therefore this cap 4 forms the end accessory of ground side.Housing 19 is closed by cap 4 on side.Sealing device 32 ensure that gas tightness at this.Multiple active parts 18 is settled in housing 19.Each active parts 18 is furnished with self sleeve pipe 10.Two active parts 18 have the end accessory of common ground side, and the end accessory of this ground side is provided by cap 4 at this.
Cap 4 also has pressure compensator 25.At pressure compensator 25 place, safe diaphragm plate 26 covers the annular opening in cap 4.Safe diaphragm plate 26 is fixed on case inside by annular flange 31.Relative for safe diaphragm plate 26 cap 4 seals by sealing device 33 air seal ground.If produce excess pressure in housing 19, then safe diaphragm plate 26 breaks and excess pressure is discharged into outside, therefore can avoid the damage of housing 19.The direction that the gas deflection reserved extremely is expected by the exhaust base plate 27 on the outside of opening.Substituting or supplementing as pressure compensator 25, cap 4 has and fills exhaust apparatus and/or inspection opening for insulating gas.This fills exhaust apparatus for insulating gas, such as sulphur hexafluoride are packed in housing 19 or from housing and are discharged for insulating gas.This fills exhaust apparatus and is being designed to, and makes not have insulating gas and leaks out of control.Inspection opening for, such as assembling object, maintenance purpose or control object and arrive element in the inside of housing 19, and this element need not be taken apart.

Claims (11)

1. a discharge device for overvoltage protection (1), it has in the metal shell (19) being arranged on ground connection, the arresting element (2) clamped by pulling force component (7) between ground side and on high-tension side end accessory (5) and electric bushing (10), this electric bushing (10) has that relatively described metal shell (19) insulate, from the inner current path outside to described metal shell (19) of described housing (19), it is characterized in that, the longitudinal axis (30) of described sleeve pipe (10) and the longitudinal axis (30) of described arresting element (2) arrange coaxially and described arresting element (2) by interface unit (3, 9) be electrically connected with described sleeve pipe (10), described interface unit (3, 9) relative to ground side end accessory (5) electric insulation and be directed through and run through opening (23) in the end accessory (5) of ground side.
2., according to discharge device for overvoltage protection according to claim 1 (1), it is characterized in that, that described housing (19) is designed to Fluid Sealing and fill with insulating gas.
3. according to the discharge device for overvoltage protection (1) described in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that, described housing (19) has cap (4), and described cap (4) arranges the end accessory (5) of described ground side.
4. according to discharge device for overvoltage protection according to claim 3 (1), it is characterized in that, described cap (4) has the pressure compensator (25) for compensating the excess pressure in described housing.
5. according to the discharge device for overvoltage protection (1) described in claim 3 or 4, it is characterized in that, described cap (4) has closed inspection opening.
6. according to the discharge device for overvoltage protection (1) one of claim 3 to 5 Suo Shu, it is characterized in that, described cap (4) has and fills exhaust apparatus for insulating gas.
7. according to the discharge device for overvoltage protection (1) one of aforementioned claim Suo Shu, it is characterized in that, described interface unit (3,9) there is the smooth earthing contact (3) of bearing-surface of outfit and the flexible member (9) on the direction of the longitudinal axis (30) of described sleeve pipe (10), described arresting element (2) is bearing on described smooth bearing-surface, and wherein said earthing contact (3) has the accommodation section (21) for described flexible member (9).
8. according to discharge device for overvoltage protection according to claim 7 (1), it is characterized in that, described arresting element (2) by the end accessory (5) of the spacer element (17) of electric insulation and described ground side separately.
9. according to discharge device for overvoltage protection according to claim 8 (1), it is characterized in that, described spacer element (17) is designed to tubular and described flexible member (9), and to be at least partially disposed on described spacer element (17) inner.
10. according to the discharge device for overvoltage protection (1) one of claim 7 to 9 Suo Shu, it is characterized in that, the accommodation section (21) of described earthing contact (3) is designed for the annular flange flange of the described spacer element of guiding (17) and/or described flexible member (9).
11., according to the discharge device for overvoltage protection (1) one of aforementioned claim Suo Shu, is characterized in that, the end accessory (5) of described ground side is consisted of described cap (4).
CN201380028701.XA 2012-05-30 2013-04-25 Packaged type discharge device for overvoltage protection with center sleeve Active CN104350553B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP12170022.3A EP2669903B1 (en) 2012-05-30 2012-05-30 Enclosed surge absorber with central feedthrough
EP12170022.3 2012-05-30
PCT/EP2013/058612 WO2013178411A1 (en) 2012-05-30 2013-04-25 Encapsulated surge protector having a central duct

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN104350553A true CN104350553A (en) 2015-02-11
CN104350553B CN104350553B (en) 2017-09-29

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ID=48326270

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201380028701.XA Active CN104350553B (en) 2012-05-30 2013-04-25 Packaged type discharge device for overvoltage protection with center sleeve

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2669903B1 (en)
JP (1) JP6113274B2 (en)
KR (1) KR101674785B1 (en)
CN (1) CN104350553B (en)
WO (1) WO2013178411A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110383400A (en) * 2017-03-07 2019-10-25 西门子股份公司 Surge arrester and manufacturing method for manufacturing surge arrester

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AT14491U1 (en) * 2014-02-20 2015-12-15 Wopfinger Baustoffindustrie Gmbh audit module
DE102017216024A1 (en) * 2017-09-12 2019-03-14 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Surge arresters
AT523645B1 (en) * 2020-04-06 2021-10-15 Avl List Gmbh Adapter arrangement and component assembly

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JPH06260305A (en) * 1993-03-08 1994-09-16 Fuji Electric Co Ltd Current-terminal leading-out structure of lightning arrester
CN1805070A (en) * 2005-01-12 2006-07-19 Ls电线有限公司 PTC current limiting device having molding part made of insulating material
CN101589526A (en) * 2007-01-22 2009-11-25 昭和电线电缆系统株式会社 Arrestor
CN101609967A (en) * 2008-06-20 2009-12-23 三菱电机株式会社 Pressure relief plate and the pressure relief device and the gas insulation opening and closing arrangement that use it

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DE3112477C2 (en) * 1981-03-26 1984-02-02 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Surge arrester with shielding bodies surrounding a column of arrester elements
EP0878040B1 (en) * 1996-01-31 1999-10-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Metal-encased switchgear
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KR100697917B1 (en) * 2005-01-12 2007-03-20 엘에스전선 주식회사 PTC current limiting device
US20060152330A1 (en) * 2005-01-12 2006-07-13 Jong-Sung Kang PTC current limiting device having molding part made of insulating material
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4015228A (en) * 1974-06-10 1977-03-29 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Surge absorber
JPH06260305A (en) * 1993-03-08 1994-09-16 Fuji Electric Co Ltd Current-terminal leading-out structure of lightning arrester
CN1805070A (en) * 2005-01-12 2006-07-19 Ls电线有限公司 PTC current limiting device having molding part made of insulating material
CN101589526A (en) * 2007-01-22 2009-11-25 昭和电线电缆系统株式会社 Arrestor
CN101609967A (en) * 2008-06-20 2009-12-23 三菱电机株式会社 Pressure relief plate and the pressure relief device and the gas insulation opening and closing arrangement that use it

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110383400A (en) * 2017-03-07 2019-10-25 西门子股份公司 Surge arrester and manufacturing method for manufacturing surge arrester

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN104350553B (en) 2017-09-29
JP6113274B2 (en) 2017-04-12
KR101674785B1 (en) 2016-11-09
EP2669903A1 (en) 2013-12-04
EP2669903B1 (en) 2018-09-12
WO2013178411A1 (en) 2013-12-05
JP2015524242A (en) 2015-08-20
KR20150004407A (en) 2015-01-12

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