CN104350007A - 用于烃源的气体加热重整的方法和相关设备 - Google Patents

用于烃源的气体加热重整的方法和相关设备 Download PDF

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CN104350007A
CN104350007A CN201380028684.XA CN201380028684A CN104350007A CN 104350007 A CN104350007 A CN 104350007A CN 201380028684 A CN201380028684 A CN 201380028684A CN 104350007 A CN104350007 A CN 104350007A
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加布里埃莱·杰尔马尼
恩里科·里齐
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Abstract

一种用于烃源气体蒸汽重整的方法和设备,其中所述烃源气体和蒸汽流在通过重整炉(10)的具有催化活性内表面的管束(13)时被部分重整;离开所述管的部分重整的产物气体(18)与氧化剂(19)混合并进行氧化过程;将燃烧的部分重整气体(20)引入所述重整炉的壳程并通过与所述管(13)的外表面接触而进一步重整,所述管的外表面也是具有催化活性的。

Description

用于烃源的气体加热重整的方法和相关设备
技术领域
本发明涉及用气体加热重整炉进行烃源重整,例如天然气的蒸汽重整或蒸汽甲烷重整。
背景技术
重整是用于将烃源转化为有用产品的公知技术。天然气或代用天然气的蒸汽重整是一种将甲烷转换为含一氧化碳(CO)和氢气(H2)的合成气的常用方式。所述合成气可针对特定的用途,例如用于氨合成的补充气体。
典型的现有技术的设计包括与自热重整炉(ATR)结合的气体加热重整炉(GHR)。所述GHR主要为管状的气-气热交换器,其包含一束填充有催化剂的管。所述管通常由高镍合金制成。
所述重整过程的第一阶段发生在所述GHR的管中,通常用来自所述ATR的重整合成气外部加热所述管。离开所述GHR管程的部分重整的产物气体连同工艺空气或氧气进入所述ATR燃烧炉燃烧。重整的第二阶段发生在所述ATR的催化床中,且离开所述ATR的完全重整的产物气体然后进入所述GHR的壳程,作为上述管的加热介质。
图3示出了该现有技术设计的实例。气流1中的天然气和工艺蒸汽在热交换器2中预热并进入气体加热重整炉3的填充有催化剂的管中。部分重整气体4连同工艺空气6进入自热重整炉5的燃烧炉中。所述燃烧产生在自热重整炉的催化剂部分7中完成重整反应所需的热量。然后所述重整合成气8穿过所述重整炉3的壳程并提供用于重整所述天然气和管内流动的蒸汽的热量。合成气8的余热接着用于预热原料气。
该布置的一个缺点为所述GHR的金属管暴露于腐蚀性的富CO的气体流,即来自所述ATR的且在壳程内循环的重整产物中。已注意到金属尘化主要发生在400-800℃温度范围内且,因此,通常建议尽可能地避免在该范围内操作管束。然而,这在工艺优化方面引入了显著约束。
另一个缺点是所述催化剂的低效能,通常低于10%,受原料气进入催化剂孔的扩散过程的影响。该低效能意味着90%或更多的催化剂实际上未被使用。
继上述内容,有动机减少所述重整炉的壳程和管程间的温度差,以便更有效地使用所述ATR中产生的热。这可通过降低系统总的传热阻力实现。
发明内容
本发明的目的是改善上述工艺并克服上述缺点。本发明的一个方面是在GHR中使用涂覆有催化剂的管代替填充有催化剂的管。本发明的另一方面是在管的内侧和外侧均提供催化剂表面,使所述GHR的壳程也具有催化活性。
因此,用包含下面步骤的方法实现本发明的目的:
-第一阶段,通过将气源送至多个外部加热的管中来进行含烃源的气源的重整,这些管形成重整炉的管程,管程内至少所述管的部分内表面是具有催化活性的,从而产生初级重整的第一产物气体;
-将所述第一产物气体部分燃烧,从而得到第二产物气体,所述部分燃烧采用合适的氧化剂完成,和
-第二阶段,通过与所述管的外表面接触重整所述第二产物气体,所述重整在所述重整炉的壳程内进行,至少所述管的部分外表面是具有催化活性的,且所述第二产物气体也提供所述管的外部加热和用于所述气源的第一阶段重整的热输入。
所述第一产物气体的部分燃烧步骤优选发生在燃烧炉内。所述燃烧炉可在所述重整炉的外部或内部;相应地,将燃烧后的部分重整气体重新引入所述重整炉中,立刻引入壳程中,以完成所述重整过程。
所述管优选由工程陶瓷材料(technical ceramic material)制成,所述工程陶瓷材料可选自包含氧化物,非氧化物或复合陶瓷的组。优选地,将选择具有高导热性的工程陶瓷材料。一个可适用的陶瓷材料的实例为烧结碳化硅(SiC)。
所述管具有对于重整过程具有催化活性的内表面和外表面。所述内表面和外表面的催化剂可相同或不同。
通过合适的方法可得到具有催化活性的表面,所述合适的方法优选选自催化剂涂渍,浸渍(impregnation),CVD(化学气相沉积),PVD(物理气相沉积)。然而,该名单并不详尽且也可使用其它合适的方法。
根据本发明不同的实施方案,所述管的内表面具有全部(即从入口到出口)或部分的催化活性。所述管的外表面也可为全部或部分活性的。在管的具有催化活性的内和/或外表面占据管的部分长度的那些实施方案中,只有重整炉的一部分管程和/或壳程是具有催化活性的。管的内部或外部表面的非催化部分基本上将作为管外热产物气体和管内工艺气体间的气-气热交换器的表面。一个相关的优势可为外部流入物/流出物热交换器的功能的减少,如将在下文解释的。
优选地,在所述壳程上管的具有催化活性部分的范围以使气体在所要求的平衡温度下保持平衡而确定。所述温度优选在800-1000℃范围内。
本发明的另一方面是用于实施上述工艺的设备,其包括:
烃源的供料管线;
气体加热的管式重整炉,其包含形成所述重整炉管程的多个管,其与所述供料管线相通,至少所述管的部分内和外表面具有用于重整的催化活性;
燃烧炉,设置为接收离开所述管的初级重整的产物气体和氧化剂,和
流线,设置为将离开所述燃烧炉的燃烧气体流引入所述重整炉的壳程以使其与所述管的具有催化活性的外表面接触。
现简单讨论本发明的优势。本发明的一个优势是与催化剂较好的热交换系数。因此,相比现有技术,根据本发明的重整炉在更小的壳程与管程的温度差下运行。由于催化剂与管的内表面直接接触,热传递更为有效,尤其是在重整的第一阶段(管内),因此移除了传统的管至气和气至管的传热步骤。此外,减少了由穿过所述管的工艺气体造成的压力降。
根据优选的实施方案,陶瓷管的使用解决了管的金属尘化问题。具有陶瓷管的重整炉也可在传统钢管式重整炉禁用的那些温度范围内运行,因此对整个设备的运行提供了更多的灵活性。暴露于金属尘化的唯一表面是管板和压力容器的内表面,可用热喷涂层保护该表面或用耐火材料形成其内衬。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,可更换所述管。使用可更换管的实施方案具有的附加优势为可通过所述重整炉的换管更换所述催化剂,因为所述催化剂在物理上为管自身的一部分。可取出带有用完的催化剂的管以再生所述催化剂,然后将管重新插入所述压力容器,或用另一套带有新催化剂的管更换。所述重整炉可设计为方便于旧管的取出或再生的或新的管的重新插入。
在优选的实施方案中,所述重整炉的管由管板简单支撑,在管和管板或重整炉其它部分之间没有固定连接(如焊接)。在一些实施方案中,可通过在所述管板中形成合适的插口并将所述管的尾部简单插入所述插口中而无焊接接头等,形成管和管板的简单连接。例如,锥形管端可插入管板的锥形套接口中。其他适用的接头包括圆锥形或球形接头,或类似物。
当采用陶瓷管时,所述简单接头避免了目前为止限制陶瓷管使用的陶瓷金属连接的缺点。已注意到所述管束和管板在立式重整炉中在自身重力下将停留在合适的位置;此外,在大多数情况下,所述气压将有助于保持系统的稳定性,由于管程内的压力通常高于壳程内的压力,因此,所述气压将迫使上部管板向下。
另一个显著优势是通常发生在ATR中的重整过程的第二阶段现在所述重整炉的壳程内完成。本发明的管式重整炉作为取代传统设计的重整炉和ATR的一体化反应器运行。换句话说,所述管外表面的催化剂将执行与传统ATR的催化剂床相同的功能。因此,所述设备更高效且比较便宜。
进一步优选的特征如下。所述管可安装适于增加湍流和/或气体流速的内部装置(如旋流器),以增强从气体相向催化剂表面的传质。在其它实施方案中,所述壳程可安装挡板以增强向所述管的热量或热量和质量传递。
借助于下面详细的描述,这些优势将更加明显。
附图说明
图1为根据本发明的用于重整烃源的设备的示意图。
图2为根据优选的实施方案,图1中设备的重整炉的管的纵截面示意图
图3为现有技术设计。
具体实施方式
参照图1,用于蒸汽重整的设备包括重整炉10,燃烧炉11和预热器12。所述重整炉10包含一束优选由陶瓷材料制成的管13。所述管13优选为由两个相对的管板14,15支撑的直管。
所述重整炉10具有下列主要的连接:用于连通管程(即管13的内部)的进气口23和出气口24;用于连通壳程的进气口25和出气口26。优选地,如图所示,管程进气口23在重整炉的顶部且管程出气口24在底部;壳程入口25在壳程的下部且壳程出口26在壳程的上部。然而,也可能为不同的设置。
包含烃源和蒸汽的气源16在预热器12中被加热并通过连接至管程进气口23的管线17进入重整炉10。所述工艺气体分布在具有催化活性内表面的管13中,且通过在所述重整炉壳程内流动的工艺气体20加热,如下面所解释的。所述工艺气体16中的烃源优选为甲烷(CH4)。所述气源16例如为添加有蒸汽的天然气。
新鲜气体进料的催化蒸汽重整的第一阶段发生在管13的内部。然后包含在所述气源中的部分甲烷转化为一氧化碳(CO)和氢气(H2)。
仍含有相关含量甲烷的部分重整工艺气体18通过出气口24离开管13和重整炉10,且进入在该实施例中位于重整炉10外部的燃烧炉11。所述燃烧炉接收可例如为工艺空气或富氧空气或氧气的氧化剂流19,并提供所述气体18的部分燃烧。图1中,所述燃烧炉作为单独的部分示出,但在一些实施方案中,所述燃烧炉可与所述重整炉10集成。
离开所述燃烧炉11的产物为热的气体流20,其被送回所述重整炉10并通过壳程进气口25进入所述重整炉的壳程。通过与管13的具有催化活性的外表面接触,以完成最初包含在流16中的烃源的所需重整的方式,进一步重整所述工艺气体20。
此外,所述工艺气体20为同时发生的流进管13的流17的重整的第一阶段提供热量。换句话说,所述工艺气体20充当吸热的重整第一阶段的外部热源。
在为气源16的预加热提供热量的预热器12中冷却现在主要含CO和H2的、壳程出口26处的重整气21。然后将离开预热器12的热侧的气体22进一步处理,如纯化和可能地加入氮气以用做氨补充气。
具有催化表面的陶瓷管13的示例性的实施方案如图2所述。图示起见,显然修改了图2的比例。
所述陶瓷管13具有内催化涂层(washcoat)31和外催化涂层32。涂层31和涂层32的催化剂分别适用于新鲜气体17的重整和实现来自燃烧炉的热气体20的重整。所述涂层31和32的催化剂可以相同或不同。
所述外涂层32仅覆盖管30的一部分,在本实例中为下部,假定所述工艺气体20进入重整炉底部入口25,如图2所示。所述涂层32留下管外表面的未涂覆的上部33。相应地,在该实例中,所述管束的外表面具有对壳程内工艺气体20具有催化活性的下部13a(即参与催化重整),且上部13b由于管未涂覆而不具有催化活性。以这样的方式设计管束使气体20流经所述下部13a时实现完全重整,且剩余部分13b基本上充当热交换器。
在一些实施方案中,管13的内表面是部分有活性的。例如,参考图1,接近入口23的管的上部可不具有外部的催化涂层,且将充当管程内未反应的新鲜气体17和壳程内热的流出物20间的热交换器。以这种方式,进料/出料热交换器16的部分功能可直接转至所述重整炉10。

Claims (10)

1.用于含烃源的气源重整的方法,其包括步骤:
-第一阶段,通过将所述气源送至多个外部加热的管(13)中重整所述气源(16),这些管形成重整炉(10)的管程,其中至少所述管的部分内表面具有催化活性,从而产生初级重整的第一产物气体(18);
-将所述第一产物气体部分燃烧,从而得到第二产物气体(20),所述部分燃烧采用合适的氧化剂完成,和
-第二阶段,通过与所述管的外表面接触重整所述第二产物气体,所述重整在所述重整炉的壳程内进行,其中至少所述管的部分外表面具有催化活性,且所述第二产物气体也提供所述管的外部加热和用于所述气源的第一阶段重整的热输入。
2.根据权利要求1所述方法,其中所述第一产物气体(18)的所述部分燃烧发生在所述重整炉(10)的外部或内部的燃烧炉(11)中。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述方法,所述方法为蒸汽重整方法且所述气源(16)包含蒸汽和烃源。
4.根据权利要求3所述方法,所述烃源为天然气或甲烷。
5.用于含烃气源重整,尤其是用于天然气或甲烷蒸汽重整的设备,包括:
-待重整气体的供料管线;
-气体加热的管式重整炉(10),其包含形成所述重整炉管程的多个管,其与所述供料管线相通,至少所述管的部分内表面和至少所述管的部分外表面具有用于重整的催化活性;
-燃烧炉(11),设置为接收离开所述管的部分重整的产物气体(18)和氧化剂;和
-流线,设置为将离开所述燃烧炉的产物气体(20)引入所述重整炉壳程以与所述管的具有催化活性的外表面接触并完成所述重整过程。
6.根据权利要求5所述设备,所述管为由工程陶瓷材料制成的陶瓷管。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述设备,所述燃烧炉与所述重整炉集成。
8.根据权利要求5-7任一项所述设备,其中所述管的具有催化活性的内表面和/或具有催化活性的外表面占据所述管的部分长度,因而留下所述内和/或外表面的非催化活性部分(33)。
9.根据权利要求5-8任一项所述设备,所述管的内和外表面借助于涂层(31,32)或浸渍合适的催化剂具有催化活性。
10.根据权利要求5-9任一项所述设备,所述重整炉(10)具有可更换的管,且用所述重整炉的管板简单支撑所述可更换的管。
CN201380028684.XA 2012-06-06 2013-05-22 用于烃源的气体加热重整的方法和相关设备 Pending CN104350007A (zh)

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