CN104318605B - Parallel lamination rendering method of vector solid line and three-dimensional terrain - Google Patents
Parallel lamination rendering method of vector solid line and three-dimensional terrain Download PDFInfo
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- CN104318605B CN104318605B CN201410568385.1A CN201410568385A CN104318605B CN 104318605 B CN104318605 B CN 104318605B CN 201410568385 A CN201410568385 A CN 201410568385A CN 104318605 B CN104318605 B CN 104318605B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a parallel lamination rendering method of a two-dimensional vector solid line and a three-dimensional terrain surface, and the method is characterized in that the display space of the two-dimensional vector solid line is expanded from a two-dimensional plane to a three-dimensional irregular face, such that a three-dimensional geographic information system has the expressing ability of concrete reality and abstract space rule. In comparison with the existing technology, based on a projection back calculation method from screen space to two-dimensional space, the method can effectively eliminate the phenomenon of suspension, puncture and interruption of the vector line on the three-dimensional terrain surface without depending on the used terrain model, the method has high rendering precision and the rendering performance is promoted by a parallel calculating method. The method comprises the following steps of: eliminating pixels without shading adjustment; creating space indexes for the vector solid line; calculating the space coverage range of the screen pixel by the space projection back calculation method and judging whether the pixels are intersected with the two-dimensional vector, if so, modifying the pixel shading; generating the line width effect to the vector; generating the color gradient effect of the vector along sight distance change.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to computer utility, computer graphicss and technical field of geographic information, and in particular to a kind of two dimension
Parallel laminating rendering intent of the vector solid line on dimensional topography surface, can render two-dimensional vector solid line in dimensional topography surface,
The spacial flex of two-dimensional vector solid line is expanded from two dimensional surface to three-dimensional irregular face so that three-dimensional geographic information system has concurrently
Sense of reality expression to landform and the abstract expression ability to Linear Space rule, strengthen which readable in interaction
Property.
Background technology
Existed by Mikael Vaaraniemi et al.《High-Quality Cartographic Roads on High-
Resolution DEMs》Existing two-dimensional vector key element is proposed in (the high-quality road sign on the basis of high resolution DEM is rendered)
Laminating Rendering algorithms on dimensional topography surface are broadly divided into three classes：Based on the rendering intent of texture mapping, based on geometric maps
Rendering intent and the rendering intent based on template umbra volume.
● the rendering intent based on texture mapping
The core concept of such method be by vector data by way of real-time or pretreatment rasterizing to two
On dimension image, then topographical surface is mapped directly to as standard texture, so as to ensure that vector data is seamless with landform
Laminating.
The method is by precalculating the method for generating static texture, it is possible to obtain higher rendering accuracy, but can take
A large amount of memory spaces, so that in memory space and render seeking balance between quality.Due to can be only generated finite resolving power
The texture of level, during large scene scaling, the drafting precision of vector data is limited, and occurs than more serious phenomenon of losing shape.
, when steep slope topography is encountered, plane two-dimensional vector is after rasterizing due to being unable to adjust automatically point for method based on texture mapping
Resolution can be caused unreasonable deformation by the suddenly stretching of local landform.Additionally, limited fixture resolution level will also result in
Scene is matched with the imperfect of earth's surface when scaling.
● the rendering intent based on geometric maps
The key of such method is to realize that two-dimensional vector is matched with the precise geometrical of dimensional topography, adaptation to the ground triangulation network knot
The Method of Data Organization of structure and level of detail technology (Level of Detail, LOD), to avoid the occurrence of vector data suspension
In unreasonable situations such as aerial or interspersed earth's surfaces.
Basic solution be by the surface slope flex point involved by dynamic calculation vector element route via, and according to
To introduce corresponding new summit in vector data or set up new line segment, with realize vector element with terrain slope change it is same
Step rises and falls.For the searching of vector element relief feature point extremely relies on landform expression model, and it is very difficult to accomplish any chi
The lower accurately mate of degree, easily occurs that vector element is interrupted, is suspended on coplanar pel, or be submerged under coplanar pel
Etc. phenomenon.Vector data is integrated into the method in Terrain LOD model (i.e. for each levels of detail of landform in pretreatment stage
One corresponding vector geometric model of secondary establishment) dramatically increasing for data volume can be caused.
● the rendering intent based on template umbra volume
Problem of losing shape is rendered for solving texture mapping method, while dependence of the geometric maps method to relief model is avoided,
Schneider and Klein is in " Efficient and accurate rendering of vector data on virtual
Propose in landscapes " (a kind of method that vector is accurately rendered into virtual terrain) slow based on shadow volume algorithm and template
Deposit the template shadow volume method of technology.
Method core concept has three steps：First by vector data along upright projection Directional Extension be polyhedron；Then utilize
The polyhedron of generation generates mask by shadow volume algorithm in template caching；Finally mask is added in three-dimensional scenic, it is complete
Cheng represents the screen pixels coloring of respective vectors data.The method is that the solid line key element of 1 pixel has rendered limitation to width
Property, and algorithm needs the multiaspect volume drawing 2 times to vector extension, can largely affect the real-time display of data.If
In three-dimensional scenic, depth value excursion is very big, then the width of distant place line of vector can be caused bright with apart from the near position difference of viewpoint
It is aobvious.If retaining distant place line of vector rendering effect, nearby line of vector can distortion；If ensureing nearby line of vector rendering effect, far
Place's line of vector can be interrupted.
The content of the invention
Goal of the invention：In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention is intended to provide one kind by two-dimensional vector solid line three
Dimension topographical surface is carried out fitting the method for rendering, and can eliminated suspension of the vector on dimensional topography surface, punctures, discontinuously etc. showed
As while, with laminating closely, high precision the features such as.
Technical scheme：For achieving the above object, the present invention is adopted the following technical scheme that：
The parallel rendering intent of fitting of a kind of vector solid line and dimensional topography, the method pass through CPU+GPU Heterogeneous Computing sides
Formula completes the parallel rendering of image, comprises the steps：
The first step：Detection renders the terrain profile line in image, is to cause the pixel of erroneous judgement to set up one in its neighborhood
" avoiding colored pixels table ", will not make coloring modification for the pixel in the table, calculating in subsequent step or process not pin
Pixel in the table is carried out；
Second step：Spatial index is set up for two-dimensional vector solid line, to improve the judgement performance of spatial relationship in subsequent step；
3rd step：One and screen size identical " vector coloring relief area " is set up, with temporary vector coloring effect；
4th step：For each screen pixels (without the pixel in " avoiding colored pixels table "), utilization space projection
Reverse calculation algorithmses, obtain its coverage in two-dimensional vector plane, judge whether the scope is intersected with certain two-dimensional vector solid line (sharp
Lifted with the spatial index in second step and judge performance).Intersect phenomenon as pixel is present with certain vector solid line, then by " vector
In color relief area ", the color of the pixel is replaced with the color of the two-dimensional vector solid line.
5th step：Live width is carried out using morphological dilations processing method to the Linear element in " vector coloring relief area " to set
Put；
6th step：" vector coloring relief area " is made into Weighted Fusion with former screen coloring relief area, pixel depth is less
With vector coloring based on, pixel depth it is larger with former screen coloring based on.
The innovative point of this laminating rendering intent is：Method does not rely on any relief model, only empty in screen with landform
Between rendering effect and two-dimensional vector it is relevant in the distribution of two-dimensional space；Method can effectively eliminate vector on dimensional topography surface
The puncture phenomenon of suspension phenomenon, vector and dimensional topography surface, vector in the disconnection phenomenon that renders on dimensional topography surface, and have
There is the rendering accuracy of a pixel；Method is improved by the Heterogeneous Computing pattern using CPU+GPU and renders performance.
Method obtains screen pixels in the coverage of two-dimensional space, determines whether that this scope is by projecting inverse
It is no to intersect with certain two-dimensional vector solid line, such as there is intersecting phenomenon, then by the weighting with vector color and former screen pixels color
Merge the finished pigmented to obtain the pixel.Especially, method considers the impact of hypsography：Terrain profile is on screen
That one-row pixels in line distally, the spatial coverage that its projection inverse is obtained, while visibility region is covered, also cover
The invisible area of contour line behind (such as the valley floor after ridge line), therefore, the spatial relationship of the pixel and vector solid line is sentenced
Disconnected result is likely to wrong, it is impossible to for instructing the coloring treatment of the pixel, sets up for this one part of pixel and " avoids
Color pixel table ", the coloring to screen pixels judge to exclude this partial pixel, and final rendering visual effect is not affected.
Further, make morphological dilations process as needed to the line of vector in " vector coloring relief area ", form line
Wide effect.The weight proportion of " vector coloring relief area " and former screen coloring relief area fusion, pixel are adjusted according to pixel depth
Depth it is less with vector coloring based on, pixel depth it is larger with former screen coloring based on, formed with distance perspective color
Fade effect.
As the processing method of screen pixels has very high homogeneity, said process passes through CPU+GPU Heterogeneous Computing sides
Formula realizes parallel processing, and the performance of whole process is lifted well.Wherein, CPU is responsible for processing serial computing part, GPU
It is responsible for processing parallel computation part.Parallel computation part includes the detection and process of terrain profile line, screen pixels coverage
Calculating, pixel coloring judge, based on morphology operations live width process and color gradient process.
The method for building up of the detection method of the terrain profile line in the method first step and " avoiding colored pixels table " is as follows：
A. which is carried out convolution algorithm with image by the detective operators of structural relief contour line；
B. the convolution algorithm result place location of pixels more than given threshold is labeled as into contour line；
C. the one-row pixels point by contour line away from viewpoint direction adds " avoiding colored pixels table ".
The Establishing process of the vector space index in method second step is as follows：
A. vector solid line is resolved into into line segment；
B. set up the spatial index of line segment aggregate.
In the 4th step of method, the relation of pixel and two-dimensional vector solid line judges and " vector coloring relief area " processing method is such as
Under：
A. be directed to pixel (i, j), with (i, j), (i, j+1), (i+1, j), the screen coordinate of (i+1, j+1) four pixels with
And depth value inverse obtains a quadrilateral space, with the tetragon, the drop shadow spread on two dimensional surface represents pixel (i, j)
Coverage；
B. make spatial relationship judgement (using building in second step using coverage and the two-dimensional vector line segment of pixel (i, j)
Vertical vector space index improves spatial relationship and judges performance), such as the coverage and certain two-dimensional vector line segment phase of pixel (i, j)
Hand over, then the color of the pixel in " vector coloring relief area " is replaced with the color of the line segment；
C. repeat (a) to (b) step for all screen pixels (without the pixel in " avoiding colored pixels table ").
Beneficial effect：Compared with prior art, the invention has the advantages that：
1st, this method is not relied in three-dimensional terrain model, by from screen space to the projection of two-dimensional vector plane space
Inverse judges whether have two-dimensional vector solid line to pass through in the spatial dimension of screen pixels one by one, determines therefrom that the final of screen pixels
Coloring, is a kind of innovative approach different from existing several scheme theoretical basiss and technology path；
2nd, compared with the conventional method, vector is tight in the laminating of three-dimensional earth's surface, suspension is completely eliminated, punctures and discontinuously existing
As；
3rd, the rendering accuracy of vector can reach screen pixels；
4th, accelerate the performance that vector laminating is rendered using parallel calculating method, reduce to three-dimensional scenic real-time, interactive performance
Negative effect.
Description of the drawings
Overview flow charts of the Fig. 1 for the inventive method；
Fig. 2 is the confusion schematic diagram of pixel coverage near contour line；
Schematic diagrams of the Fig. 3 for terrain profile line detecting method；
Schematic diagrams of the Fig. 4 for screen pixels coverage；
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram for changing live width using morphology operations；
Specific embodiment
With reference to instantiation, further elucidate the present invention, it should be understood that these examples be merely to illustrate the present invention and not
For limiting the scope of the present invention, after the present invention has been read, the various equivalent form of values of the those skilled in the art to the present invention
Modification fall within the application claims limited range.
As shown in figure 1, a kind of vector solid line disclosed in present example and the parallel rendering intent of fitting of dimensional topography, lead
Want step as follows：
The first step：Detection renders the terrain profile line in image, is to cause the pixel of erroneous judgement to set up one in its neighborhood
" avoiding colored pixels table ", will not make coloring modification for the pixel in the table, and the calculating or process in subsequent step is directed to
Other screen pixels outside the table are carried out.
In Fig. 2, the vector face B ' E ' on screen represent the region of topographical surface scope BCDE, and this results in A ' B ' E ' is one
The visual error on Duan Lianxu hillside.Practical situation is that A ' B ' and B ' E ' on screen represents disjunct two each other respectively
Region：AB and DE.If a line of vector passes through the region of topographical surface scope BCD, rather than DE, this root vector solid line is not
Should show on screen, if pixel 1 is rendered into the color of vector, will result in a kind of illusion, i.e., this line of vector is simultaneously
Do not blocked by massif.Therefore, for the one-row pixels in contour line distally, it is not available for the modification adjustment of pixel shader.For reaching
This purpose, need for this type pixel set up " avoiding colored pixels table ", to screen pixels color adjustment should exclude
This partial pixel.
The detection algorithm of contour line can substantially be divided into the algorithm based on image space and the algorithm two based on object space is big
Class, two kinds of algorithms can be applied to this method, adopt herein and illustrated based on the algorithm of image space as an example.It is based on
The algorithm core concept of image space is：Construction edge detection operator, by carrying out convolution algorithm with image, realizes to adjacent picture
The comparison of plain depth value, (through test, threshold value may be set to 0.009～0.011, value in the range of this to arrange rational threshold value
Erroneous judgement pixel can effectively be eliminated), the convolution algorithm result place location of pixels more than threshold value is labeled as into contour line.
Second step：Spatial index is set up for two-dimensional vector solid line, to improve the judgement performance of spatial relationship in subsequent step.
When judging whether pixel is intersected with certain vector, if there is a spatial index for vector, greatly can carry
Rise the performance of judge process.Common Spatial Data Index Technology has grid spatial index, Quadtree Spatial Index and R- trees index.On
The screenability that three kinds of spatial indexs can improve vector solid line is stated, this method can be applied to, here using quaternary tree rope
Draw as an example.The vector solid line larger for span, as its overall bounding box rectangular coverage area is very big, can reduce space
The spatial filtering effect of index, therefore vector solid line is uniformly resolved into the set of line segment, pixel was sentenced with intersecting for line of vector
Disconnected then change pixel intersects judgement with line segment.Due to the bounding box rectangle very little of each line segment, using the Spatial Cable of line segment
Draw the efficiency that can significantly increase space search.
The Establishing process of vector space index is as follows：
A. vector solid line is resolved into into line segment；
B. set up the spatial index of all line segments.
3rd step：One and screen size identical " vector coloring relief area " is set up, with temporary vector coloring effect.
The foundation of " vector coloring relief area " is to need to change the pixel of coloring effect to temporarily preserve those, and which is initial
State is " non-coloring ", and there are those pixels that vector is passed through to be recorded in " the vector coloring relief area " for those, its color
For the color of corresponding vector.After pixel traversal processing is completed, should " vector coloring relief area " it is slow with former screen coloring
Rush area merged (in " screen coloring relief area " corresponding to " non-coloring " pixel in " vector coloring relief area " those pixels
Need not merge), obtain final screen coloring effect.
4th step：Screen pixels (without the pixel in " avoiding colored pixels table ") are directed to one by one, and utilization space projection is anti-
Whether calculation method, obtains its coverage in vector plane, judge the scope with certain vector line segment intersection (using in second step
The spatial index of foundation can be obviously improved performance).Such as pixel and a certain vector line segment intersection, then by " vector coloring relief area "
In the color of the pixel replaced with the color of the vector line segment.
The method for obtaining screen pixels two-dimensional space coverage in this step is as follows：
If the display device coordinate in screen is windowCoord, its world coordinates in three-dimensional scenic is
WorldCoord, the observation matrix (View Matrix) of video camera is VM, projective transformation matrix (Projection Matrix)
For PM, viewport transform matrix (Window Matrix) is WM.Then the computing formula of the corresponding world coordinates of pixel is as follows：
WorldCoord=windowCoord × Inverse_VPW
Note：Inverse_VPW is the inverse matrix of VPW, and the computing formula of VPW is as follows：
VPW=VM × PM × WM
It should be noted that as worldCoord is the three-dimensional coordinate vector in world coordinate system during matrix operationss
(Xw, Yw, Zw), therefore windowCoord is also necessary for three-dimensional vector (x, y, z), wherein the plane position of (x, y) for screen pixels
Put, z then capture element position depth buffer value.
Pixel screen coordinate and its depth buffer represent the window coordinate information of each pixel center.Single screen pixels can
To regard the small square that a length of side is fixed as.To the pixel (i, j) on screen, available (i, j), (i, j+1), (i+1,
J), the screen coordinate of (i+1, j+1) four pixels and its depth value inverse obtain a quadrilateral space, with the tetragon two
Drop shadow spread on dimensional plane represents coverage of the pixel (i, j) in two dimensional surface；Using pixel (i, j) coverage with
Two-dimensional vector line segment is made spatial relationship and is judged (improve spatial relationship judging efficiency using the spatial index set up in second step), such as
The coverage of pixel (i, j) and certain two-dimensional vector line segment intersection, then use the color of the pixel in " vector coloring relief area "
The color of the line segment replaces；Repeat this process for all screen pixels (without the pixel in " avoiding colored pixels table ").
5th step：The live width that Linear element in " vector coloring relief area " is completed using morphological method is arranged.
Visible part of the pixel representative vector preserved in " vector coloring relief area " in three-dimensional scenic, these visible portions
Divide and will be fitted in dimensional topography surface.For this segment vector, such as there is the width more than a pixel, number can be adopted
Learn the expanding processing in morphology operations and generate the live width effect more than a pixel.But it is important to note that this
The expansion at place is launching on the screen space of direction of visual lines, rather than to launch in topographical surface, and degrees of expansion is unsuitable
It is excessive.As the live width expression of two-dimensional vector line is disproportionate with truth, typically may achieve target, institute with several pixels
So that desired visual effect can be reached with the amount of calculation of very little in this way.
6th step：" vector coloring relief area " is made into Weighted Fusion with former screen coloring relief area.
According to the visual characteristic of human eye, the observation of three-dimensional scenic than more visible, is compared when distant when closer to the distance
It is fuzzy.Therefore, the distance for line of vector apart from point of observation is considered as the difference of rendering effect, it is to avoid stiff laminating.
When finally being merged to screen pixels coloring effect, using the depth buffer value of pixel as the weights influence factor
Introduce, be that far and near different line of vector rendering result gives height different fusion weights, for nearer pixel, " arrow
The proportion of amount coloring " is larger, and for pixel farther out, the proportion of " vector coloring " is less；Additionally, for more than a pixel width
Line of vector, it is also possible to consideration live width is reduced to into gradually 1 pixel width with the increasing of depth.Human eye has been catered in this process
Visual characteristic so that rendering result has distance perspective, more naturally.
Entirely realize flow process in algorithm, be related to it is many step of screen pixels are calculated, if gone here and there using single CPU
Row is calculated, and render time will be very very long.In view of the calculating process carried out for each pixel in render process has homogeneity
With piecemeal, using the operational efficiency of GPU parallel calculation boosting algorithm, therefore CPU+ is taken in terms of system architecture
GPU heterogeneous schemas.
The parallel Heterogeneous Computing modes of CPU+GPU give full play to the advantage that CPU processes complex logic problem, and GPU is general
The ability of parallel computation, and by rational piecemeal being carried out to screen space carry out parallel processing, it has been obviously improved and has rendered performance.
Process is responsible for by CPU in serial computing part, with the initialization of data and scene, and based on complex logic computing.Including landform
The loading of data and vector data, data tissue and the structure of spatial index, the rendering of terrain scene, the response of man-machine interaction,
The parts such as the acquisition of color and depth buffer, the acquisition of camera transformation matrix.Process is responsible for by GPU in parallel computation part, with phase
Based on mutual independence and the simple computation and logical judgment of substantial amounts.Detection including terrain profile line, screen pixels cover model
The calculating enclosed, the coloring of pixel judge, the live width based on morphology operations is processed, color gradient process, the fusion of color caching
The parts such as renewal, almost contain all core calculations processes of this method, and the main part of this method.
Claims (4)
1. the parallel rendering intent of fitting of a kind of vector solid line and dimensional topography, it is characterised in that comprise the steps：
The first step：Detection renders the terrain profile line in image, is that the pixel of erroneous judgement can be caused to set up one " to avoid in its neighborhood
Colored pixels table ", will not make coloring modification for the pixel in the table, and the calculating or process in subsequent step is not for the table
In pixel carry out；
Second step：Spatial index is set up for two-dimensional vector solid line, to improve the judgement performance of spatial relationship in subsequent step；
3rd step：One and screen size identical " vector coloring relief area " is set up, with temporary vector coloring effect；
4th step：For each screen pixels being not included in " avoiding colored pixels table ", utilization space projection inverse side
Method, obtains its coverage in vector plane, judges whether intersect with certain two-dimensional vector solid line in the range of this, such as pixel and arrow
Be present intersecting phenomenon in amount, then replace the color of the pixel in " vector coloring relief area " with the color of the two-dimensional vector solid line；
5th step：Live width setting is carried out to the Linear element in " vector coloring relief area " using morphological dilations processing method；
6th step：" vector coloring relief area " is made into Weighted Fusion with former screen coloring relief area, pixel depth is less with arrow
Amount coloring based on, pixel depth it is larger with former screen coloring based on.
2. the parallel rendering intent of fitting of vector solid line according to claim 1 and dimensional topography, it is characterised in that described
The method for building up of the detection method of the terrain profile line in the first step and " avoiding colored pixels table " is as follows：
（1.1）Which is carried out convolution algorithm with image by the detective operators of structural relief contour line；
（1.2）Convolution algorithm result place location of pixels more than given threshold is labeled as into contour line；
（1.3）That one-row pixels point of contour line away from viewpoint direction is added into " avoiding colored pixels table ".
3. the parallel rendering intent of fitting of vector solid line according to claim 1 and dimensional topography, it is characterised in that described
Second step is as follows for the method that vector solid line sets up spatial index：
（2.1）Vector solid line is resolved into into line segment；
（2.2）Set up the spatial index of line segment aggregate.
4. the parallel rendering intent of fitting of vector solid line according to claim 1 and dimensional topography, it is characterised in that described
In 4th step, pixel is judged with the relation of two-dimensional vector solid line and " vector coloring relief area " processing method is as follows：
（4.1）For pixel（i, j）, use（i, j）、（i, j+1）、（i+1, j）、（i+1, j+1）The screen of four pixels is sat
It is marked with and depth value inverse obtains a quadrilateral space, the drop shadow spread on two dimensional surface represents pixel with the tetragon
（i, j）Coverage；
（4.2）Using pixel（i, j）Coverage and two-dimensional vector solid line make spatial relationship judgement, such as pixel（i, j）'s
Coverage is intersected with certain two-dimensional vector solid line, then by the color of the pixel in " vector coloring relief area " with the two-dimensional vector reality
The color of line replaces；
（4.3）All screen pixels for being not included in " avoiding colored pixels table " repeat（4.1）Extremely（4.2）Step.
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| CN107564087B (en) * | 2017-09-11 | 2019-08-06 | 南京大学 | A kind of Three-D linear symbol rendering method based on screen |
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