CN104204407B - The modeling and analysis of hydraulically created fracture extension from casing shoe to earth's surface - Google Patents
The modeling and analysis of hydraulically created fracture extension from casing shoe to earth's surface Download PDFInfo
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- CN104204407B CN104204407B CN201380016544.0A CN201380016544A CN104204407B CN 104204407 B CN104204407 B CN 104204407B CN 201380016544 A CN201380016544 A CN 201380016544A CN 104204407 B CN104204407 B CN 104204407B
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 title claims description 22
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- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 13
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- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 11
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Abstract
A method of design well control operation, including obtaining underground data related with the stratum of well is surrounded, the geomechanics model on stratum is established based on the underground data, it obtains and operates related operation data with well control, the hydraulic fracturing simulation on stratum is executed on a processor, wherein the simulation is based on the operation data and the geomechanics model, and determines the estimation volume for fluid needed for upper surface of the gash fracture to stratum.
Description
Background technology
Exist during kill-job (well kill) either controls operation generate shallow hydraulic fracturing gash fracture to earth's surface or
The serious risk of sea bed.When encountering shallow gas in drilling well, weighted mud, which is pumped into well, is used for well control (well
control).The injection of weighted mud causes build-up of pressure in underground and in most cases, pressure can exceed that formation breakdown
Gradient, so as to cause the hydraulically created fracture on stratum.Moreover, as the mud of some injections enters newly generated crack, split
Seam may become much larger.If the weighted mud of large volume is pumped into well, hydraulically created fracture may reach earth's surface or sea
Bed, to equipment near earth's surface or sea bed on generate swallow (crater) or be recessed.In this case, platform stable
Property is likely to be broken.Moreover, the crack breach to earth's surface or sea bed may lead to serious environmental impact.The wind of the above situation
Danger is for that may have high probability to encounter the well of shallow gas and/or when the excess load characterized by weak and/or unconsolidated stratum
Well for it is especially big.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 shows the system for including drilling subsystem according to one or more embodiment disclosed herein.
Fig. 2 shows be used to determine the operation for well control operation according to one or more embodiment disclosed herein
The system of parameter.
Fig. 3 is shown according to one or more embodiment disclosed herein for determining the operation for well control operation
The flow chart of the method for parameter.
Fig. 4 shows the flow chart for obtaining operation data according to one or more embodiment disclosed herein.
Fig. 5 shows related to around the stratum of well for obtaining according to one or more embodiment disclosed herein
Underground (sub-surface) data flow chart.
Fig. 6 is shown to be used for for determining during kill-job operates according to one or more embodiment disclosed herein
The flow chart of the method for the volume of mud needed for gash fracture to earth's surface or sea bed.
Fig. 7 A-7B show the operation data and geomechanics of one or more embodiment disclosed herein
(geomechanical) example of data.
Fig. 8 A-8C show the geomechanics model and mould of the hydraulic fracturing of one or more embodiment disclosed herein
Quasi- example.
Fig. 9 A-9C show the geomechanics model and mould of the hydraulic fracturing of one or more embodiment disclosed herein
Quasi- example.
Figure 10 A-10C show the hydraulic fracturing of one or more embodiment disclosed herein geomechanics model and
The example of simulation.
Figure 11 A-11C show the hydraulic fracturing of one or more embodiment disclosed herein geomechanics model and
The example of simulation.
Figure 12 A-12C show the hydraulic fracturing of one or more embodiment disclosed herein geomechanics model and
The example of simulation.
Figure 13 A-13C show the hydraulic fracturing of one or more embodiment disclosed herein geomechanics model and
The example of simulation.
Figure 14 shows summarizing according to the operating parameter of one or more embodiment disclosed herein.
Figure 15 is shown according to one or more embodiment disclosed herein for implementing hydraulically created fracture extension
Modeling and analysis system.
Specific implementation mode
The specific embodiments of the disclosure are described in detail with reference to the drawings.It is similar in different figures for consistency
Element is represented by similar reference numeral.
In detailed description below, elaborated numerous to provide to the more thorough understanding of disclosed embodiment
Specific details.But it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the disclosed embodiments without those specific details
It is also enforceable.In other examples, known features are not described in detail to avoid the description of the embodiment discussed is made
It is smudgy.
Hydraulic fracturing inhibits (containment) to can be used for well control operation, environmental protection and shallow gas contingency planning
And design.In general, the method and apparatus that embodiment of the disclosure relates to determining the volume and operating parameter of well control operation.Such as
It is used herein, well control operation be related to by mud pumping to well to prevent formation fluid (for example, oil and natural gas)
Into the related operation of pit shaft.It can be operated using well control in drilling well.As it is used herein, well control operation include it is static with
Recycle kill-job operation.According to the method and apparatus for determining the operating parameter for well control operation of embodiment disclosed herein
It is included in the modeling and analysis of the hydraulically created fracture extension originated at earth's surface casing shoe.The modeling and analysis can use and ground
The hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation (numerical simulator) that matter mechanical model combines.According to one or more implementation
Example, this method and device are provided can be pacified for determining before hydraulically created fracture reaches earth's surface or sea bed with given rate
It is pumped into the range of the mud volume in well entirely.
In one aspect, embodiment disclosed herein is related to a kind of method of design well control operation.This method includes obtaining
With around the related underground data in the stratum of well, to establish the geomechanics model on stratum based on the underground data, to obtain
It obtains and operates related operation data with the well control, execute the hydraulic fracturing simulation on the stratum, wherein the simulation base on a processor
In the operation data and the geomechanics model, and determine the estimation for fluid needed for upper surface of the gash fracture to stratum
Volume.
On the other hand, embodiment disclosed herein is related to a kind of system for designing well control operation.The system packet
Processor, memory, geomechanics model generation module are included, which is configurable to generate around well
Subsurface formations geomechanics model.The system further comprises operation data generation module, be configurable to generate including
Operation data at least one input parameter for executing fracture simulation on a processor, the wherein simulation are based on and well control class
The related operation data of type；And analog module, it is configured as executing waterpower based on the geomechanics model and operation data
Fracture simulation, the wherein analog module are configured to determine that fluid needed for the upper surface for gash fracture to the subsurface formations
Estimate volume.
In a particular embodiment, embodiment of the disclosure is related to ensureing verification for providing hydraulic fracturing volume for shallow fracture
Method and apparatus.Particularly, when encountering shallow gas when carrying out drilling well to earth's surface casing part point, weighted mud is pumped into well
In be used for well control, the beginning of the hydraulically created fracture at earth's surface casing shoe may be caused.Since earth's surface casing is set at
Shallower depth, i.e., in sea bed, either there is cracks may expand to sea bed or land by land underground about 500m-600m
The risk of earth's surface.Therefore, disclosure providing method and device be modeling and simulate shallow hydraulically created fracture extension, determine or
Estimate mud volume, when being pumped into underground for well control, causes hydraulically created fracture rupture to sea bed or earth's surface, and determine
Or the maximum volume of the estimation mud to be pumped to underground for well control, ensure operator：Sea bed or earth's surface will not
It ruptures (for example, volume by the way that factor of safety to be applied to the determination for causing gash fracture to sea bed/earth's surface).
The system that Fig. 1 shows one or more embodiment according to the disclosure.The system includes drilling subsystem
101, it is used for the drilling well 103 in stratum 105.Drilling well and well control, the brill are further convenient for by drilling fluid 109 (being frequently referred to mud)
Well liquid 109 can lubricate drill bit 121 and be supplied to well control or kill-job to operate hydrostatic pressure.At one of well control operation
In example, fluid 109 can be pumped down drill string 111 and allow to loop back by ring domain 113, such as be pressed in cycle
During well operates.In another example of well control operation, such as during static kill-job operates (not shown), fluid 109 can
To be pumped down both drill string 111 and ring domain 113.As it is used herein, ring domain 113 refer to drill string 111 with
The annular space between space and opening wellbore 117 and drill string 111 between casing 115.
The structural intergrity on the stratum of casing section 115a and 115b for ensuring wellhole and surrounding.According to the one of the disclosure
Or multiple embodiments, due to increased equivalent circulating density (the equivalent circulating of drilling fluid 109
Density) and increased hydrostatic pressure, well control operation may lead to opening for the hydraulically created fracture 119a at casing shoe 123
Begin.The size and shape of crack 119a depend on pressure, the volume of injection, the geophysics on stratum 105 that underground generates
(geophysical) characteristic of characteristic and injection mud.For example, mud is continuously pumped into well after crack starts at the casing shoe
The middle increase that may lead to flaw size, is shown by fracture profile 119a-119e, until at a certain threshold pressure, crack is broken
Split earth's surface or sea bed 125.
According to one or more embodiment, drilling subsystem 101 is with sensor, drilling equipment (for example, pump, motor, pressure
Contracting machine) and during drilling well for controlling other elements of fluid and/or direct drill bit 121.Typically, it is opened with other
Adopt the drill-well operation that operation is used together becomes field operation (field operation) herein.These field operations can
Directly to be executed by following article earth's surface module (not shown) described in more detail.According to one or more reality of the disclosure
Example is applied, earth's surface module may include hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation, the hydraulic fracturing of modeling and analysis from earth's surface casing shoe
Crack extends or earth's surface module can be used together with hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation.According to embodiment disclosed herein
Hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation can be before drilling well starts for designing kill-job operation.According to one or more embodiment,
Well control is operated by implementing in the mud pumping to well by certain volume, wherein the volume mud pumped is fallen by hydraulic fracturing
Under the threshold range for the mud volume that simulator calculates.Therefore, earth's surface or sea bed can be reached in hydraulically created fracture
Under the risk situation of reduction, the security control well.
Fig. 2 shows be used to determine the operation for well control operation according to one or more embodiment disclosed herein
The system 200 of parameter, well control operation include the extension of the hydraulically created fracture of modeling and analysis from earth's surface casing shoe.One
In a or multiple embodiments, it is convenient to omit, repeat and/or replace one or more module shown in Figure 2 and element.Cause
This, for determine for well control operation operating parameter system 200 embodiment shall not be considered limited to Fig. 2 shows mould
The specific arrangements of block.
As shown in Fig. 2, system 200 may include earth's surface module 201, hydraulic fracturing simulator 203, geomechanics model life
At module 205, operation data generation module 207, display 209 and operation/underground data repository (repository)
211.According to one or more embodiment, earth's surface module 211, hydraulic fracturing simulator 203, geomechanics model generation module
205, operation data generation module 207, display 209 and operation/underground data repository 211 can by this field
Any device known is operated and/or is communicatedly connected.Therefore, each component can send, receive or in other ways with
Each other exchange data.Each in these elements is described in greater detail below.
According to one or more embodiment of the disclosure, earth's surface module 201 can be used for tool (for example, drilling well fills
It is standby) and/or device outer (offsite) operation (not shown) communication.For example, earth's surface module 201 is used for sending and receiving data
In sending instructions to underground, for controlling tool, and can also receive by sensor (not shown) and/or other data collection sources
The data of collection come be used for analyze and other processing.The data received by earth's surface module can be subsequently stored in operation/underground number
It is sent according in repository 211, or from operation/underground data repository 211, the operation/underground data repository 211 can be
Any kind of memory module and/or device for storing data is (for example, file system, database, acquisition tables
(collection of table) or any other storing mechanism).Moreover, generated by hydraulic fracturing simulator 203,
And/or be stored in the data operatively descended in data storage bank 211 and can be used by earth's surface module 201, with change drilling well or
The physical operations of well control operation and parameter.
In one or more embodiment, earth's surface module 201 can be operatively coupled to the well in oil field (for example, Fig. 1
Shown in well 103) and other wells.Specifically, earth's surface module 201 is configured as one or more element (example with oil field
Such as, sensor, drilling equipment etc.) communication, to send a command to the element in oil field and from wherein receiving data.For example, in well
It, can be by drilling well and well control establishing (for example, pump) based on the order sent by earth's surface module 201 during control well after gushing is made great efforts
It is flowed into wellhole for being injected into belt body and/or can adjust drill string by drilling fluid with mitigating or controlling shallow gas.
In one or more embodiment, it is to be based on being executed by the system to be sent to drilling well and the order of well-control equipment by earth's surface module 201
Hydraulic fracturing simulate one or more operating parameter for being generated, for determining the behaviour for the operation of above-described well control
Make parameter.Specifically, the different conditions (for example, pumping rate and the total fluid volume being pumped into well) of drilling well and well-control equipment
It can be adjusted by the operating parameter of simulation program generation, so as to adjust the well control operation in oil field.
Earth's surface module 201 can be located at oil field (not shown) or remote location.Earth's surface module 201 can be provided with meter
Calculate machine equipment, the data for receiving, storing, handle and/or analyzing the element from oil field.Earth's surface module 201 can also carry
For being useful for the function of the element at driving oil field.In response to the data of reception, then earth's surface module 201 can send order letter
Number arrive oil field, for example, flowing into ring domain to mitigate or control shallow gas.
System 200 further comprises operation data module 207.Operation data module 207 generate, receive, and/or processing with
Well control operates related operation data.Operation data can be from, such as operation/underground data repository 211 transmits, or can be with
Directly obtained from Jing Caozuoyuanchu.According to one or more embodiment disclosed herein, operation data can be inputted by user
To can be transmitted in operation data module 207 or from operation/underground data repository 211 based on request from the user.
For example, operation data may include measuring rheological property (fluid density, fluid viscosity, fluid yield point etc.), casing characteristic (set
Pipe size, rupture and pressure of collapsing, casing section depth etc.) and using the fluid pump rate in well control operation expectation
Range.It can be by operation data module it will be understood by those skilled in the art that operating related any known operating parameter with well control
207 generate, receive and/or handle.
System 200 further comprises operating geomechanics model generation module 205.According to one or more embodiment,
Geomechanics model generation module 205 can receive underground data (for example, from logger, measurement while drilling/logging while drilling apparatus
Device, well survey result etc.), it is related to around the stratum of well and this data is handled to generate geology based on the underground data of reception
Mechanical model.Underground data can be from, such as operation/underground data repository 211 is transmitted to geomechanics model generation module
205, or can directly be obtained from Jing Caozuoyuanchu.According to one or more embodiment disclosed herein, underground data can
To be input in geomechanics model generation module 205 by user or can be based on request from the user and from operation/ground
Lower data storage bank 211 transmits.Underground data for generating geomechanics model may include stratum lithostratigraphy, Pore Pressure
Force data, fracture gradient data, leak-off test data, formation integrity test data, regional structure, geomechanical data/
Stress state and other conventional rock behavio(u)rs that geomechanics model can be helped to research and develop.Moreover, according to one or more
Embodiment, geomechanics model generation module can be based on underground data and calculate stratum characteristic, and the stratum characteristic of these calculating
The research and development of geomechanics model can further be helped.For example, live (in situ) stress direction (horizontally or vertically), splitting
Seam extension plane or in-situ stresses distribution can be calculated based on underground data.
System 200 further comprises hydraulic fracturing simulator 203, can use and come from geomechanics model generation module
205 and operation data generation module 207 aforesaid operations data and geomechanics model, to simulate hydraulically created fracture generate
With the extension by stratum.In one embodiment, geomechanics hydraulic fracturing model causes gash fracture for calculating
To the volume range of fluid needed for earth's surface or sea bed.In one embodiment, hydraulic fracturing can use following systems, example
Such as, TerrFRACTM(TerraFRAC is the trade mark of the TerraTEK of Schlumberger companies) simulates.Hydraulic fracturing numerical value
Simulator is tested using stratum lithostratigraphy, pore pressure data, fracture gradient data, leak-off test data, formation integrity
Data, regional structure, geomechanical data/stress state and in geomechanics model running hydraulic fracturing mould
Quasi- other conventional rock behavio(u)rs.Depending on the various combination of these characteristics and injection parameter, hydraulic fracturing is simulated on stratum
In provide the expansion (for example, height, length and width) of hydraulically created fracture.It will be understood by those skilled in the art that can make
With any kind of numerical value fracture simulation, and therefore the disclosure is not only restricted to use in TerraFRACTMSkill within software package
Art, model and method.Other commercially available hydraulic fracturing simulators include, such as Schlumberger (Houston, TX)And the MFRAC of Meyer and Associates Co., Ltds (Natrona Heights, PA)TM.Mould
Type may include numerical modeling, two dimension modeling, three-dimensional modeling and can simulate well control operation during crack growth.
System 200 further comprises display 209, for providing data visualization and explanation to the user.Therefore, operand
Can be processed data into according to module 207, geomechanics model generation module 205 and hydraulic fracturing simulator 203 allows to use
The form that family is observed and interacted with data.According to one or more embodiment of the disclosure, display 209 may include
Graphic user interface (GUI), for being interacted with user.GUI may include that detection updates number from user command and therefore
According to function.For example, in one or more embodiment of the disclosure, GUI includes receiving to correspond to operation data and/or ground
The function of one group of data of lower data.Further, in one or more embodiment of the disclosure, GUI may include each
Kind user interface components, such as button, check box, drop-down menu etc..Therefore, according to one or more implementation of the disclosure
Example, with smallest computer and/or the user of special knowledge related with the details of hydraulic fracturing simulation can analyze by this
The result of system representation is for determining the operating parameter for well control operation.Moreover, display 209 can be monitor (for example,
Cathode-ray tube, liquid crystal display, touch screen monitor etc.) or it is capable of any other object of display data.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that above-mentioned component is the logical groups of logic module, i.e. software and/or hardware component
And execute the tool of above-mentioned function.In addition, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that independent software within independent assembly and/or
Hardware tools are necessarily connected to each other.In addition, although the interaction between difference component shown in Figure 2 corresponds to from one
Component transmits information to another component, but it is physically connected to each other not need to single component.Certainly, data can be from one
Component is transmitted to another component, such as obtains the print output data generated by a component by using family and believe correlation
Breath is typed into via with the related interface of that component in another component.In addition, the object about the given component in system
There is no constraints close to (physical proximity) for reason.
Fig. 3 shows the flow chart of one embodiment according to the disclosure.It is used more specifically, Fig. 3 is shown for determining
In the method for the operating parameter of well control operation.In step 301, underground data is obtained.As described above, underground data can
To be obtained via the data transmitted from operation/underground data repository 211, or can be directly from well operator/accident thing
Gu Guihuayuanchu is directly obtained.The data directly obtained from well operator/contingency planning officer can be directly defeated by user
Enter or is transmitted from remote storage location according to any data transferring method known in the art.As described above, underground number
According to may include stratum lithostratigraphy, shallow pore pressure data, fracture gradient data, leak-off test data, formation integrity survey
Examination data, areal geology Mechanical Data/stress state and other conventional rocks spies that geomechanics model can be helped to research and develop
Property.
In step 303, underground data is used to establish the geomechanics model around the stratum of wellbore.According to disclosed herein
One or more embodiment, geomechanics model is the number by that can be stored in operation/surface data repository 211
According in, geomechanics model generation module 205 data or can be according to the long-range of date storage method known in the art
Numerical model represented by the data of storage.Geomechanics model itself can be generated based on underground data by geomechanics model
Module 205 generates.Using more detailed in figures 8-13 according to the example of the geomechanics model in embodiment disclosed herein
Carefully show.
In step 305, operation data is obtained.Operation data can be for example by from operation/underground data repository 211
The data of transmission obtain, or can directly be obtained from well operator/contingency planning officer.Directly from well operator/meaning
The data obtained at outer accident planning officer can be inputted directly by user, or according to any data transmission side known in the art
Method transmits from remote storage location.According to one or more embodiment disclosed herein, operation data can be defeated by user
Enter into operation data module 207, or can be passed from operation/underground data repository 211 based on request from the user
It send.As described above, operation data is related to the details of drilling well or well control operation and may include characteristics of mud (for example, mud
Accumulation, mud density), casing characteristic (for example, casing size and section depth) and using well control operation in mud pump
The expected range of transmission rate.Using according to the operation data example in embodiment disclosed herein hereinafter with reference to Fig. 8-13
It is discussed in greater detail.
In step 307, geomechanics model and operating parameter are input in hydraulic fracturing simulator and execute waterpower pressure
Split simulation.Hydraulic fracturing simulation generates the hydraulic fracturing of simulation, as shown in Fig. 8-13 described in more detail below.
In one embodiment, TerrFARC can be usedTM(TerraFRAC is the trade mark of the TerraTEK of Schlumberger companies)
Software platform carrys out numerical simulation hydraulic fracturing.
In a step 309, the crack of simulation is checked to determine whether the crack reaches earth's surface or sea bed.If crack does not have
There are arrival sea bed, this method to return to step 305, obtain new operation data herein.For example, new operation data may include
New fluid volume and/or new pump rate to be pumped in well and for the phase same rate of previous iterative process.
Optionally, if determining that crack has arrived at earth's surface or sea bed at step 309, this method proceeds to step 311 place, herein
Export operating parameter.For example, other than data related with the physical size in crack and shape, can export flow rate and
The total volume being pumped into well.
At step 313, if it is determined that another simulation, this method is needed to return to step 301 place.At step 301,
It obtains new underground data and this method still carries out.Change underground data, this method by the iteration each time to this method
Can be used for generating causes gash fracture to earth's surface or the estimation range of the operating parameter of sea bed.Based on the reality that is modeled
The range of the shortage of the related knowledge of subsurface formations, underground data may reflect uncertainty.
In step 315, control volume is determined.As it is used herein, control volume is to indicate to operate (example in well control
Such as, cycle or static kill-job operation) the period operating parameter to be pumped to the fluid volume in well, cause pumping fluid will
Cause gash fracture to earth's surface or the low-risk of sea bed.Therefore, control volume can be calculated as total volume, being less than causes
Volume range of the gash fracture to the estimation of earth's surface or sea bed.According to one or more embodiment disclosed herein, control
Volume can by using with the peace that causes gash fracture to be used together to the fluid volume range of the estimation of earth's surface or sea bed
Total divisor determines.Therefore, according to embodiment disclosed herein, control volume can be by the range of identified volume
Volume be multiplied by respectively either divided by factor of safety less than 1 or more than 1 determines.
Fig. 4 shows the flow chart of one or more embodiment according to the disclosure.More specifically, Fig. 4 show with
The related additional detail of the step 305 of Fig. 3, the method for being used to obtain the operating parameter for being subsequently used in determining well control operation
In operation data.In step 401, the operating parameter for being related to well control or kill-job operation is obtained.Step 401 can be further
It is sub-partitioned into and selects well control type (for example, cycle or static kill-job behaviour wherein at step 401a for step 401a-401d
Make), at step 401b, mud rheological behavior (for example, mud density, mud viscosity, mud yield point etc.) is selected, in step
At 401c, the expected range of mud pumping rate is obtained, and at step 401d, obtains casing data (for example, casing section
Depth, thickness, rupture and pressure of collapsing etc.).In step 403, one group of simulation is initialized based on the operating parameter obtained
Performance variable.In step 405, based on starting waterpower pressure including this of pump rate and injected slurry volume group simulated operation variable
Split simulation.
Fig. 5 shows the flow chart of one or more embodiment according to the disclosure.More specifically, Fig. 5 show with
The related additional details of step 301-303 of Fig. 3, the side for obtaining the operating parameter for being subsequently used in determining well control operation
Underground data related with the stratum of well is surrounded in method.In step 501, underground data is obtained.Step 501 can further again
It is divided into step 501a-501d, wherein at step 501a, obtains stratum lithostratigraphy, at step 501b, obtains shallow bore hole gap
Pressure and/or fracture gradient data obtain the data tested from leak-off-test and/or formation integrity at step 501c,
At step 501d, areal geology mechanics/stress state data are obtained, and at step 501e, obtains rock behavio(u)r data.
The example of different types of underground data is shown in Fig. 7 A, 8A, 9A, 10A, 11A, 12A and 13A.
In step 503, additional stratum characteristic can be calculated based on underground data.For example, underground data can be based on
Calculate scene vertically and horizontally stress distribution.It will be understood by those skilled in the art that vertical in-situ stresses or excess load can lead to
Depth of stratum is crossed to be multiplied by stratigraphic rock density and add the load on all stratum on special formation to calculate.Change sentence
It talks about, vertical in-situ stresses or excess load are from the above-mentioned total load acted below special on stratum.It is horizontal minimum and
Maximum stress can use Poisson's ratio (Piossn ' s ratio), pore pressure, vertical stress and Biot's constant (Biot's
Constant it) calculates.If stratum is located on construction active region (tectonically active area), Young's modulus
The minimum and maximum strain of (Young's modulus) and construction can be used for horizontal stress calculating.
In step 505, crack propagation direction is defined as subsurface formations and stress state (for example, vertical fracture or level
Crack) result of study.In step 507, based on available underground data, additional stratum characteristic and propagation direction
To determine geomechanics model.In step 509, hydraulic fracturing simulation is started based on geomechanics model.
Fig. 6 shows the flow chart of one or more embodiment according to the disclosure.More specifically, Fig. 6 shows root
According to one or more embodiment disclosed herein for determining during kill-job operates for gash fracture to earth's surface or sea
The method of the volume of mud needed for bed.In step 601a and 601b, operation data and underground data are obtained respectively.Operation data
It can transmit, or can be directly obtained from Jing Caozuoyuanchu from such as operation/underground data repository 211 with underground data.
According to one or more embodiment disclosed herein, operation and underground data can be input to operation data module by user
In 207, or it can be transmitted from operation/underground data repository 211 based on request from the user.
According to one or more embodiment, operation data may include kill-job type (for example, with or without following
Ring), characteristics of mud, tubing depth and it is expected mud pumping speed range.According to one or more embodiment, underground number
According to may include lithostratigraphy, shallow pore pressure, fracture gradient data, leak-off-test (LOT) and formation integrity test
(FIT) data, areal geology Mechanical Data (for example, stress state and rock behavio(u)r).The example of underground and operation data exists
Below with reference to Fig. 7-14 is described more fully.
In step 603, it is based on operation data defining operation variable.For example, injection depth is defined as most deep casing shoe
Depth, fluid injection rate range is defined as example it is expected 100% to the 10% of pump rate range, and defines injection
Fluid behaviour.
In step 605, minimum in-situ stresses (horizontally or vertically) and/or minimum scene are identified based on underground data
Stress distribution.In step 607, one or more geomechanics model is established.In step 609, the extension in crack is identified
Direction (for example, either vertically or horizontally).In step 611, simulation softward is initialized.Simulation softward can use known in the art
Any analogy method, such as by TerraFRACTMSuch as plane 3D Finite Element Methods that software platform uses.In step
In 613, extended come simulation fracture based on operation data and geomechanics model.In step 615, crack growth pattern is analyzed,
Such as to determine whether crack has arrived at sea bed or earth's surface.In step 617, determine for gash fracture to earth's surface or
The volume range of mud needed for person's sea bed.
In step 619, it may be determined that kill-job volume.As it is used herein, kill-job volume is to indicate to be pumped to arrive well
In with the operating parameter of the mud volume of safe kill-job (not causing gash fracture to earth's surface or sea bed).It can be by kill-job
Volume is calculated as the total volume of mud, and being less than causes gash fracture to the volume range of the estimation of earth's surface or sea bed.According to
One or more embodiment of the disclosure, can by with the mud for the calculating needed for gash fracture to earth's surface or sea bed
Volume of slurry is used together factor of safety to determine kill-job volume.Therefore, according to embodiment disclosed herein, kill-job volume can lead to
It crosses to integrate for the slurry body needed for gash fracture to earth's surface either sea bed and not be multiplied by or divided by the safety less than 1 or more than 1
The factor determines.
Fig. 7-14 is shown to be split according to the hydraulic fracturing from table casing shoe that one or more embodiment is disclosed herein
Stitch the result of the modeling and analysis of extension.More specifically, Fig. 7-14 is shown with different geomechanics models and/or difference
Modeling and analysis result under 6 different instances situations of operating parameter summarize.It is summarizing in figs. 7-14 the result is that
Earth's surface through being confirmed as that rupture is caused to arrive hydraulically created fracture or operation hydraulic fracturing simulation under the operating condition of sea bed
As a result.Each situation is described in greater detail below.Each situation shown in figs. 7-14 is in well
The hydraulically created fracture originated at casing shoe.The purpose of these simulations, which defines, will cause hydraulically created fracture rupture to sea bed
Mud injected slurry volume.Using being integrated with whole 3DTerraFRACTMThe M-I SWACO WI of hydraulic fracturing simulator software
Toolbox simulates to run.Moreover, for all simulations, the real of 683m is arranged under turntable in vertical 20 inches of casings
At vertical depth (TVDBRT).Sidetracking 171/2Inch borehole under shoes and the 1350m TVDBRT 20m kickoff point (KOP) (KOP)
Locate drilling well.Moreover, the interval between 683m and 1359m is open well.This simulation is operated using static well control, and therefore valve is
Not (do not recycle and return) closed, and 1.46SG mud is pumped into closed system.Since pressure increases, and generates and split
Seam, and mud flows through the crack and enters stratum.
The use of the operating parameter to characterize mud in real case simulation include pump rate, mud gravity (MW), mud
Plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), power law model coefficient n and K and viscosity.Number for underground and operating parameter
The example of value is shown in Fig. 7 A and 7B respectively.According to one or more embodiment disclosed herein, geological technique is inputted
(geotechnical) data, injection fluid parameter and charge velocity are provided by client.In addition, client can provide Pore Pressure
Power/fracture gradient (PPFG) data.Using this data, the stress calculated each layer may be used as minimum level stress σHmin
Input.Pore pressure can also be set using PPFG data.
For the analog result indicated in Fig. 8-14 below, according to lithostratigraphy, geomechanics model includes four layers：
Stratum I from 173m TVDRT to 366TVDRT, from the stratum II of 366m TVDRT to 472m TVDRT, from 472m TVDRT to
The stratum III of the 683m TVDRT and stratum IV from 683m TVDRT to 1350mTVDRT.
Fracture simulation is executed, until crack is close to sea bed.Stop the further operation of simulation for quality control,
Because in very shallow depth, calculating may become unstable.It is broken that crack is shown towards the increased fracture width of sea bed
Split situation.
Fig. 8 A summarize the geomechanics model of the input of modeling and the analysis for situation 1.In mud parameter and Fig. 7 B
What is shown is identical.Mud pumping rate is set to 42bpm.Geomechanics model includes layer 1-4.Fig. 8 A summarize each layer
Top and bottom position, each layer of stratigraphic type, each layer of lithology, each layer of pore pressure grad, each layer
Pore pressure, each layer of fracture gradient, each layer of minimum level stress, each layer of Young's modulus, each layer of fracture
Toughness, each layer of Poisson's ratio and each layer of leakage.As shown in Figure 8 A, each layer of top and bottom position exists
It is given in true vertical depth (TVDBML) the two under TVDBRT and mud line.Fig. 8 B are shown according to one or more
The fracture profile figure of embodiment.For the parameter selected in this simulation, gash fracture is happened at the time to earth's surface/sea bed
At 151.60 points and total mud volume 6367bbl.Maximum flaw size is as follows：Half length：234.2m；Height is grown up：
438.0m；And height growth downwards：123.2m.Fracture profile at different injected slurry volumes is shown in Fig. 8 C.
Fig. 9 B summarize the geomechanics model of the input of modeling and the analysis for situation 2.In mud parameter and Fig. 7 B
What is shown is identical.Mud pumping rate is set to 42bpm.Geomechanics model includes layer 1-4.Fig. 9 A summarize each layer
Top and bottom position, each layer of stratigraphic type, each layer of lithology, each layer of pore pressure grad, each layer
Pore pressure, each layer of fracture gradient, each layer of minimum level stress, each layer of Young's modulus, each layer of fracture
Toughness, each layer of Poisson's ratio and each layer of leakage.As shown in Figure 9 A, each layer of top and bottom position exists
It is given in true vertical depth (TVDBML) the two under TVDBRT and mud line.Fig. 9 B are shown according to one or more reality
Apply the fracture profile figure of example.For the parameter selected in this simulation, gash fracture is happened at the time 139.5 to earth's surface/sea bed
Point and total mud volume 5859bbl at.Maximum flaw size is as follows：Half length：238.0m；Height is grown up：438.0m；It is high
Degree growth downwards：96.7m.Fracture profile at different injected slurry volumes is shown in Fig. 9 C.
Figure 10 A summarize the geomechanics model of the input of modeling and the analysis for situation 3.In mud parameter and Fig. 7 B
What is shown is identical.Mud pumping rate is set to 42bpm.Geomechanics model includes layer 1-4.Figure 10 A summarize each layer
Top and bottom position, each layer of stratigraphic type, each layer of lithology, each layer of pore pressure grad, each layer
Pore pressure, each layer of fracture gradient, each layer of minimum level stress, each layer of Young's modulus, each layer disconnected
Split toughness, each layer of Poisson's ratio and each layer of leakage.As shown in Figure 10 A, each layer of top and bottom position exists
It is given in TVDBRT and true vertical depth (TVDBML) the two under mud line.Figure 10 B show according to one or
The fracture profile figure of multiple embodiments.For the parameter selected in this simulation, gash fracture is happened at the time to earth's surface/sea bed
At 71.43 points and total mud volume 3001bbl.Maximum flaw size is as follows：Half length：144.9m；Height is grown up：
451.4m；And height growth downwards：90.0m.Fracture profile at different injected slurry volumes is shown in fig 1 oc.
Figure 11 A summarize the geomechanics model of the input of modeling and the analysis for situation 4.In mud parameter and Fig. 7 B
What is shown is identical.Mud pumping rate is set to 42bpm.Geomechanics model includes layer 1-4.Figure 11 A summarize each layer
Top and bottom position, each layer of stratigraphic type, each layer of lithology, each layer of pore pressure grad, each layer
Pore pressure, each layer of fracture gradient, each layer of minimum level stress, each layer of Young's modulus, each layer disconnected
Split toughness, each layer of Poisson's ratio and each layer of leakage.As shown in Figure 11 A, each layer of top and bottom position exists
It is given in TVDBRT and true vertical depth (TVDBML) the two under mud line.Figure 11 B show according to one or
The fracture profile figure of multiple embodiments.For the parameter selected in this simulation, gash fracture is happened at the time to earth's surface/sea bed
At 83.34 points and total mud volume 3501bbl.Maximum flaw size is as follows：Half length：136.8m；Height is grown up：
438.9m；And height growth downwards：55.0m.Fracture profile at different injected slurry volumes is shown in Figure 11 C.
Figure 12 B summarize the geomechanics model of the input of modeling and the analysis for situation 5.In mud parameter and Fig. 7 B
What is shown is identical.Mud pumping rate is set to 42bpm.Geomechanics model includes layer 1-4.Figure 12 A summarize each layer
Top and bottom position, each layer of stratigraphic type, each layer of lithology, each layer of pore pressure grad, each layer
Pore pressure, each layer of fracture gradient, each layer of minimum level stress, each layer of Young's modulus, each layer disconnected
Split toughness, each layer of Poisson's ratio and each layer of leakage.As illustrated in fig. 12, each layer of top and bottom position exists
It is given in true vertical depth (TVDBML) the two under TVDBRT and mud line.Figure 12 B show according to one or more
The fracture profile figure of a embodiment.For the parameter selected in this simulation, gash fracture is happened at the time to earth's surface/sea bed
At 76.19 points and total mud volume 3201bbl.Maximum flaw size is as follows：Half length：146.1m；Height is grown up：
434.4m；And height growth downwards：123.9m.Fracture profile at different injected slurry volumes is shown in fig. 12 c.
Figure 13 A summarize using 17bpm pump rates, for situation 3 modeling and analysis input geomechanics mould
Type.Mud parameter is identical as shown in Fig. 7 B.Geomechanics model includes layer 1-4.Figure 13 A summarize each layer top and
Bottom position, each layer of stratigraphic type, each layer of lithology, each layer of pore pressure grad, each layer of Pore Pressure
It is power, each layer of fracture gradient, each layer of minimum level stress, each layer of Young's modulus, each layer of fracture toughness, every
One layer of Poisson's ratio and each layer of leakage.As shown in FIG. 13A, each layer of top and bottom position is in TVDBRT and mud
It starches in true vertical depth (TVDBML) the two under line and gives.Figure 13 B show splitting according to one or more embodiment
Stitch profile diagram.For the parameter selected in this simulation, gash fracture to earth's surface/sea bed is happened at the time 294.1 and divides and total mud
At volume of slurry 5001bbl.Maximum flaw size is as follows：Half length：225.8m；Height is grown up：482.5m；And height is downwards
Growth：117.6m.Fracture profile at different injected slurry volumes is shown in Figure 13 C.
Figure 14 shows the injection fluid for the calculating needed for gash fracture to earth's surface or sea bed for situation 1-6
Volume summarizes.Figure 14 also shows underground data, is selected and for each variation in example scenario 1-6.Situation 6
It is all identical in addition to mud pumping rate in all respects as situation 3, it is set to 17bpm.According to one or more implementation
Example causes gash fracture that can be used for gash fracture by what simulation generated by verifying to the range of the injection fluid volume of sea bed
It is determined to the range of the injection fluid volume needed for sea bed.Therefore, for the well simulated above and stratum, lead to gash fracture
Volume range to sea bed is 3000bbl to 6400bbl.Therefore, mud is being injected by the operation phase of the well control in well with 42bpm
Between, simulation and forecast goes out gash fracture and may occur in range of total injected slurry volume 3000 to 6400bbl to sea bed.Therefore,
It can be maintained at by system by the way that mud volume will be injected for determining use with security control well according to one or more embodiment
Reduced under the range of mud volume that the operating parameter of well control operation is predicted hydraulically created fracture will reach earth's surface or
The risk of person's sea bed.In some embodiments, factor of safety can be applied, to provide the maximum volume for being ready to use in well control.
The method and system of modeling and analysis for being extended from the hydraulically created fracture of earth's surface casing shoe can be actually
Which kind of implement regardless of platform used on any kind of computer.For example, as shown in Figure 15, network computer system
(1500) include that processor (1502), associated memory (1504), storage device (1506) and numerous others are current
The typical element of computer and function.Network computer (1500) can also include input unit (such as keyboard (1508) and mouse
Mark (1510)) and output device (such as monitor (1512)).Network computer system (1500) is connected via network interface
(not shown) and be connected to LAN (LAN) or wide area network (for example, internet).It will be understood by those skilled in the art that these are defeated
Other forms can be taken with output device by entering.In addition, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that one of above computer (1500)
Either multiple element remotely located place and can be connected to other elements by network or satellite.
Computer-readable medium may include software instruction, the software instruction when executed by the processor, performed side
Method includes：With at least one oil field element communication, including transmission order and the underground data for receiving stratum；Processing is operated with well control
Related operation data；Geomechanics model is generated based on the underground data received；Based on operation data and geomechanics mould
The extension that type passes through stratum the generation and hydraulically created fracture of simulating hydraulically created fracture；And determine that hydraulically created fracture is
The no upper surface for reaching stratum.For example, well-control equipment can be sent commands to so that drilling mud to be injected into the ring domain of well
In and/or be sent to drilling equipment to adjust drill stem operation.This method may further include when determining hydraulically created fracture arrives
Up to stratum upper surface when output be pumped into the estimation volume of fluid in well.This method, which may further include, visually to be shown
Show the hydraulic fracturing of simulation.This method can also include being handled newly when hydraulically created fracture does not reach the upper surface on stratum
Operation data.
Well control operation may include at least one of the operation of circulation of fluid well control and static well control operation.Processing and well control
Operate related operation data may include based at least one of well control type, fluid data and casing data come
Define one group of analog parameter.It may include determining stratum characteristic based on underground data to generate geomechanics model.Suchly
Layer feature may include one or more in the in-situ stresses data on stratum and the minimum in-situ stresses distribution on stratum.May be used also
To determine the direction of height, width and the length and the extension of identification crack of hydraulically created fracture.
According to one or more embodiment disclosed herein, for what is extended from the hydraulically created fracture of earth's surface casing shoe
The method and apparatus of modeling and analysis can provide the guarantee of hydraulically created fracture volume, the planning officer for well contingency planning officer
Plan that kill-job operates in the stratum with the excess load characterized by weak and unconsolidated stratum before drilling well starts, and
At stratum, the risk for encountering shallow gas may be especially high.
According to one or more embodiment disclosed herein, for what is extended from the hydraulically created fracture of earth's surface casing shoe
The method and apparatus of modeling and analysis provide for determine before hydraulically created fracture reaches earth's surface or sea bed can with to
Constant speed rate is safely pumped into the range of the mud volume in well.Therefore, this method and device provide a kind of by from earth's surface
The method that the numerical modeling of the shallow hydraulically created fracture extension of casing shoe to ensure for hydraulically created fracture volume verification.
According to one or more embodiment disclosed herein, for what is extended from the hydraulically created fracture of earth's surface casing shoe
The method and apparatus of modeling and analysis are supplied to client can be when needing kill-job to give the mud that rate is pumped into safely in well
The volume of the volume range of slurry ensures.According to the extension of the hydraulically created fracture of the slave earth's surface casing shoe of embodiment disclosed herein
The embodiment of modeling and analysis increases the safety assurance of well control operation (for example, static or cycle kill-job operation), and will
Input is added in shallow gas contingency planning process.
It, to those skilled in the art will very although a small number of example embodiments are above only described in detail
Be readily appreciated that, substantially without departing substantially from the range of disclosed embodiment in the case of, many modifications are equal in an example embodiment
It is possible.Therefore, all this modification purports are included within the scope of the present disclosure.In detail in the claims, device-plus-work(
The subordinate sentence of energy is intended to cover structure described herein to be to execute the function, and be not only the equivalents in structure, and wait
Same structure.Therefore, although nail and screw may not be the equivalents in structure, because nail uses the surface of cylinder
Wooden part is fixed together；And screw uses the surface of spiral；In the environment of fastening wooden parts, nail and screw can
To be equivalent structure.The case where in addition to being used together word " device is used for " statement with correlation function in the claims
Outside, the statement of applicant is intended to not quote 35U.S.C § 112, and paragraph 6 to carry out any restrictions to any claim herein.
Claims (20)
1. modeling and the analysis method of a kind of hydraulically created fracture extension, including：
Obtain underground data related with the stratum of well is surrounded；
The geomechanics model on the stratum is established based on the underground data；
It obtains and operates related operation data with well control；
The hydraulic fracturing simulation on the stratum is executed on a processor, wherein the simulation is based on the operation data and described
Matter mechanical model；
Determine the estimation volume for the fluid needed for upper surface of the gash fracture to the stratum；And
It will be flowed into the well in the mud pumping of a volume to the well with mitigating or controlling shallow gas, wherein by answering
With factor of safety so that pumping the mud the volume be less than make the gash fracture to the stratum it is described on
The volume of the estimation volume of fluid needed for surface, the mud of pumping makes the gash fracture arrive in determining
Under the estimation volume of fluid needed for the upper surface on the stratum.
2. according to the method described in claim 1, the wherein described underground data includes：
Lithostratigraphy data；
Geology test data；And
Areal geology Mechanical Data.
3. according to the method described in any one of aforementioned claim, wherein the operation data includes：
The type of well control operation；
Fluid data related with the fluid behaviour operated for the well control；
The expected range of fluid pump rate；And
Casing data related with the casing of well to be controlled.
4. according to the method described in claim 3, the type of the wherein described well control operation is to be selected to be operated by circulation of fluid well control
With one in the group of static well control operation composition.
5. according to the method described in claim 3, wherein obtaining the operation data further comprises type based on well control, stream
At least one of volume data and casing data define one group of analog parameter.
6. method according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising wherein establishing the geomechanics model：
Stratum characteristic is calculated based on the underground data.
7. according to the method described in claim 6, the wherein described stratum characteristic includes selected from the in-situ stresses number by the stratum
According at least one of the group of the minimum in-situ stresses on collection and stratum distribution composition.
8. method according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising identifying crack propagation direction.
9. method according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising starting the simulation based on the underground data.
10. method according to claim 1 or 2, further comprise controlling the well using a certain amount of fluid, it is described
The a certain amount of estimation volume less than the fluid needed for upper surface of the gash fracture to stratum.
11. modeling and the analysis system of a kind of hydraulically created fracture extension, including：
Processor；
Memory；
Geomechanics model generation module is configurable to generate the geomechanics model of the subsurface formations around well；
Operation data generation module is configurable to generate operation data related with well control type, and includes for described
At least one input parameter of the hydraulic fracturing simulation executed on processor；And
Analog module is configured as executing the hydraulic fracturing mould based on the geomechanics model and the operation data
It is quasi-, wherein the analog module is configured to determine that for the fluid body needed for gash fracture to the upper surface of the subsurface formations
Long-pending estimation range, and be configured as that the well will be flowed into the mud pumping to well of a volume to mitigate or control shallow gas
In, wherein make the gash fracture to institute so that the volume of the mud of pumping is less than by application factor of safety
The estimation range of the fluid volume needed for the upper surface of subsurface formations is stated, the volume of the mud of pumping exists
Under the determining estimation range for making the fluid volume needed for the upper surface of the gash fracture to the stratum.
12. system according to claim 11 further comprises earth's surface module, it is configured as being based on the gash fracture
The estimation range of fluid volume needed for upper surface to stratum operates to execute well control.
13. system according to claim 12, wherein the earth's surface module is configured as receiving underground number from oil field element
According to.
14. system according to claim 11 further comprises that data storage bank, the data storage bank are linked to geology
At least one of mechanical model generation module, operation data generation module and described analog module, and be configured as receive,
Storage and transmission at least one of operation data and underground data.
15. a kind of computer-readable medium including software instruction, the software instruction when executed by the processor, execute one kind
Method, the method includes：
With at least one oil field element communication, including transmission order and the underground data for receiving stratum；
Processing operates related operation data with well control；
Geomechanics model is generated based on the underground data received；
Based on the operation data and the geomechanics model come the generation for simulating hydraulically created fracture and the hydraulic fracturing
The extension that crack passes through stratum；
Determine whether the hydraulically created fracture reaches the upper surface on stratum；And
It will be flowed into the well in the mud pumping to well of a volume with mitigating or controlling shallow gas, wherein pacified by application
Total divisor is so that the volume of the mud of pumping is less than the institute for making the hydraulically created fracture rupture to the stratum
The volume of the fluid needed for upper surface is stated, the volume of the mud of pumping keeps the hydraulically created fracture broken in determining
It splits under the volume of the fluid needed for the upper surface on the stratum.
16. computer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein transmission order includes sending a command to well control
Equipment is drilling fluid to be injected into the ring domain of well.
17. computer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein transmission order includes sending a command to drilling well
Equipment is to adjust drill stem operation.
18. the computer-readable medium according to claim 15 for including software instruction, the software instruction is by described
Processor execute when, execution the method further includes：When determining that the hydraulically created fracture reaches the upper of the stratum
When surface, output is pumped into the estimation volume of the fluid in well.
19. the computer-readable medium according to claim 15 for including software instruction, the software instruction is by described
Processor execute when, execution the method further includes：Visually show the hydraulically created fracture of simulation.
20. the computer-readable medium according to claim 15 for including software instruction, the software instruction is by handling
Device execute when, execution the method further includes：When the hydraulically created fracture does not reach the upper surface on stratum
When handle new operation data.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US201261595478P | 2012-02-06 | 2012-02-06 | |
| US61/595,478 | 2012-02-06 | ||
| PCT/US2013/024959 WO2013119685A1 (en) | 2012-02-06 | 2013-02-06 | Modeling and analysis of hydraulic fracture propagation to surface from a casing shoe |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104204407A CN104204407A (en) | 2014-12-10 |
| CN104204407B true CN104204407B (en) | 2018-08-31 |
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