CN104170825A - Composite herbicide containing pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-R-methyl, and application thereof - Google Patents
Composite herbicide containing pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-R-methyl, and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a composite herbicide containing pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-R-methyl, and application of the composite herbicide. The composite herbicide comprises the following components: pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-R-methyl. The application of the composite herbicide in weeding after seedlings in a cotton field, especially the application in preventing and removing various gramineous weeds and broadleaf weeds in the cotton field, has a significant effect. According to the herbicide, compared with single dosage, the weed resistance is delayed under the premise of improving the pesticide effect, a weed control spectrum is expanded, both the gramineous weeds and the broadleaf weeds are removed, the lasting period is long, and the composite herbicide has reliable safety on cotton and afterreap crop.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to weed killer herbicide field, relate to a kind of compound herbicide and application thereof containing pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-r-methyl.
Background technology
Pyrithiobac-sodium (Pyrithiobac-sodium), molecular formula C
13h
10c
ln
2naO
4s, chemical name: pyrithiobacsodium; The chloro-6-of 2-(4,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-base sulphur) Sodium Benzoate; The chloro-6-of 2-(4,6-dimethoxypyridin-2 base sulphur) benzoic acid sodium salt.
Structural formula:
Pyrithiobac-sodium, to cotton safety, is based on its fast degradation in cotton plants.Prevent and kill off object: annual and perennial grassy weed and most of broad leaved weed.To well-known difficulty cut weeds as led a cow, Siberian cocklebur, thorn chrysanthemum standing grain are read, day cyanines, piemarker, Aleppo grass etc. have good preventive effect.In China, registration mu effective ingredient consumption is 2.3-7.0 gram, can carry out soil and cauline leaf processing.Now main orientation or the semi-directional spraying that is used for cauline leaf processing in southern cotton region, mu effective ingredient consumption is 2.0-2.5 gram, many and Quizalotop-ethyl composite usage, not good enough to refractory broadleaf weed preventive effect, invalid to cyperus, misapplication easily causes the jaundice of cotton plant upper blade chlorosis, after the lighter 5-7 days, restore normal growth.
Pyrithiobac-sodium weed killer herbicide can cause capsicum emerge yellow, deformity problem, CN201210251970.X (CN102742575A) has increased the use of safener, as the mixture of one or more compositions in fulvic acid, brassin lactones, urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or phosphate sodium dihydrogen buffer solution, can alleviate the problems referred to above.
Fluorochloridone (Flurochloridone), molecular formula: C
6h
10clFO
6, the chloro-4-of chemical name: 3-(chloromethyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] and-2-Pyrrolidone.
Structural formula:
Fluorochloridone is pyrrolidinone compounds weed killer herbicide.Carotin synthetic inhibitor.Prevent and kill off winter wheat and winter rye field chickweed, hederae folium, Veronica and violet, Cotton Fields Amaranthus retroflexus, kitchen garden and black nightshade, the bitter dish of clearvers, black nightshade and Persian water of potato fields, with dispenser before 500～700g active ingredient/hm2 bud.For winter wheat, rye, cotton, the pre-treatment of potatoes and other crops seedling, prevent and kill off broad leaved weed, to crop safety.
Haloxyfop-r-methyl (haloxyfop-P-methyl), molecular formula C
16h
13clF
3nO
4, chemical name: 2-[4-(the chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-of 3-pyridine oxygen base) phenoxy group] and propionic acid; 2-[4-(the chloro-pyridine-2-of 5-trifluoromethyl-3-oxygen base) phenoxy group] methyl propionate
Structural formula:
After haloxyfop-r-methyl dispenser, can be absorbed by the blade of grassy weed very soon, and conduct to whole plant, suppress the growth of plant meristematic tissue, thereby kill weeds.Lasting period is long, and the annual and perennial grassy weed to the initial stage of tillering, ear after emerging is all had to good preventive effect.Under normal service condition to various broad leaf crop high safeties.Under low temperature, drought condition, still can show excellent herbicidal effect.
About mixture of herbicides scheme, there is following report:
CN200910144093.4 (publication number is CN101595877A) discloses a kind of Herbicidal combinations for Cotton Fields, is combined by any one in active component pyrithiobac-sodium and Quizalotop-ethyl, haloxyfop-r-methyl, clethodim and fluazifop-p-butyl weed killer herbicide; The weight ratio of the two is 1: 20-20: 1.
CN201110351772.6 (publication number is CN102334496A) discloses a kind of compound herbicide, the component that comprises following mass fraction: trifloxysulfuron 0.5%-30%, pyrithiobac-sodium 0.5%-30%, Quizalotop-ethyl 3%-20%, haloxyfop-r-methyl 3%-20%, auxiliary agent 5%-20%, solvent and/or carrier 5%-80%.
Weeding in cotton field agent is at present limit by crop safety, and herbicide spectrum is also limited, uses separately a kind of weed killer herbicide can not control completely effectively the generation of Cotton Fields weeds.Therefore, compound herbicide becomes research heat topic at present.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of compound herbicide containing pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-r-methyl.
The second object of the present invention is to provide the application of this weed killer herbicide.
The invention provides a kind of compound herbicide containing pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-r-methyl, described compound herbicide consists of the following composition: pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-r-methyl.
Concrete, described compound herbicide is grouped into by the one-tenth of following mass parts: pyrithiobac-sodium 0.1-40 part, fluorochloridone 0.1-20 part and haloxyfop-r-methyl 0.1-20 part.
Preferably, described compound herbicide is grouped into by the one-tenth of following mass parts: pyrithiobac-sodium 1-35 part, fluorochloridone 1-20 part and haloxyfop-r-methyl 1-20 part.
Further preferably, described compound herbicide is grouped into by the one-tenth of following mass parts: pyrithiobac-sodium 20-30 part, fluorochloridone 5-20 part and haloxyfop-r-methyl 5-10 part.
Further preferred, described compound herbicide is grouped into by the one-tenth of following mass parts: 10 parts of 25 parts of pyrithiobac-sodiums, fluorochloridone 5-15 part and haloxyfop-r-methyls.
The present invention also provides the preparation containing above-mentioned compound herbicide, and in described preparation, the content of compound herbicide accounts for the 1-60% of gross mass, is preferably 20-45%, more preferably 40-60%.
Described preparation also comprises the auxiliary agent that pesticidal preparations allows, and described auxiliary agent is one or more in surfactant, thickener or solvent.
Described preparation is preferably and dispersibles oil-suspending agent, and its raw material is to be grouped into by the one-tenth of following percentage by weight: compound herbicide 1-60%, and wetting dispersing agent 1-10%, emulsifier 1-11%, stabilizing agent 1-5%, outstanding stream agent 1-3%, methyl oleate complements to 100%.
Preferably, its raw material is to be grouped into by the one-tenth of following percentage by weight: compound herbicide 40-60%, and wetting dispersing agent 3-10%, emulsifier 5-10%, stabilizing agent 2-5%, outstanding stream agent 1-3%, methyl oleate complements to 100%.
Further preferably, its raw material is to be grouped into by the one-tenth of following percentage by weight: compound herbicide 50%, and wetting dispersing agent 3%, emulsifier 5%, stabilizing agent 5%, the agent 3% of outstanding stream, methyl oleate complements to 100%.
In above-mentioned preparation:
Described wetting dispersing agent is sodium lignin sulfonate, sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate or fat alcohol polyethylene ether;
Described emulsifier is alkylpolyoxyethylene phosphate, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene sulphate or alkylaryl APEO;
Described stabilizing agent is organic ammonium salt, polyvinyl alcohol or sodium silicate;
Described outstanding stream agent is organobentonite.
The present invention also provides the above-mentioned preparation method who dispersibles oil-suspending agent, possesses and comprises the following steps: said components is mixed to gained mixture and carry out sand milling, mix and get final product again.
The present invention also provides above-mentioned compound herbicide or the application of its preparation in Cotton Fields postemergence weed control, particularly in various grass family and broad leaved weed, applies preventing and kill off in Cotton Fields.
Herbicidal composition of the present invention has the following advantages:
1, those skilled in the art will know that, weed killer herbicide of a great variety, as phenoxy carboxylic acid, diphenyl ether, carbamates, amide-type, trichloro-benzenes class etc., in order to obtain more preferably herbicidal effect, can adopt mode composite two or more active components is obtained to synergistic effect.Prior art discloses multiple compound herbicide composition, also conventional principle of compound and method have been instructed, but that is mostly just a kind of guiding suggestion, specific to specific herbicides compounds, the composite compound of How to choose the best, get rid of the possibility of antagonism, determine that best amount ratio makes it have significant synergistic function and needs inventor further to further investigate.
Inventor is devoted for years to the exploitation in Multielement herbicide, in process of the test, the unexpected composite mode of finding pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-r-methyl has obvious synergistic effect, and each amounts of components is time reasonable in design, has beyond thought herbicidal effect.
Except successfully the advantage of three kinds of active ingredients is performed to ultimate attainment, also effectively overcome conventional complex weedicide the aspects such as crop itself and soil alleviation existed the defect of negative effect.
2, the compound herbicide finally making, has:
1) activity of weeding is high.Herbicidal composition of the present invention can kill weeds by three kinds of different mechanism, makes Weed Resistance produce Speed Reduction, and three kinds of active ingredient Synergistics, has greatly improved the removing activity of weed killer herbicide.
2) herbicidal spectrum is wide, and the lasting period is long.The herbicide spectrum of three kinds of weed killer herbicides is different, and the medicament that three is made with special ratios mixture combines herbicidal spectrum and the activity of these three kinds of medicaments, makes the herbicidal spectrum of mix preparation wider, and the lasting period is longer.
3) delay Weed Resistance.The present invention can significantly improve the preventive effect to various resistant weeds, delays the generation of Weed Resistance, extends the service life of medicament.
4) safe.Herbicidal composition of the present invention, is applied to Cotton Fields postemergence weed control, can prevent and kill off various grass family or broad leaved weed in Cotton Fields.Improving under the prerequisite of drug effect, cotton and succession crop are all had to reliable safety.
3, the application of compound herbicide of the present invention in Cotton Fields postemergence weed control, particularly has remarkable result in the application of preventing and kill off in the various grassy weeds of Cotton Fields and broad leaved weed.Weed killer herbicide of the present invention having improved under the prerequisite of drug effect, delays Weed Resistance with respect to single dose, widens herbicidal spectrum, wealthy two the removing of standing grain, and the lasting period is long, and cotton and succession crop are all had to reliable safety.
Embodiment
Following examples are used for illustrating the present invention, but are not used for limiting the scope of the invention.
Embodiment 1: compound herbicide and dispersible oil-suspending agent
1, raw material (mass percent): pyrithiobac-sodium 25%, fluorochloridone 15%, haloxyfop-r-methyl 10%, sodium lignin sulfonate 3%, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene sulphate 5%, organic ammonium salt 5%, organobentonite 3%, methyl oleate complements to 100%.
2, preparation method: above-mentioned each component mixed and form thick dispersion liquid for broken 4 hours in sand mill medium sand abrasive dust, then making its average grain diameter be less than 5 μ m through soybean dietary fiber can to obtain 50% required pyrithiobac-sodium fluorochloridone haloxyfop-r-methyl and dispersible oil-suspending agent product.
Embodiment 2-4: compound herbicide and dispersible oil-suspending agent
Can prepare the composition suspending agent of following different content by the similar method of embodiment 1, its raw material is as following table:
Experimental example 1, toxicity determination test
Utilize the embodiment 1 (referred to as control group 1) in preparation and the CN201110351772.6 (publication number is CN102334496A) in embodiment, 3% trifloxysulfuron+5% pyrithiobac-sodium+5% Quizalotop-ethyl+8% haloxyfop-r-methyl, measures its co-toxicity coefficient to the common sedge weed rhizome of nutgrass flatsedge of Cotton Fields.
Will be for planting experimentally first 40 DEG C of water seed soaking vernalization of son, wait seed to show money or valuables one carries unintentionally after sowing.By the uniform broadcasting of pretreated rhizome of nutgrass flatsedge seed in soil surface, earthing 0.5cm, after planting move into greenhouse cellar culture, adopt the moisturizing of basin alms bowl bottom infiltrating irrigation mode, make soil completely moistening, be placed in 30 DEG C of temperature, light/dark than cultivating in the greenhouse of 14h/10h, after planting 10d carries out thinning and determines strain, and making weed density is 20 strains/basin, treat that the rhizome of nutgrass flatsedge grows to 2-2.5 leaf, the processing of spraying.
The processing of liquid being sprayed from low dosage to high dose order by experimental scheme with ASP-1098 type automatic sprayer (pressure: 0.4Mpa, speed: 50cm/s), every processing repeats for 4 times.After medicine 2 minutes, material to be tried surface liquid natural air drying, moved into greenhouse cellar culture, keeps ground moistening in basin, and routine observation is respectively processed the preventive effect to weeds, weighs each weeds fresh weight after treatment after 30d.Press the method that the nineteen sixties such as Sun Yunpei propose, calculate its virulence regression equation and co-toxicity coefficient.Co-toxicity coefficient is greater than 100, shows that two kinds of active principles have synergistic effect, otherwise, show that two kinds of active principles have antagonism.
The results are shown in Table 1:
Table 1 toxicity measurement result
The demonstration of table 1 result, compared with single dose, the compound herbicide after pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-r-methyl three are composite, to preventing apart from significant increase of the rhizome of nutgrass flatsedge.
Result shows: complex weedicide provided by the invention has synergistic function.
Experimental example 2: field control effectiveness test
1, trial drug:
Reagent agent: the ternary built weed killer herbicide that the 1-4 in embodiment provides.
Contrast medicament: 10% pyrithiobac-sodium water dispersible granules (commercially available); 25% fluorochloridone missible oil (commercially available); 108 grams per liter haloxyfop-r-methyl missible oil (commercially available); And embodiment 1 (referred to as control group 1) in CN201110351772.6 (publication number is CN102334496A).
2, for studying thing: cotton, wheat seeding was 3～6 leaf phases, grew fine, robust plant, without other damage by disease and insect.
3, prevent and kill off object: Cotton Fields advantage weeds, as the grassy weeds such as the rhizome of nutgrass flatsedge, green foxtail, lady's-grass, the broad leaved weeds such as dayflower, Amaranthus retroflexus.
4, test method: according to the area of experimental plot, accurately weigh good various medicaments, be watered after dilution, carry out even spraying, the Fan spray head that sprinkler selection weed killer herbicide is special with knapsack sprayer.When spraying, note liquid evenly to spray application in experimental plot, accomplish not drain spray, spray more.
After test, after medicine, 20d, 40d observe weeds death condition respectively, and the activity of weeding of more various medicaments.In addition, also to after medicine, in 1-15d, observe the condition of production of crop, to investigate medicament, whether crop be had to poisoning.
5, experimental result
5.1 weeding test effects: in table 2 (20d after medicine) and table 3 (40d after medicine).
Table 2 dispenser is drug effect result after 20 days
40 days drug effect results after table 3 dispenser
Consumption in table 2 and table 3 all refers to the consumption of active ingredient in each preparation.
From table 2 and table 3, can find out, embodiment 1-4 and control group 1 all have significant preventive effect to grassy weed and broad leaved weed, and synergy is obvious, and the lasting period extends, wherein with the best results of embodiment 1.
5.2 medicaments are to crop safety investigation result: in table 4
Table 4 medicament is to crop safety investigation result
As can be seen from Table 4, the cotton that four embodiment of the present invention process in community all grows fine, and has no any medicine spot or seedling death phenomenon, and the single dose of high concentration, and 1 existence of control group seedling death phenomenon to a certain extent.
Presentation of results: compound herbicide of the present invention, to cotton safety, can be promoted the use of, and cotton seedling is not injured.
Experimental example 3: herbicidal effect comparative trial
1, test method: in the cotton 4-5 leaf phase, when various grassy weeds and broad leaved weed generally occur, select plot that 3 close liquid manure is good as experimental field, with experimental group and the even dispenser of contrast medicament, after 20 days, contrast weeds strain preventive effect.
2, subjects:
The product (main active ingredient: pyrithiobac-sodium 25%+ fluorochloridone 15%+ haloxyfop-r-methyl 10%) that experimental group 1: embodiment 1 is prepared;
The product (main active ingredient: pyrithiobac-sodium 25%+ fluorochloridone 5%+ haloxyfop-r-methyl 10%) that experimental group 2: embodiment 4 is prepared;
Control group 1: compared with embodiment 1, distinctive points is only that main active ingredient is: fluorochloridone 15%+ haloxyfop-r-methyl 25%;
Control group 2: compared with embodiment 1, distinctive points is only that main active ingredient is: pyrithiobac-sodium 25%+ haloxyfop-r-methyl 25%;
Control group 3: compared with embodiment 1, distinctive points is only that main active ingredient is: pyrithiobac-sodium 20%+ fluorochloridone 15%;
Control group 4: embodiment 1,3% trifloxysulfuron+5% pyrithiobac-sodium+5% Quizalotop-ethyl+8% haloxyfop-r-methyl in documents 2.
3, result of the test: in table 5
After table 5 medicine, 20 days each processing are prevented and kill off Cotton Fields weeds effect
| Treatment agent | Every 667m 2Consumption | Grassy weed (strain preventive effect, %) | Broad leaved weed (strain preventive effect, %) |
| Experimental group 1 | 50g | 97.81 | 98.51 |
| Experimental group 2 | 100g | 97.59 | 97.01 |
| Control group 1 | 100ml | 89.68 | 95.52 |
| Control group 2 | 100ml | 84.68 | 92.54 |
| Control group 3 | 100ml | 62.58 | 94.52 |
| Control group 4 | 100ml | 85.33 | 89.08 |
| Blank determination | —— | —— | —— |
Table 5 can find out, experimental group 1 of the present invention is compared with contrasting medicament with experimental group 2, and in herbicidal spectrum, control efficiency, all performance is excellent, is worthy to be popularized, wherein with the best results of embodiment 1.
Experimental example 4: the affect comparative trial of the use of weed killer herbicide on succession crop growth
Inventor has further launched comparative trial with regard to the use of weed killer herbicide to the impact of succession crop growth, subjects is with " herbicidal effect comparative trial ", concrete test method is: on the basis of experimental example 3, after cotton harvesting finishes, on former plot, plant wheat, selected wheat breed is short anti-58, records the plot wheat growth situation under each chemicals treatment.
Result of the test is in table 6.
Impact on succession crop wheat after the different chemicals treatment of table 6
| Treatment agent | Mu spike number (ten thousand) | Plant height (cm) | Grain number per spike (grain) | Thousand kernel weight (g) | Per mu yield (kg) |
| Experimental group 1 | 44.3 | 71.2 | 34.2 | 43.1 | 544 |
| Experimental group 2 | 44.1 | 71.1 | 34.2 | 43.0 | 528 |
| Control group 1 | 41.5 | 67.1 | 31.8 | 41.6 | 518 |
| Control group 2 | 41.1 | 66.9 | 31.4 | 41.1 | 511 |
| Control group 3 | 38.6 | 67.2 | 31.6 | 41.2 | 486 |
| Control group 4 | 42.9 | 65.8 | 32.1 | 39.9 | 475 |
| Artificial weeding contrast | 44.2 | 71.0 | 34.2 | 43.0 | 523 |
Table 6 result shows, there is not any harmful effect to the growth of succession crop wheat in the weed killer herbicide of experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, and control group 1-4 all show to succession crop wheat growth in various degree inhibitory action, wherein the most serious with the impact of control group 4.Tracing it to its cause, may be that four when composite in addition because component is too much, due to the different in kind between each component, mixes and some special interaction has occurred to each other after using and aggravated the impact of weed killer herbicide on succession crop.Although the complex weedicide of visible 3% trifloxysulfuron+5% pyrithiobac-sodium+5% Quizalotop-ethyl+8% haloxyfop-r-methyl can produce certain synergistic effect on herbicidal effect, but also significantly increase the weight of the impact of each component on succession crop in complex weedicide, be unfavorable for practical application simultaneously.
And the present invention is improving in herbicidal effect, ensured the safety to crop, and to succession crop also without any harmful effect, be worth popularization in actual applications.
Although, above use general explanation, embodiment and test, the present invention is described in detail, on basis of the present invention, can make some modifications or improvements it, and this will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Therefore, these modifications or improvements without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention, all belong to the scope of protection of present invention.
Claims (10)
1. containing a compound herbicide for pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-r-methyl, it is characterized in that, consist of the following composition: pyrithiobac-sodium, fluorochloridone and haloxyfop-r-methyl.
2. compound herbicide according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described compound herbicide is grouped into by the one-tenth of following mass parts: pyrithiobac-sodium 0.1-40 part, fluorochloridone 0.1-20 part and haloxyfop-r-methyl 0.1-20 part.
3. compound herbicide according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described compound herbicide is grouped into by the one-tenth of following mass parts: pyrithiobac-sodium 1-35 part, fluorochloridone 1-20 part and haloxyfop-r-methyl 1-20 part.
4. compound herbicide according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described compound herbicide is grouped into by the one-tenth of following mass parts: pyrithiobac-sodium 20-30 part, fluorochloridone 5-20 part and haloxyfop-r-methyl 5-10 part.
5. compound herbicide according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described compound herbicide is grouped into by the one-tenth of following mass parts: 10 parts of 25 parts of pyrithiobac-sodiums, fluorochloridone 5-15 part and haloxyfop-r-methyls.
6. containing the preparation of the compound herbicide described in claim 1-5 any one, in described preparation, the content of compound herbicide accounts for the 1-60% of gross mass, is preferably 20-45%, more preferably 40-60%.
7. preparation according to claim 6, described preparation is for dispersibling oil-suspending agent.
8. preparation according to claim 7, is characterized in that, its raw material is to be grouped into by the one-tenth of following percentage by weight: compound herbicide 1-60%, wetting dispersing agent 1-10%, emulsifier 1-11%, stabilizing agent 1-5%, outstanding stream agent 1-3%, methyl oleate complements to 100%.
9. preparation according to claim 8, is characterized in that, its raw material is to be grouped into by the one-tenth of following percentage by weight: compound herbicide 40-60%, wetting dispersing agent 3-10%, emulsifier 5-10%, stabilizing agent 2-5%, outstanding stream agent 1-3%, methyl oleate complements to 100%; Preferably, its raw material is to be grouped into by the one-tenth of following percentage by weight: compound herbicide 50%, and wetting dispersing agent 3%, emulsifier 5%, stabilizing agent 5%, the agent 3% of outstanding stream, methyl oleate complements to 100%.
10. the application of the preparation described in the compound herbicide described in claim 1-5 any one or claim 6-9 any one in Cotton Fields postemergence weed control.
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| CN108260591A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2018-07-10 | 江苏龙灯化学有限公司 | A kind of Herbicidal combinations |
| CN107568228A (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2018-01-12 | 北京科发伟业农药技术中心 | A kind of Herbicidal combinations containing pyrithiobac-sodium |
| CN108966970A (en) * | 2017-11-15 | 2018-12-11 | 合力科技股份有限公司 | A method of prevention and treatment arid area farmland weed |
| CN108967428A (en) * | 2017-11-15 | 2018-12-11 | 迈克斯(如东)化工有限公司 | A kind of herbicidal composition of the inhibitor containing PDS and its application |
| CN113068700A (en) * | 2017-11-15 | 2021-07-06 | 迈克斯(如东)化工有限公司 | Herbicide composition containing PDS inhibitor and application thereof |
| CN108966970B (en) * | 2017-11-15 | 2021-11-16 | 合力科技股份有限公司 | Method for preventing and controlling weeds in farmland in arid region |
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| CN104170825B (en) | 2016-02-10 |
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