CN1041531C - 用粉状固体燃料生成可燃气体的方法与设备 - Google Patents

用粉状固体燃料生成可燃气体的方法与设备 Download PDF

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CN1041531C
CN1041531C CN94109120A CN94109120A CN1041531C CN 1041531 C CN1041531 C CN 1041531C CN 94109120 A CN94109120 A CN 94109120A CN 94109120 A CN94109120 A CN 94109120A CN 1041531 C CN1041531 C CN 1041531C
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B·辛尼亚凯维奇
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    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
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    • C10K1/02—Dust removal
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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
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    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
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    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
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    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
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    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
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Abstract

在无氧的条件下在一反应器中通过对粉状固体燃料进行低温炼焦生成一种含有碳素物的颗粒流和一种含有碳氢类可燃气及焦油烟雾的燃气流的方式用粉状固体燃料制取可燃气体。颗粒流中的碳素物在液化床中用蒸汽和热空气加以气化以生成含有可燃气体和焦化颗粒的输出流。输出流与燃气流相结合构成一种混合流，混合流则被分离成一股可燃气流和一股热颗粒流。热颗粒流中至少有一部分被加到反应器中。

Description

用粉状固体燃料生成可燃气体的方法与设备
本发明涉及一种用如煤粉，具体地说是灰分含量大的煤之类的固体燃料生成可燃气体的方法和设备。这项发明特别适用于提供热能和电能的发电站。
温克勒(WINKLER)法是一种众所周知的利用液化床进行固体燃料气化的方法。在这种工艺方法中，被压碎或粉碎的燃料利用吹蒸汽-氧气或蒸汽-空气混合气体作强力送风而在液化床上被气化。这种一步法对于褐煤的气化来说效果不错，但对沥青煤就遇到了一些问题。这些问题是由于在沥青煤中含有大量的挥发物，而这些挥发物在气化过程中又生成大量焦油造成的。该气化方法使得焦油炭化成颗粒，而颗粒往往会聚结，这样就对这种气体发生器的可靠性造成了不良的影响。
另一种众所周知的煤的气化方法所采用的是逆流多步液化床。在这种工艺方法中，燃料先用未经净化的燃气脱气，并用热的未经净化的低热能发生器的燃气加以低温炼焦，低热能发生器的燃气是在除尘和初步净化后被输送到使用设备(锅炉房或燃气轮机)的。这种方法有时被称之为维斯汀豪斯(WESTINGHOUSE)法的原型。
本发明的目的是提出一种新的、经过改良的利用煤粉，具体地说利用含灰量大的煤生成可燃气体的方法和设备，这种方法和设备克服了或大大减小了前面讲到的现有技术中存在的问题。
本发明提供了一种用如煤粉之类的粉末固体燃料生成可燃气体的方法和设备，作法是在无氧的条件下在一反应器中对煤粉进行低温炼焦及予干燥，从而生成一种含有碳素物的颗粒流和一种含有碳氢类可燃气和焦油烟雾的燃气流。颗粒流中的碳素物在液化床上用蒸汽和热空气加以气化而生成一种含有可燃气体和焦化颗粒的输出流。输出流与燃气流相结合形成一种混合流，该混合流可以分离成一种可燃气流和一种热颗粒流。至少有部分热颗粒流被输到反应器中。
由于要将作为低温炼焦用的传热介质应用在反应器中，为了防止颗粒在反应器中聚结，应用于本发明中的液化床所具有的惰性物质的量应当比用于常规的工艺方法，例如维斯汀豪斯法中的生燃料(fresh fuel)多。在液化床中惰性物质与生燃料的重量比最好不低于2∶1左右，在2∶1至12∶1之间最佳，尽管比例再高一些也可。
本发明还包括将热颗粒流分离成输送给反应器的第一部分和加以燃烧以产生烟道气的第二部分的步骤，以及为了产生液化床中所用的热空气而将烟道气的热量传递给该空气的步骤。最好是，第二部分的燃烧采用超过化学计算值的空气，并且火焰能有效地使有毒物质、如酚类，CaSO4，二硫化碳等失效。
以下参照附图对作为实例的本发明的一个实施例进行描述，该单张附图示出了用以用煤粉生成可燃气体的本发明实施例的流程图。
图1为本发明用煤粉生成可燃气体的实施例的流程图。
现在参照附图，标号10标示的是本发明用于用如煤粉之类的粉状固体燃料生成可燃气体的设备。设备10包含一个以标号12标示的煤粉供应源，其中煤粉是用传送机传送到计量箱14中，以便对进入设备中的生燃料的流量加以控制。计量箱14把生燃料输送到以低温炼焦的反应器16中。燃料在反应器中在无氧的条件下用热颗粒加热而生成颗粒流18，颗粒流里面包含含碳素物和燃气流20，而燃气流又含有碳氢类可燃气和焦油烟雾。
颗粒流18被输往计量箱22，由计量箱22对从反应器16输往循环液化床24的颗粒总量进行有效的控制。在液化床24中，颗粒流中的碳素物被用如蒸汽-氧气或蒸汽-空气之类的气化剂进行气化。气化剂最好是蒸汽和热空气，其被施加到液化床的底部，生成包含可燃气体和焦化颗粒的输出流26。输出流在混合器28中与反应器16生成的燃气流混合从而生成混合流30。分离器32接受该混合流并把它分离成可燃气流34和热颗粒流36。分离器32最好是一种旋风分离器。
至少有一部分热颗粒流被输给反应器16。具体地说，热颗粒流被加到了分配器38中，该分配器是可调的以便可以有选择地把热颗粒流分成两部分，即被加到反应器16中的第一部分40和被加到燃烧器44中的第二部分42。第一部分中的颗粒的质量与由计量箱14加到反应器16上的燃料的质量之比最好是在2∶1至12∶1的范围之内，这一比率与供应源12中煤的性质有关。
第二部分42在燃烧器中采用超过化学计量值的空气燃烧生成烟道气46，在这种烟道气被引至排烟道(未示出)之前，它被引入间接热交换器48。在标号50处的环境空气通过热交换器管道52流动并由烟道气予以加热形成热空气，该热空气在标号54处与由供应源56处来的蒸汽相结合从而生成液化床24所需的气化剂。
在运转期间，输往反应器16的煤粉首先在反应器中由第一部分40中的热颗粒加以干燥。燃料中的有机材料在反应器中随后发生的裂解伴随有可燃气体和焦油烟雾的释放，以及低温炼焦的固体残留物和构成反应器16中的热传导介质的一部分的灰份的形成。在混合器28中，可燃气体和焦油烟雾与气化器24所生成的较热的可燃气体相结合。在混合流30中，焦油烟雾则被气化器生成的焦炭颗粒及可燃气体的高温所破坏。
分离器32能够有效地除掉大量的颗粒，使得可燃气流34不需作进一步清洁就可用在例如产生蒸汽的发电厂中。如果要将可燃气流34用在燃气轮机上，就必须进一步地进行除灰。
如上所述，在加入到燃烧器44中的灰分之中残除的燃料的燃烧必须使用超过化学计量值的过量空气，在用石灰岩来固定煤燃料中的氧化硫时尤其如此。在此燃烧或再烧过程中，在燃料低温炼焦和气化阶段生成并且在灰分中带走的有害化合物(酚类，二硫化磷等)被中和，而CaSO3则被进一步氧化生成无害而稳定的CaSO4(石膏)。
低温炼焦及低温炼焦气化处理的连续性结合普通的固体热交换剂环路使得工艺流程的控制简单易行，也很容易保证其稳定性。
经验证明，予先低温炼焦使气化工艺比不进行予先热处理的煤的气化提高2或3倍。
本发明的方法和设备所带来的优点及经改进的效果可从前面所介绍的本发明的优选实施例中明显地看出，在不违反如所附权利要求书中描述的本发明的精神和不超越其范围的情况下可以作出各种变更和改型。

Claims (6)

1．一种由固体燃料(例如煤粉)生成可燃气体的方法，该方法包括：
a)在无氧的条件下在反应器中对固体燃料进行低温炼焦以生成一种包含有碳素物的颗粒流，和一种包含有碳氢类可燃气和焦油烟雾的燃气流；
b)在一液化床中用蒸汽和热空气使所述颗粒流中的碳素物气化以生成一种包含可燃气体和焦化颗粒的输出流；
c)将上述输出流与上述燃气流相结合形成一种混合流；
d)把上述混合流分离成一股可燃气流和一股热颗粒流；
e)把上述热颗粒流分成施加给所述反应器的第一部分和加以燃烧以生成烟道气的第二部分；以及
f)将所述烟道气的热传递给空气以产生所述热空气。
2．如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于燃烧所述第二部分的步骤是采用高于化学计量值的空气进行的。
3．如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于使液化床中惰性材料的质量与生燃料的质量之比不低于2∶1左右。
4．一种由固体燃料生成可燃气体的设备，该设备包括：
a)一个反应器，其用来在无氧的条件下对固体燃料进行低温炼焦以生成一种包含碳素物的颗粒流和一种包含碳氢类可燃气和焦油烟雾的燃气流；
b)一个液化床气化器，其使用蒸气和热空气来气化所述颗粒流中的碳素物以生成一股含有可燃气体和焦化颗粒的输出流；
c)一个混合装置，其用来使上述输出流与上述燃气流结合生成一种混合流；
d)一个分离装置，其用来把上述混合流分离成可燃气流和热颗粒流；
e)一个用来把上述热颗粒流分离成第一部分和第二部分的分配器，该分配器包括把上述第一部分加入所述反应器的装置；
f)一个燃烧器；
g)一个把上述第二部分加入所述燃烧器的装置；以及
h)一个将空气供给所述燃烧器以生成焦化烟雾的装置。
5．如权利要求4所述的设备，其特征在于所述液化床被制造和配置成使得液化床中的惰性材料的质量与所述颗粒流的质量之比不低于2∶1左右。
6．如权利要求4所述的设备，其特征在于所述固体燃料是煤粉。
CN94109120A 1993-08-18 1994-08-18 用粉状固体燃料生成可燃气体的方法与设备 Expired - Fee Related CN1041531C (zh)

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