CN104114271A - 一种用于操作供燃料式反应器的工艺 - Google Patents
一种用于操作供燃料式反应器的工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
在用于操作供燃料式反应器的工艺中,燃料被引入反应器中并借助于至少一个主燃烧器在反应器中燃烧。对工艺的相关参数加以监视,如果相关参数的一个或更多个离开预定的临界操作范围则关停主燃烧器。在用于强制性关停的预定临界操作范围内实施更为严格的用于关停标准的次级操作范围,如果相关参数的一个或更多个离开次级操作范围则关停主燃烧器,但只要相关参数被维持在临界操作范围内则继续操作至少一个先导燃烧器。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用来操作供燃料式反应器(fuel fired reactor)的工艺,其中燃料被引入反应器并且借助于至少一个主燃烧器在反应器中燃烧,其中对工艺的相关参数加以监视,并且其中主燃烧器在一个或更多个相关参数离开预定的临界操作范围时关停。
背景技术
在很多热工艺中,在连续且指定的工厂操作所需的主燃烧器系统启动之前,工艺设备被预热燃烧器装置加热。当主燃烧器系统操作时,预热燃烧器关停。燃烧器操作的所有模式由国家或国际条规(诸如EN-746-2或等同内容)规定。为了避免由不完全燃烧引起的危险操作,如这种条列规定地,违反限定出容许的或后文称之为临界操作范围的参数将导致燃烧器系统的强制性关停。如果违反安全相关参数——尤其是燃烧器中的温度、空气/燃料比率、氧气浓度等,则目前使用的操作模式和工艺会造成燃烧器系统以及整个工艺的强制性停运。此外,反应器经常必须加以清洗,这导致温度、时间、加热燃料和生产的显著损失,这是因为需要对再启动的反应器再加热。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的在于避免反应器的不必要关停,以便减小能量和生产的损失。
该目标通过本发明由一种包括权利要求1特征的工艺实现。具体而言,所述工艺被设置用于在用于强制性关停反应器的预定临界操作范围内,实施用于关停标准的更为严格的次级操作范围,其中如果一个或更多个相关参数的离开所述次级操作范围,则主燃烧器被关停,但只要相关参数维持在临界操作范围内,则至少一个先导燃烧器继续操作。先导燃烧器自身优选地由与主燃烧器系统分离的燃烧器管理系统监视(其符合相关法律要求,诸如EN-746-2)。
通过实践示明,大多数供燃料式反应器通常在相当小的操作参数范围内操作。在外部影响(诸如燃料成分、反应器压力等的波动)下,一个或更多个相关参数不仅离开正常操作范围而且还离开临界操作范围,导致整个反应器的强制性关停。在大多数情况下,操作参数例如可以通过调整燃料或氧气供应而非常快速地返回到可容许的操作范围,但由于官方规定,一旦违反了临界操作范围,则必需关停设备。
通过提供更为严格的次级操作范围,主燃烧器就在达到临界操作范围之前关停,使得在大多数情况下,反应器可以被稳定化,并通过改变输入变量而返回到正常操作状况。在这个时段中,先导燃烧器仍然被操作以维持反应器内的温度。因此,在重新实现正常操作范围之后不必再加热反应器。此外,只要不违反临界操作范围,那么就不需要对反应器进行清洗。
在本发明的优选实施例中,一旦所有的相关参数已回到次级操作范围内,主燃烧器就被重新启动,使得能够快速地恢复反应器的正常操作。
优选地并取决于相应参数地,次级操作范围上限是临界操作范围上限的大约5%到50%、优选为大约7.5%到30%、并更优选为10%到20%,并且次级操作范围下限是临界操作范围下限的大约5%到50%、优选为大约7.5%到30%、并更优选为10%到20%。因此,正常操作在更小的操作范围中执行,该更小的操作范围优选地对应于相关国家或国际条规所限定的临界操作范围的60%到80%。在大多数情况下,这将确保反应器的连续操作,并且次级操作范围使得能够更加容易地再调节反应器内的操作条件而不用完全关停反应器。
通常,工艺的相关参数是反应器内的温度、空气/燃料比率和/或氧气浓度。然而,取决于工艺和相关官方规定,可以考虑其它参数。
目前的标准程序是,除了从预加热切换到正常操作期间的简短时间段之外,预加热燃烧器和主燃烧器没有并联地操作。更确切地说,在现有技术中,一旦主燃烧器开始其操作,就关停预热燃烧器。与此相反,本发明提供先导燃烧器和主燃烧器的并联操作,只要工艺参数被维持在次级操作范围内。由此确保了在主燃烧器离开次级操作范围而关停时的平稳过渡。先导燃烧器可以容易地维持反应器中的温度以便允许在无需清洗反应器的情况下平稳地重新启动反应器。
在现有技术中,预热燃烧器通常用柴油操作,而主燃烧器用重燃料油或天然气操作。这需要两个分离的燃料供应基础设施,并因此增加设备和维护成本。通过以与主燃烧器燃料相同的燃料(尤其是用重燃料油或天然气)操作主燃烧器和先导燃烧器,可以使得基础设施更为简单且可以减小成本。
附图说明
现在将基于优选实施例和附图更详细地描述本发明。
在附图中:
图1是实现本发明工艺的设备的简化工艺流程图,和
图2是示意性地示出本发明工艺中使用的操作范围的示意图。
具体实施方式
在图1中示出的设备中,反应器1(尤其是炉)包括主燃烧器系统2、以及启动或先导燃烧器系统3。主燃烧器系统2和/或先导燃烧器系统3可以各包括一个或更多个燃烧器,尤其为四个燃烧器。主燃烧器2和先导燃烧器3分别通过主供应管路5和先导供应管路6供应有被存储在燃料箱4中的化石燃料(尤其为重燃料油)。燃料泵7提供所需的燃料压力,而所需的燃料温度由燃料预热器8调节。可以替代重燃料油而使用天然气或任何其它合适的化石或合成燃料。
燃烧空气作为主空气通过管路9引入到反应器1中。另外,如果需要可以引入次级空气。燃料气体通过管路10从反应器1抽离。
在主供应管路5和先导供应管路6中设有关断阀11、12,该关断阀分别由安全和互锁系统13和先导燃烧器安全系统14操作。
操作时,反应器1和/或排气管路10中的相关参数——诸如反应器内的温度、反应器内的空气/燃料比率以及/或者氧气浓度等——由相应的检测器(未示出)检测并且反馈给控制系统,尤其是安全和互锁系统13以及先导燃烧器安全系统14,所述相关参数在此处与操作人员和/或官方条规所限定的预定工艺参数进行对比。
如果反应器1中的实际操作参数与预定工艺参数之间的对比揭示该实际操作参数中的一个或更多个参数超过了为该工艺限定的次级操作范围的上限或者下限,则安全和互锁系统13将关掉关断阀11,从而将主燃烧器2关停。然而,先导燃烧器3仍然通过先导供应管路6供有燃料,使得它能够继续操作并维持反应器1内的温度。如果在反应器的另外操作期间,在反应器1内测得的实际操作参数返回到次级操作范围内的可容许操作范围,则再次打开关断阀11并再点燃主燃烧器2,从而使反应器1返回到正常操作。
然而,如果反应器1中的实际工艺参数与预定工艺参数之间的对比揭示实际工艺参数超过了限定出临界操作范围的临界极限,则反应器1必须完全关停以便遵守官方条规。在这种情况下,不仅要关掉通向主燃烧器2的关断阀11而且要关掉通向先导燃烧器3的关断阀12,从而将所有燃烧器2、3以及整个反应器1关停。在这种情况下必须清洗反应器1,该清洗通常经主空气管路9和/或次级空气管路执行。此后,可以经由先导燃烧器3重新开始对反应器1的预热,当达到反应器1的预定温度时,主燃烧器2也返回到操作中。
图2中示出了正常操作期间测得的工艺参数。曲线T表示反应器内的温度,而曲线C表示反应器内的氧气浓度。这些参数仅仅是监视反应器1中的受控工艺所必要的可能相关工艺参数的示例。
从图2显而易见地,曲线T和C完全处于正常操作的区域内。正常操作的区域由上水平线TSH和下水平线TSL限定,该上下水平线所定义的阈值用于在其与曲线T或C交叉时对反应器进行受控的关停。在这种受控关停的情况下,主燃烧器2如上文所描述地被关停,但先导燃烧器3仍继续操作。因此,反应器1内的温度被维持在期望水平。
在温度或氧气浓度离开如上水平线TSHH和下水平线TSLL限定的临界操作范围的情况下,反应器1的完全的且不受控制的关停必须被执行以便遵守官方条规。在这种情况下,先导燃烧器3也如上文所描述地被关停。
然而在大多数情况下,如果超过了受控的关停阈值,关停主燃烧器2便足矣,从而燃烧器1可以返回到正常操作状态。然后,重新点燃主燃烧器2。
根据本发明的工艺允许快速的重新启动,使得反应器的停工时间最短化且增加可用性。由此可以使得能量损失最小化且可以增加生产产量。由于主燃烧器2和先导燃烧器3用相同的燃料操作,因此可以减小投资成本。由于根据本发明的工艺可以被包括在现有设备的操作中,这种设备可以被维修以改进操作效率。
示例——氧化铝煅烧
氧化铝煅烧通常在循环流化床反应器中进行。这种反应器的优选操作温度T是大约950℃。如果用重燃料油作燃料,则可容许的最小燃烧温度是750℃。如果反应器中的温度降到低于该极限值,则反应器必须被关停。由于材料约束条件,煅烧反应器的最大操作温度是1100℃。通常,如果自由氧(氧气)的含量降低到大约1vol%之下,则燃烧器系统被关停。不存在氧气浓度的上限,这是由于它与设备安全性无关。
基于温度750℃<T<1100℃的临界操作范围,次级操作范围的相应下限将被设定在例如800℃或825℃,而次级操作范围的上限将被设置在例如1050℃。如果上限与设备安全性不相关(在违反这个极限的情况下不强制关停该设备),则不需要为次级操作范围限定上限。
氧气浓度C的次级操作范围的下限可以被设定在例如1.5vol%。不存在氧气浓度的关键上限,这是由于它与设备安全性无关。因此,不限定相应次级操作范围的上限。
由此产生的操作范围为:
T:临界操作范围:750℃<T<1100℃
次级操作范围:800℃<T(<1050℃)
C:临界操作范围:C>1vol%
次级操作范围:C>1.5vol%
上述值意图仅基于优选实施例例示本发明但不限制所附权利要求的保护范围。临界操作范围和次级操作范围的极限之间的适当关系将必须适合相应的参数、工艺和设备。
附图标记
1 反应器
2 主燃烧器
3 先导燃烧器
4 燃料箱
5 主供应管路
6 先导供应管路
7 燃料泵
8 燃料预热器
9 管路
10 管路
11 主燃烧器2的关断阀
12 先导燃烧器3的关断阀
13 安全和互锁系统
14 先导燃烧器安全系统
T 温度
C 氧气浓度
TSL 次级操作范围的下阈值
TSH 次级操作范围的上阈值
TSLL 临界操作范围的下阈值
TSHH 临界操作范围的上阈值
Claims (8)
1.一种用来操作供燃料式反应器的工艺,其中燃料被引入反应器中并借助于至少一个主燃烧器在反应器中燃烧,其中对工艺的相关参数加以监视,并且其中如果相关参数的一个或更多个离开预定的临界操作范围则关停主燃烧器,其特征在于,在用于强制性关停的预定临界操作范围内实施更为严格的用于关停标准的次级操作范围,如果相关参数的一个或更多个离开次级操作范围则关停主燃烧器,但只要相关参数被维持在临界操作范围内则继续操作至少一个先导燃烧器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的工艺,其中,如果所有相关参数已返回到次级操作范围内则重新启动主燃烧器。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的工艺,其中,次级操作范围上限是临界操作范围上限的大约5%到50%。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的工艺,其中,次级操作范围下限是临界操作范围下限的大约5%到50%。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的工艺,其中,工艺的相关参数是反应器内的温度、空气/燃料比率和/或氧气浓度。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的工艺,其中,在处于次级操作范围内的正常操作期间,先导燃烧器与主燃烧器并联地操作。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的工艺,其中,主燃烧器和先导燃烧器用相同的燃料操作。
8.根据权利要求7所述的工艺,其中,主燃烧器和先导燃烧器用重燃料油或天然气操作。
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US20030167690A1 (en) * | 2002-03-05 | 2003-09-11 | Edlund David J. | Feedstock delivery system and fuel processing systems containing the same |
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CH681655A5 (zh) * | 1989-12-06 | 1993-04-30 | Baumer Electric Ag | |
WO1992014980A1 (en) * | 1991-02-18 | 1992-09-03 | The University Of Melbourne | Regulation of flowrate of liquid furnace products |
US5365223A (en) * | 1991-10-28 | 1994-11-15 | Honeywell Inc. | Fail-safe condition sensing circuit |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4923117A (en) * | 1988-01-21 | 1990-05-08 | Honeywell Inc. | Microcomputer-controlled system with redundant checking of sensor outputs |
US20030167690A1 (en) * | 2002-03-05 | 2003-09-11 | Edlund David J. | Feedstock delivery system and fuel processing systems containing the same |
GB2403530A (en) * | 2003-05-07 | 2005-01-05 | Natural Gas Services Ltd | Gas burner control |
US20060088455A1 (en) * | 2004-10-22 | 2006-04-27 | Pneumatic Processing Technologies, Inc. | Calcining plant and method |
CN202049364U (zh) * | 2011-04-21 | 2011-11-23 | 江苏天禹农业机械有限公司 | 拥有多重保护的双段火谷物干燥机专用控制器 |
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WO2013110344A1 (en) | 2013-08-01 |
US20150202584A1 (en) | 2015-07-23 |
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US9573107B2 (en) | 2017-02-21 |
EA201491194A1 (ru) | 2015-03-31 |
UA110743C2 (uk) | 2016-02-10 |
CA2860867C (en) | 2016-06-07 |
BR112014018305A2 (zh) | 2017-06-20 |
EP2806967B1 (en) | 2016-01-27 |
EA026618B1 (ru) | 2017-04-28 |
BR112014018305A8 (pt) | 2017-07-11 |
CN104114271B (zh) | 2017-03-22 |
AU2012367080B2 (en) | 2015-11-26 |
KR101530505B1 (ko) | 2015-06-19 |
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