CN104098158B - A kind of sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation and method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation and method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN104098158B CN104098158B CN201410314434.9A CN201410314434A CN104098158B CN 104098158 B CN104098158 B CN 104098158B CN 201410314434 A CN201410314434 A CN 201410314434A CN 104098158 B CN104098158 B CN 104098158B
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation, the pressure transmission device comprising concentration difference power unit, sea water desaltination unit and be positioned between two unit.The permeable membrane that concentration difference power unit comprises a seawater chamber of hollow and the concentrated seawater chamber of hollow adjacent with it and is positioned between two chambers, this unit is used for the salt error between the seawater of different concns to be converted into static pressure.Sea water desaltination unit comprise No. two seawater chambeies of hollow and the fresh water chamber of hollow adjacent with it and be positioned at only to allow between two chambers water molecules through reverse osmosis membrane, under static pressure reverse osmosis membrane only allow water molecules through, thus carry out sea water desaltination.Pressure transmission device can move or be out of shape, and static pressure is passed to No. two seawater chambeies by self displacement or distortion.This apparatus structure is compact, only utilizes seawater salt error to carry out sea water desaltination, does not consume high-grade energy, environmental protection.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of sea water desalting technology, be specifically related to a kind of sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation and the method thereof that utilize salt error energy.
Background technology
At present, a large amount of marine island and cay Freshwater resources rare, in the urgent need to utilizing desalination technology to prepare fresh water, the technology of traditional sea water desaltination mainly contains: seawater freezing method, electroosmose process, distillation method, reverse osmosis membrane.Wherein, distillation method and reverse osmosis membrane are main desalination methods, both rely on electric energy, the coal oil-gas resource being conventionally used to generating faces exhaustion, and electric energy cannot be sent to remote island, therefore utilize the desalination technology of electric energy can not adapt to remote island, utilize in the desalination technology of electric energy and need to use the power assist apparatus such as pump, cause the complex structure of its device, floor space be large, safeguard and running cost high.
Salt error can be the chemical potential difference energy between seawater and fresh water or between the seawater of two kinds of different concns, and be a kind of renewable energy source that in sea energy, energy density is maximum, it is estimated, China coast salt error energy resource standing stock are about 3.9 × 10
15j.Pressure retardation based on semi-permeable membranes (referred to as PRO) system of permeating is one of mode extracting salt error energy at present, reverse osmosis (being called for short RO) is the technology relative with PRO, under its pressure provided in the external world by ionic membrane by the solvent inverse osmosis in higher for concentration seawater to the opposite side of ionic membrane, may be used for sea water desaltination.
At present, RO has developed into a kind of seawater (and brackish water) desalination techniques, but this reverse osmosis system working process needs extraneous pressure exerting device to provide pressure, in traditional method, this pressure is provided by electric energy, need to consume a large amount of high-grade energies, high and the contaminate environment of cost, is unfavorable for the Sustainable development of the mankind.
Summary of the invention
For above defect or the Improvement requirement of prior art, the invention provides a kind of sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation and the method thereof that utilize salt error energy, its object is to combine based on the pressure retardation infiltration technology (be called for short PRO) of semi-permeable membranes and reverse osmosis technology (abbreviation RO) cleverly, utilize PRO system to obtain static pressure and provide propulsion source for RO system, recycle RO technology and carry out sea water desaltination.Solve in traditional method the problem utilizing RO technology to carry out sea water desaltination to need to consume high-grade energy thus.
For achieving the above object, according to one aspect of the present invention, provide a kind of sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation, can desalinate seawater for utilizing the salt error of seawater, it is characterized in that, comprise concentration difference power unit and sea water desaltination unit, and be positioned between two unit for separating two unit and described concentration difference power unit pressure being passed to the pressure transmission device of described sea water desaltination unit, wherein
Concentration difference power unit, it comprise a seawater chamber of hollow and the concentrated seawater chamber of hollow adjacent with it and to be positioned between two chambers for separation two chamber and only allow water molecules to pass through permeable membrane, described concentration difference power unit is used for the salt error between the seawater of different concns to be converted into static pressure;
Sea water desaltination unit, it comprises No. two seawater chambeies of hollow and the fresh water chamber of hollow adjacent with it and to be positioned between two chambers for separation two chamber and only to allow the reverse osmosis membrane that water molecules passes through, described sea water desaltination unit utilizes reverse osmosis membrane by water and magazins' layout under static pressure, carries out sea water desaltination;
Pressure transmission device, it is positioned between described concentrated seawater chamber and described No. two seawater chambeies, can move or be out of shape, the static pressure in concentrated seawater chamber is passed to described No. two seawater chambeies by self displacement or distortion for the concentrated seawater chamber described in separating and No. two seawater chambeies;
Be full of the seawater of different concns in a seawater chamber and concentrated seawater chamber respectively and concentrated seawater chamber maritime interior waters concentration higher than a seawater chamber maritime interior waters concentration time, under the effect of osmotic pressure, in a seawater chamber, water molecules enters in concentrated seawater chamber through permeable membrane, concentrated seawater chamber internal volume increases and forms static pressure, by No. two seawater chambeies making pressure transmission device shift to sea water desaltination unit, make to complete sea water desaltination by static pressure effect in No. two seawater chambeies.
Further, described pressure transmission device and the wall close contact between concentrated seawater chamber and No. two seawater chambeies seal to be formed, and leak for preventing from being formed between concentrated seawater chamber and No. two seawater chambeies, it is preferably the piston of variable movement or deformable pellosil.
Further, the permeable membrane between a described seawater chamber and concentrated seawater chamber is fixed by the first porous resistance to deformation retaining plate and supports, and breaks under the salt error of different concns seawater can act on to prevent described permeable membrane; Reverse osmosis membrane between described No. two seawater chambeies and fresh water chamber is fixed by the second porous resistance to deformation retaining plate and supports, to prevent displacement under the pressure effect of described reverse osmosis membrane in No. two seawater chambeies.
Further, the first porous resistance to deformation plate is fixed on the wall between a seawater chamber and concentrated seawater chamber, consumes static pressure to prevent it from moving under the maritime interior waters effect of concentrated seawater chamber; Second porous resistance to deformation plate is fixed on the wall between No. two seawater chambeies and fresh water chamber, consume pressure energy to prevent it from moving under No. two seawater chamber maritime interior waters effects, thus ensure that the static pressure provided by concentration difference power unit all acts on sea water desaltination unit.
Further, a described seawater chamber, described concentrated seawater chamber and described No. two seawater chambeies are all separately installed with inlet valve, outlet valve on the pipeline of two relative walls of respective chamber, to be respectively used to the inlet and outlet of seawater, shown fresh water chamber is only provided with outlet valve on an one wall pipeline, for the discharge of the fresh water obtained.
According to another aspect of the present invention, provide a kind of seawater desalination system, it comprises at least two devices as above and mutually connects, wherein, the pipeline at outlet valve place, device fresh water chamber described in the pipeline communication upper level at the inlet valve place, No. two seawater chambeies of device described in next stage, obtains the higher fresh water of purity for carrying out multistage desalination to seawater.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, provide and a kind ofly apply the method that device described above carries out sea water desaltination.
Further, when carrying out sea water desaltination, in a seawater chamber of described device, concentrated seawater chamber and No. two seawater chambeies, be filled with seawater, concentrated seawater and brackish water respectively, described concentrated seawater solute concentration is greater than described seawater, and described brackish water solute concentration is less than described seawater.
Further, the permeable pressure head that described seawater and concentrated seawater are formed is greater than the permeable pressure head formed between the fresh water that obtains in described brackish water and described fresh water chamber.
In general, the above technical scheme conceived by the present invention compared with prior art, can obtain following beneficial effect:
1, apparatus of the present invention only utilize the salt error between different concns seawater to carry out sea water desaltination, compared with existing seawater desalination system, it is without the need to using high-grade energy such as electric energy, the raw material of its preparing fresh is all taken from nature, there is not the problem of any contaminate environment, environmental protection, economic and practical.
2, the compact construction of apparatus of the present invention, without the need to driving arrangements such as additional motor and pumps, without high pressure original paper, there is not the safety problems such as blast and leakage in operation that can be steady in a long-term.
3, method for desalting seawater in the present invention, owing to only utilizing the salt error energy of different concns seawater, for the remote island lacking power supply, it can not carry out sea water desaltination by the restriction of severe regional condition, thus can be the offshore activities extending space of people.
4, in the inventive method, salt error is converted into static pressure energy by permeable membrane, static pressure can be converted into the power desalinized seawater simultaneously, make use of salt error energy to greatest extent, can generate electricity with utilizing salt error in prior art and wait compared with Land use systems, the inventive method substantially increases the utilising efficiency of the salt error energy energy.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is that in the present embodiment, pressure transmission device is the sea water desalinating plant structural representation of piston;
Fig. 2 is that in the present embodiment, pressure transmission device is the sea water desalinating plant structural representation of pellosil.
In all of the figs, identical Reference numeral is used for representing identical element or structure, wherein:
Set collar 2-permeable membrane 3-first porous resistance to deformation plate on the left of 1-
End cap on the left of flange bolt 6-on the left of flange 5-on the left of 4-
7-seawater inlet valve 8-concentrated seawater inlet valve 9-brackish water inlet valve
End cap on the right side of 10-pressure transmission device 11-casing 12-
13-right flange bolt 14-reverse osmosis membrane 15-second porous resistance to deformation plate
Set collar 17-pipeline and casing weld seam 18-water outlet valve on the right side of 16-
19-brackish water outlet valve 20-concentrated seawater outlet valve 21-seawer outlet valve.
Embodiment
In order to make object of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearly understand, below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is further elaborated.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explain the present invention, be not intended to limit the present invention.In addition, if below in described each embodiment of the present invention involved technical characteristic do not form conflict each other and just can mutually combine.
As the sea water desalinating plant that Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is the embodiment of the present invention, be piston unlike pressure transmission device in Fig. 1, in Fig. 2, pressure transmission device is pellosil.The arrow of the horizontal direction in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 represents the infiltration direction of solvent, and at this, solvent is water.
All there are in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 four chambers, be respectively the chamber A as a seawater chamber, the chamber B as concentrated seawater chamber, the cavity C as No. two seawater chambeies and the chamber D as fresh water chamber, four chambers constitute the internal space of casing 11, chamber A and chamber B and the permeable membrane 2 arranged between the two form concentration difference power unit, and cavity C and chamber D and the reverse osmosis membrane 14 arranged between the two form sea water desaltination unit.Wherein, the first porous resistance to deformation plate 3 is for supporting permeable membrane 2, and left side set collar 1 is for being fixed on the left hand wall of casing 11 by the first porous resistance to deformation plate 3.Same, the second porous resistance to deformation plate 15 is for supporting reverse osmosis membrane 14, and right side set collar 16 is for being fixed on the right wall of casing 11 by the second porous resistance to deformation plate 15.The quantity of left and right sides support set collar 1 and 16 is respectively two, two identical support set collars are stuck in the groove of casing, groove is not drawn in figure, but the present invention does not limit it for groove, it can also be other fixed form, be fixed on the upper lower wall of casing by being stuck in groove the two ends be respectively used to first, second porous resistance to deformation plate of the left and right sides, thus the porous resistance to deformation plate of the left and right sides is fixedly secured on casing 11.
Pressure transmission device 10 is provided with between concentration difference power unit and sea water desaltination unit, for being utilized by concentration difference power unit the obtainable static pressure of salt error to pass to sea water desaltination unit, thus make to utilize RO technology to make sea water desaltination unit carry out sea water desaltination under ambient pressure effect.Pressure transmission device 10 is preferably movable piston or pellosil, but the present invention to the material of pressure transmission device, structure formation and and the fixed form of casing do not limit, as long as its can transmission of pressure and with the stopping property of casing better.
Left side welding flange 4 is welded on the web plate of box body wall for being tightly connected, it is fastening that itself and left side end cap 6 pass through left side flange bolt 5, in order to ensure to accompany sealing-ring (sealing-ring does not draw in the drawings) between both stopping propertys, namely complete the sealing in the left side of casing.Same, right side welding flange is welded on the web plate of casing 11 wall for being tightly connected, it is fastening that itself and right side end cap 6 pass through right flange bolt 13, in order to ensure to accompany sealing-ring (sealing-ring does not draw in the drawings) between both stopping propertys, namely complete the sealing on the right side of casing.
On the wall of the both sides of chamber A place casing, device has seawater inlet pipeline and seawer outlet pipeline respectively, entering chamber A and discharging chamber A for seawater, seawater inlet pipeline and outlet conduit are equipped with seawater inlet valve 7 and seawer outlet valve 21 respectively, to control the opening and closing of respective pipeline respectively.Same, on the two side of the casing at chamber B place, device has concentrated seawater inlet duct and concentrated seawater outlet conduit respectively, entering chamber B and discharging chamber B for concentrated seawater, concentrated seawater inlet duct and concentrated seawater outlet conduit are equipped with concentrated seawater inlet valve 8 and concentrated seawater outlet valve 20 respectively, to control the opening and closing of respective pipeline respectively.Same, on the wall of the both sides of cavity C place casing, device has brackish water inlet duct and brackish water outlet conduit respectively, entering cavity C and discharging cavity C for brackish water, brackish water inlet duct and brackish water outlet conduit are equipped with brackish water inlet valve 9 and brackish water outlet valve 19 respectively, to control the opening and closing of respective pipeline respectively.With first three chamber unlike, chamber D only has fresh water outlet pipe on the wall of casing side, and this pipeline is provided with water outlet valve 18, for discharging the fresh water of acquisition.In the present invention, seawater inlet valve 7 and water outlet valve 18 are normally open valve doors, the opening and closing as required of other valves.
In the present embodiment, 17 is pipeline and casing weld seam, and the inlet duct namely on tank wall and outlet pipe realize being connected with casing by welding, but do not limit its fixed form in the present invention.
The principle of work of apparatus of the present invention is:
When being full of seawater, concentrated seawater respectively in chamber A and chamber B, when there is concentration difference in both concentration, under permeable membrane effect between chamber A and chamber B, solvent (in the present embodiment, solvent is water molecules) in the chamber A that solute concentration is lower enters in the higher chamber B of solute concentration by permeable membrane, the solvent entered in chamber B increases, result is that chamber B internal pressure increases, concentration step-down.
On the one hand, chamber B internal pressure causes seawater squeeze pressure transmitting element inner with it that its direction to sea water desaltination unit is moved after increasing, make to be positioned at pressure transmission device opposite side and the brackish water pressurized of the cavity C contacted with it simultaneously, brackish water water molecules under pressure reduction can act on arrives chamber D through reverse osmosis membrane, completes sea water desaltination.
On the other hand, because the solvent in chamber B constantly increases, its concentration declines gradually, when the density loss of chamber B maritime interior waters balances each other to the concentration with the seawater in chamber A, chamber A internal solvent no longer enters in chamber B, and the volume in chamber B no longer increases, and can not promote pressure transmission device to sea water desaltination single element move, sea water desaltination unit loses pressure effect, cannot carry out reverse osmosis process.Now, need the seawater in replacing chamber B or adopt other modes to increase chamber B maritime interior waters concentration to make it revert to the higher seawater of concentration.
In the present invention, for making the fresh water of production purer, the device shown in Fig. 1 can be together in series step by step, namely the water outlet of upper level is connected with the brackish water entrance of next stage, so can improve the purity of fresh water.In the present embodiment, only give one-level sea water desalinating plant, but do not limit the progression of desalting equipment in the present invention, the apparatus and method that purer fresh water is produced in its series connection all belong within protection scope of the present invention.
In the present invention, seawater is for be determined by local concentration of seawater, and concentrated seawater is the seawater higher than solute concentration in seawater, and brackish water is the seawater lower than concentration of seawater.In the present invention, the concentration level of seawater is comparatively speaking, and concrete regulation, can not determine according to practical situation, specifically not limit in the present invention.
In the present invention, the seawater in access to plant and brackish water are first through pre-treatment removal silt wherein and the normal work of other granule foreign guarantee permeable membrane and reverse osmosis membrane.In the present invention, seawater, concentrated seawater, brackish water pre-processing device all do not provide, and can select not only energy saving economy but also good pre-processing device as required.
In the embodiment of the present invention, high density seawater adjusts concentration difference by adding NaCl (i.e. salt), but this method as a kind of method of adjustment seawater height concentration difference, is not only unique scheme of the present invention, the method for the present invention to adjustment high-concentration and low-concentration difference does not specifically limit.
In the present invention, the determination of high-concentration and low-concentration seawater concentration separately determines concentration difference between the two, and the height of concentration difference directly affects the effect of sea water desaltination, and concentration difference is larger in theory, the pressure difference that concentration difference power unit provides is larger, and the effect of sea water desaltination is better.The character of permeable membrane in using according to reality, concentration difference corresponding when determining that this film work-ing life is longer, particular case is comprehensively weighed according to production is actual and selects, and does not specifically limit in the present invention.
In the present invention, the high-concentration and low-concentration seawater separately pressure difference of volume size needed for sea water desaltination of corresponding chamber, high-concentration and low-concentration seawater is determined by the volume ratio of permeating rear final balance, does not specifically limit in the present invention.
In the present invention, permeable membrane, reverse osmosis membrane are chosen according to the concentration of respective both sides seawater, specifically do not limit in the present invention.
In the present invention, bracing frame preferentially selects non-deformability strong, and not easily by the material of sea-water corrosion, the present invention does not specifically limit.
In the inventive method, the time changing seawater is determined according to the volume computing of the concentration of seawater, the concentration of concentrated seawater, the concentration of brackish water and chamber A, chamber B.The time that can arrange seawater replacing in order to improve the efficiency of producing fresh water is slightly less than the starting time of calculating, but it is too small to consider that the time of economy replacing seawater can not be arranged.
Those skilled in the art will readily understand; the foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention; not in order to limit the present invention, all any amendments done within the spirit and principles in the present invention, equivalent replacement and improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. the sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation, the salt error of seawater is utilized to carry out sea water desaltination, it is characterized in that, it comprises concentration difference power unit and sea water desaltination unit, and be positioned between two unit for separating two unit and the pressure energy that described concentration difference power unit obtains being passed to the pressure transmission device of described sea water desaltination unit, wherein
Concentration difference power unit, it permeable membrane comprising a seawater chamber of hollow and the concentrated seawater chamber of hollow adjacent with it and be positioned at for separation two chamber between two chambers, because this permeable membrane exists, in the seawater chamber that salinity is less, in seawater, water molecules can penetrate in the larger concentrated seawater chamber of salinity under salt error can act on, and due to the compressibility of liquid poor, concentrated seawater cavity pressure is increased, realizes salt error energy osmotic pressure to be converted into static pressure;
Pressure transmission device, it static pressure in concentrated seawater chamber can move or be out of shape when increasing, thus described static pressure is passed to described sea water desaltination unit;
Sea water desaltination unit, it comprises No. two seawater chambeies of hollow and the fresh water chamber of hollow adjacent with it and is arranged between two chambers for separating two chambers and only allowing the water molecules of No. two seawater chamber maritime interior waters to penetrate into the reverse osmosis membrane in fresh water chamber, described No. two seawater chambeies are subject to described static pressure effect thus make water molecules in the seawater in No. two seawater chambeies enter fresh water chamber by described reverse osmosis membrane, realize sea water desaltination.
2. a kind of sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described pressure transmission device is movable piston or deformable pellosil, its between concentrated seawater chamber and No. two seawater chambeies for transmission of pressure.
3. a kind of sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that,
Permeable membrane between a described seawater chamber and concentrated seawater chamber is fixed by the first porous resistance to deformation retaining plate and supports, and moves to prevent described permeable membrane or breaks under the salt error of different concns seawater can act on;
Described first porous resistance to deformation retaining plate is fixed between a seawater chamber and concentrated seawater chamber, consumes static pressure to prevent it from moving under the maritime interior waters effect of concentrated seawater chamber.
4. a kind of sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation as described in one of claim 1-3, is characterized in that,
Reverse osmosis membrane between described No. two seawater chambeies and fresh water chamber is fixed by the second porous resistance to deformation retaining plate and supports, to move under preventing the pressure effect of described reverse osmosis membrane in No. two seawater chambeies or to break;
Described second porous resistance to deformation plate is fixed between No. two seawater chambeies and fresh water chamber, consumes static pressure to prevent it from moving under No. two seawater chamber maritime interior waters effects, thus ensures that the static pressure provided by concentration difference power unit all acts on sea water desaltination.
5. a kind of sea water desalinating plant based on the infiltration and counter-infiltration of pressure retardation as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that, a described seawater chamber, described concentrated seawater chamber and described No. two seawater chambeies are all provided with pipeline on two relative walls of respective chamber, and the pipeline of relative two walls is separately installed with inlet valve, outlet valve, to be respectively used to the inlet and outlet of seawater, described fresh water chamber is only provided with pipeline at an one wall, and this pipeline is provided with outlet valve, for the discharge of the fresh water that sea water desaltination obtains.
6. a seawater desalination system, it comprises at least 2 sea water desalinating plants as described in one of claim 1-5 and mutually connects, wherein, described in the pipeline communication upper level at the inlet valve place, No. two seawater chambeies of the device described in next stage that series connection is formed, the pipeline at the outlet valve place, fresh water chamber of device, obtains the higher fresh water of purity for carrying out multistage seawater desalting.
7. application device as described in one of claim 1-6 carries out the method for sea water desaltination.
8. the method for a kind of sea water desaltination as claimed in claim 7, it is characterized in that, when carrying out sea water desaltination, seawater, concentrated seawater and brackish water is filled with respectively in a seawater chamber of described device, concentrated seawater chamber and No. two seawater chambeies, described concentrated seawater solute concentration is greater than described seawater, and described brackish water solute concentration is less than described seawater.
9. the method for a kind of sea water desaltination as claimed in claim 7 or 8, is characterized in that, when carrying out sea water desaltination, the permeable pressure head that described seawater and concentrated seawater are formed is greater than the permeable pressure head formed between the fresh water that obtains in described brackish water and described fresh water chamber.
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| CN106745516A (en) * | 2016-11-25 | 2017-05-31 | 浙江斯科能科技股份有限公司 | A kind of method for desalting seawater |
| CN106745518B (en) * | 2016-12-14 | 2023-07-04 | 华中科技大学 | Double-stroke sea water desalting device based on pressure delay permeation and reverse osmosis |
| CN106587270A (en) * | 2017-02-06 | 2017-04-26 | 浙江斯科能科技股份有限公司 | Method for desalination of seawater by using seawater pressure |
| CN109293086B (en) * | 2018-10-17 | 2021-08-24 | 倍杰特集团股份有限公司 | High-frequency concentrated water treatment system for quality-divided salt |
| CL2019000147A1 (en) | 2019-01-18 | 2019-04-26 | Investig Forestales Bioforest S A | Industrial saline gradient battery and associated method. |
| IL265245B2 (en) * | 2019-03-08 | 2023-06-01 | Ide Technologies Ltd | Method and apparatus for improving water distribution |
| CN113804677A (en) * | 2021-09-16 | 2021-12-17 | 杨兴红 | Rapid detection kit for pH of aquaculture water |
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