CN104094035A - 用于压缩天然气的储存和运输的分层可检查的压力容器 - Google Patents

用于压缩天然气的储存和运输的分层可检查的压力容器 Download PDF

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CN104094035A
CN104094035A CN201180076331.8A CN201180076331A CN104094035A CN 104094035 A CN104094035 A CN 104094035A CN 201180076331 A CN201180076331 A CN 201180076331A CN 104094035 A CN104094035 A CN 104094035A
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container
checkable
pressurized container
composite bed
pressurized
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F·内蒂斯
P·雷东迪
V·N·托马瑟利
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Blue Wave Co SA
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Blue Wave Co SA
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17CVESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C1/00Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
    • F17C1/002Storage in barges or on ships
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17CVESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C1/00Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
    • F17C1/02Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge involving reinforcing arrangements
    • F17C1/04Protecting sheathings
    • F17C1/06Protecting sheathings built-up from wound-on bands or filamentary material, e.g. wires
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17CVESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/01Shape
    • F17C2201/0104Shape cylindrical
    • F17C2201/0109Shape cylindrical with exteriorly curved end-piece
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17CVESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/03Orientation
    • F17C2201/032Orientation with substantially vertical main axis
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    • F17C2201/054Size medium (>1 m3)
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    • F17C2205/01Mounting arrangements
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Abstract

一种用于容纳CNG等流体的可检查的压力容器(10),所述容器具有:在其大部分长度上的通常圆柱形形状;至少一个开口,用于气体加载和卸载以及用于液体排空;至少一个不锈钢层,作为用于在所述流体容纳在所述容器中时与所述流体接触的第一层(100),所述第一层由低碳不锈钢制成;以及进一步的外部复合层(200),由至少一个纤维基增强聚合物层组成且在所述流体容纳在所述容器内时不与所述流体接触。

Description

用于压缩天然气的储存和运输的分层可检查的压力容器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于CNG(压缩天然气)、更具体地说用于海上运输的压力容器。
背景技术
在CNG运输领域中不断增加的容量和效率需求以及因此钢瓶的普通使用会引起开发具有较厚结构的钢瓶,所述具有较厚结构的钢瓶通常产生笨重的装置或具有较低的运输气体与容纳系统的质量比的装置。这种影响可以通过使用例如复合结构等高级且较轻的材料来克服。毕竟,航海船只具有基于运载工具浮力的承载极限,而容器的物理重量,即,容器的“空载”重量占据大部分该承载容量。
因此一些现有的解决方案已使用复合结构来降低装置的重量,但是例如,由于所使用材料的局限性,因此复合结构的尺寸和构造未得到最优化。例如,使用小钢瓶或非传统形状的容器就运输的气体而言通常会导致较低的效率(较小容器可能导致较高的未占据的空间比),并且使得更加难以检查容器的内部。此外,使用用于仅覆盖容器的圆柱形部分而不是容器两端的局部包封(例如,环形包封的钢瓶)会导致存在于容器的包封部分与容器的末端之间的仅暴露金属壳的界面。那样也可能导致腐蚀等问题。
而且,连续结构件部分中的材料之间的过渡通常构成较弱区域,因此在该点中更可能出现故障。
本发明设法提供一种压力容器的替代设计。
发明内容
根据本发明,提供一种用于容纳流体的可检查的压力容器,所述容器具有:在其大部分长度上的通常圆柱形形状;以及至少一个不锈钢层,作为用于在流体容纳在容器中时与流体接触的第一层,所述第一层由低碳不锈钢制成;以及进一步的外部复合层,由至少一个纤维基增强聚合物层组成且在流体容纳在容器中时不与流体接触。
容器可以具有用于气体加载和卸载以及用于液体排空的开口。优选地,所述开口位于容器的底部。优选地,所述容器是竖直站立的,以使其圆柱形部分基本上是竖直的。
优选地,容器的一端具有用于允许内部检查的呈人孔形式的可闭合开口以及用于允许所述开口的密封闭合的闭合装置。优选地,所述人孔位于容器的顶部。所述人孔可以是24英寸(60厘米)的人孔或等效物,用于允许(例如)通过人爬进容器中进行内部检查。
多个可检查的压力容器(10)可以布置在模块或隔室中,并且所述压力容器可以互连用于加载和卸载操作。
优选地,所述容器都具有相同高度。然而,一些容器可能具有不同高度以适应可变的底板条件,例如,一种船只的船体的曲率。
优选地,所述容器或模块或容纳装置安装在船只或例如车辆或火车等某种其他形式的输送装置上。
本发明的其他优选的和非必需的特征在随附的附属权利要求中陈述。
附图说明
现在将参考附图仅通过实例描述本发明的这些和其他特征,其中:
图1是示出根据本发明的压力容器的示意图;
图2是示意性地示出根据本发明的压力容器的分层组成的部分截面视图;
图3是示出布置在模块中的根据本发明的容器之间的互连管道的示意性透视图;
图4是示出在模块内排列的容器之间的互连管道的示意侧视图;
图5是示出在模块内排列的容器之间的互连管道的示意俯视图;
图7示意性地示出通过船体的截面,其示出并排布置的两个模块;以及
图8示意性地示出顶侧管道系统的更多细节图。
具体实施方式
在这些实施例中提及并且在图1和图2中作为实例示出的压力容器(10)由具有外部复合层(200)的内部金属衬里组成,所述内部金属衬里用作能够液压或流体容纳诸如CNG(20)(压缩天然气)等原料气体的至少一个第一层(100)。
作为第一层(100)的所述金属衬里不需要以用以在CNG(20)运输过程(尤其例如,在海上或航海运输过程中,或在加载和卸载阶段过程中)中提供结构目标的形式来提供。然而,优选的是所述金属衬里应该至少是耐蚀的。此外,优选的是所述金属衬里能够运载未经处理或未经加工的气体。因此,优选材料是不锈钢或某种其他金属合金。
此结构还使罐能够运载其他气体,例如,具有高达14%摩尔的二氧化碳容许量、高达1.5%摩尔的硫化氢容许量的天然气(甲烷)或氢气和二氧化碳气体。然而,优选的用途是CNG运输。
CNG可以包含具有可变混合物比率的多种潜在组成部分,一些呈气相并且另一些呈液相,或气相和液相的混合。那些组成部分典型地包括以下化合物中的一者或多者:C2H6、C3H8、C4H10、C5H12、C6H14、C7H16、C8H18、C9+碳氢化合物、CO2和H2S,可能加上液态的甲苯、柴油和辛烷。
不锈钢优选地是奥氏体不锈钢,例如,AISI304、314、316或316L(具有低碳百分比)。在使用某种其他金属合金的情况下,优选地使用镍基合金或铝基合金,例如,具有防腐蚀性的合金。
形成第一层(100)的金属衬里优选地仅需要强度足以承受由容器的制造过程产生的应力,从而自身不会坍塌,例如在纤维缠绕过程中强加于其上的那些应力。这是因为在CNG(20)的加压运输过程中结构支承将替代地由外部复合层(200)提供。
使用至少一个纤维层的外部复合层(200)是一种纤维增强聚合物。所述复合层可以是基于玻璃的,或是基于碳/石墨的,或是基于芳族聚酸胺纤维的,或是例如基于以上项的组合的。所述外部复合层用作一种增强件,其完全包封压力容器(10),包含容器末端(11、12),并且在服务过程中提供所述容器的结构强度。在玻璃纤维的情况下,优选地(但不限于)使用E型玻璃或S型玻璃纤维。然而优选地,玻璃纤维具有1,500MPa或更高的建议抗拉强度和/或70GPa或更高的建议杨氏模量。在碳纤维的情况下,优选地(但不限于)使用碳纱线,其优选地具有3,200MPa或更高的抗拉强度和/或230GPa或更高的杨氏模量。优选地,每根纱线存在12,000、24,000或48,000根单纤维。
复合材料基体优选地是热固性聚合物树脂或热塑性聚合物树脂。如果是热固树脂,则其可以是环氧基树脂。
所述金属衬里(第一层(100))上方的外部复合层(200)的制造优选地涉及一种缠绕技术。就生产时间而言,这可以潜在地提供较高效率。此外,所述缠绕技术可以在纤维的定向上提供较高精确度。此外,其可以提供良好的质量再现性。
增强纤维优选地用反张力缠绕在心轴上。所述心轴通常是衬里。因此所述衬里构成此技术的阳模。通常在纤维已预先浸渍在树脂中之后进行缠绕。因此,浸渍纤维优选地在所述金属衬里上方分层沉积,直到达到给定直径的所希望厚度为止。例如,对于6m的直径,碳基复合材料所希望的厚度可以是约350mm或玻璃基复合材料所希望的厚度可以是约650mm。
由于本发明优选地涉及一种基本上完全缠绕的压力容器(10),因此用于纤维的多轴十字头优选地用于制造过程中。
所述过程优选地包含用结构外部复合层(200)覆盖压力容器(10)的大部分末端(11、12)。
在使用热固性树脂的情况下,可以在纤维沉积之前使用浸渍篮,用于在将纤维实际上缠绕在金属衬里(100)周围之前浸渍所述纤维。
在使用热塑性树脂的情况下,可以在纤维沉积之前加热所述树脂,以便在树脂刚好到达心轴之前熔化所述树脂,或者在纤维作为复合材料沉积在金属衬里上之前用热塑性树脂浸渍所述纤维。在沉积纤维之前再次加热树脂,以便在纤维和树脂复合物刚好到达金属衬里(100)之前熔化所述树脂。
压力容器(10)配备有用于气体加载和卸载以及用于液体排空的开口(120)(此处配备有帽盖或连接器)。所述开口设置于底端12处并且其可以是用于连接到管道系统上的12英寸(30cm)的开口。
所述容器还在顶端(11)处具有开口31并且所述开口呈人孔(30)的形式。优选地,所述开口至少是18英寸(45cm)宽的出入人孔,例如,具有可密封盖的出入人孔(或更优选地是24英寸(60cm)的人孔)。优选地,其满足ASME标准。所述人孔配备有闭合装置(31),从而允许例如通过用插销固定所述闭合装置来密封闭合所述开口。所述人孔允许例如通过人爬进容器中而进行容器的内部检查。
现在参考图3,多个压力容器(10)布置在船体(参见图6)中处于模块或隔室40中,并且这些压力容器可以例如经由管道系统61互连,例如用于加载和卸载操作。
在优选的构造中,模块或隔室40具有四个边缘(即,它们是四边形的)并且容纳多个容器10。所选择的容器的数目将取决于容器直径或形状以及模块或隔室40的尺寸。此外,模块或隔室的数目将取决于用于容纳所述模块或隔室40的船体的结构限制。所有模块或隔室的尺寸或形状没有必要相同,并且同样地这些模块或隔室不需要容纳相同尺寸或形状的压力容器或相同数目的压力容器。
容器10可以处于模块或隔室内的规则阵列中,在所说明的实施例中为4x7阵列。不管在相同模块(即,具有不同尺寸的压力容器)或在不同尺寸的模块中,也预期其他阵列尺寸,并且布置可以选择或设计成恰当地配合在船体中。
出于外部检查能力的原因,优选地模块或隔室内的压力容器行之间的距离至少为380mm,或更优选地至少600mm,并且在加载加压气体时允许容器膨胀的空间,在加载气体时容器的体积可能膨胀2%或更多(并且环境温度的变化也会引起容器体积变化)。
同样出于外部检查能力的原因,和/或为了允许容器膨胀,优选地模块或隔室之间或外部容器(10A)与模块或隔室(40)的壁或边界(40A)之间,或邻近的模块或隔室(40)的相邻外部容器(例如,其中没有物理壁分离邻近的模块或隔室(40))之间的距离至少为600mm,或更优选地至少1米。
每个压力容器行(或列)用用于加载和卸载操作的管道系统60互连。管道60被示为连接在容器10的底部。其可以设置在其他地方,但是优选地设置在底部。
在优选布置中,管道经由12英寸(30cm)的开口120连接在容器10的底部。所述连接是连接到总集管上并且优选地通过电动阀连接。在图3至图7中通过实例示意性地示出管道。
所述总集管可以由多种不同的压力层级构成,例如,其中三个(高-例如,250巴、中-例如,150巴以及低-例如,90巴)加上一个吹除集管和一个用于惰化目的的氮气集管。
容器10优选地垂直安装在(例如)专用支架或托架上,或通过捆扎在适当位置垂直地安装。所述支架(未图示)固持所述容器10,以避免容器相对于彼此的水平移位。夹具、托架或其他常规的压力容器保持系统可以用于此目的,例如,固定每个容器的主要圆柱体的环或带。
所述支架可以设计成适应容器膨胀,例如,通过具有一些弹性。
已发现垂直安装的容器在后面的由于船运动所致的动态加载中具有较少临界性,并且可以使在这些容器可以从中取出的模块或隔室中的单个容器可能更容易地移位,而不需要首先从上方移开其他容器。此布置还潜在地使得安装时间更短。将容器安装在垂直位置也使冷凝液体能够在重力影响下落到底部,由此可从容器中卸载,例如,使用每个容器(10)的底部(12)处的12英寸的开口(120)。
气体的卸载通常也从容器10的底部进行。
在大部分管道和阀60朝向模块的底部/容器的底部定位的情况下,这也将重心定位在推荐的或优选的较低位置,尤其用于改善在海上或在气体运输期间的稳定性。
模块或隔室40可以保持在具有存在于容器(10)与模块的壁(40A)之间的氮气的受控环境中,由此有助于防止火灾发生或火灾隐患。或者,发动机废气由于其成分富含CO2,因此可以用于此种惰化功能。
单个容器10尺寸的最大化,例如,通过使容器直径多达6m和/或长度长达30m,会减少用于容纳相同总体积所需的容器总数。此外,其用以减少连接以及管道间复杂度。这进而会减少通常出现在较弱位置(例如,焊接点、接合点以及歧管)中的可能泄漏点的数目。优选的布置需要至少2m的直径。
通过使用用于气体储存的相同概念的互连,可以留出一个专用模块用于液体储存(冷凝物)。因此所述模块潜在地全部连接在一起,以允许此类液体从其他模块(40)分布到专用模块——船只通常具有多个模块。
进出气体储存管道例如通过阀歧管与计量、加热和吹除系统以及清扫系统相连接。所述进出气体储存管道可以由分布式控制系统(DCS)远程激活。
管道直径优选地如下:
18英寸。用于专用于CNG加载/卸载的三个总集管(低压、中压以及高压)。
24英寸。用于吹除CNG管路。
6英寸。用于将惰性气体馈送到模块的管道。
10英寸。用于吹除惰性气体管路。
10英寸。用于专用于可能的液体加载/卸载的管道。
如国际规程、标准和规则所预期,所有模块通常配备有足够的灭火系统。
运输的CNG通常处于超过60巴的压力下,并且可能超过100巴、150巴、200巴或250巴,并且可能在300巴或350巴达到峰值。
本文所述的压力容器可以运载多种气体,例如,直接来自钻井的原料气体,包含原料天然气,例如当压缩时的原料CNG或RCNG,或H2,或CO2,或处理后的天然气(甲烷),或原料或经部分加工的天然气,例如,具有高达14%摩尔的CO2容许量、高达1,000ppm的H2S容许量,或H2和CO2气体杂质,或其他杂质或腐蚀性的物质。然而,优选的用途是CNG运输,即,所述CNG是经处理达到可递送给终端用户(例如,商业、工业或住宅)的标准的原料CNG、经部分加工的CNG或纯净的CNG。
CNG可以包含具有可变混合物比率的多种潜在组成部分,一些呈气相并且另一些呈液相,或气相和液相的混合。那些组成部分通常包括以下化合物中的一者或多者:C2H6、C3H8、C4H10、C5H12、C6H14、C7H16、C8H18、C9+碳氢化合物、CO2和H2S,加上可能的液态甲苯、柴油和辛烷,以及其他杂质/物质。
本发明仅通过实例的方式在上文中进行描述。在随附的权利要求书的范围内可以对本发明做出细节上的修改。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于容纳流体的可检查的压力容器(10),所述容器具有:在所述容器大部分长度上的大致圆柱形形状;至少一个开口,用于气体加载和卸载以及用于液体排空;至少一个不锈钢层,作为用于在所述流体容纳在所述容器中时与所述流体接触的第一层(100),所述第一层由低碳不锈钢制成;以及进一步的外部复合层(200),所述外部复合层由至少一个纤维基增强聚合物层制成且在所述流体容纳在所述容器中时不与所述流体接触。
2.根据权利要求1所述的可检查的压力容器(10),其特征在于,所述容器的一个末端具有:呈人孔形式的可闭合开口,用于允许内部检查;以及闭合装置,用于允许所述开口的密封闭合。
3.根据权利要求1所述的可检查的压力容器(10),其特征在于,所述外部复合层(200)在所述压力容器(10)的所述圆柱形形状以及基本上整个末端部分上延伸,从而基本上完全覆盖所述压力容器(10)。
4.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的可检查的压力容器(10),其特征在于,所述外部复合层与围绕所述容器的外部环境接触。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的可检查的压力容器(10),所述容器(10)用于CNG储存和运输。
6.根据权利要求5所述的可检查的压力容器(10),所述容器(10)容纳CNG。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的可检查的压力容器(10),其特征在于,所述外部复合层(200)是基于玻璃纤维和环氧树脂。
8.根据权利要求1至6中任一权利要求所述的可检查的压力容器(10),其特征在于,所述外部复合层(200)是基于碳纤维和环氧树脂。
9.根据权利要求1至6中任一权利要求所述的可检查的压力容器(10),其特征在于,所述外部复合层(200)是基于石墨纤维和环氧树脂。
10.根据权利要求7所述的可检查的压力容器(10),其特征在于,所述外部复合层(200)具有极限强度为至少1,500MPa以及杨氏模量为至少70GPa的玻璃纤维。
11.根据权利要求8所述的可检查的压力容器(10),其特征在于,所述外部复合层(200)具有呈碳纱线形式的强度为至少3,200MPa以及杨氏模量为至少230GPa的碳纤维,其中每根纱线具有至少12,000至48,000根单纤维。
12.一种模块或隔室,其包括多个根据前述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的可检查的压力容器(10),其中,所述压力容器布置在所述模块或所述隔室中并且所述压力容器互连用于加载和卸载操作。
13.一种包括根据权利要求12所述的模块或隔室的运输装置。
14.一种包括多个根据权利要求12所述的模块或隔室的运输装置。
15.根据权利要求13或权利要求14所述的运输装置,其中,所述运输装置是船只。
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AP2014007746A0 (en) 2014-07-31
EP2788650A1 (en) 2014-10-15
US20150069071A1 (en) 2015-03-12
KR20140116088A (ko) 2014-10-01
EA201491111A1 (ru) 2015-01-30
WO2013083161A1 (en) 2013-06-13

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Application publication date: 20141008