CN104046339A - Drilling fluid for reducing formation damage, and drilling fluid used in coal-bed gas development drilling - Google Patents

Drilling fluid for reducing formation damage, and drilling fluid used in coal-bed gas development drilling Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104046339A
CN104046339A CN201410242884.1A CN201410242884A CN104046339A CN 104046339 A CN104046339 A CN 104046339A CN 201410242884 A CN201410242884 A CN 201410242884A CN 104046339 A CN104046339 A CN 104046339A
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drilling fluid
drilling
unit
water
masses
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CN104046339B (en
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毛志新
张太亮
全红平
彭宏钊
陈东
邓钧耀
纪元
张毅
田天
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Southwest Petroleum University
China United Coalbed Methane Corp Ltd
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Southwest Petroleum University
China United Coalbed Methane Corp Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/02Well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/04Aqueous well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/14Clay-containing compositions
    • C09K8/18Clay-containing compositions characterised by the organic compounds
    • C09K8/22Synthetic organic compounds

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a drilling fluid for reducing formation damage, and a drilling fluid used in coal-bed gas development drilling. The drilling fluid for reducing formation damage comprises, by mass, 100 parts of freshwater, 1.5-4.5 parts of a fluid loss additive, 1 part of an anti-sloughing agent, 2 parts of polymeric alcohol, 1.5 parts of inorganic sodium bentonite, 1 part of a fluorocarbon surfactant and 3 parts of an inorganic base. The drilling fluid can effectively reduce the surface tension of a reservoir liquid in order to generate wetting or dewetting, and can also reduce the capillary resistance of the reservoir in order to greatly reduce the water block effect generated in the drilling process. The drilling fluid is especially suitable for being used in the coal-bed gas development drilling.

Description

The drilling fluid using in the drilling fluid of reduction formation damage and cbm development drilling well
Technical field
The present invention relates to the drilling well field in cbm development, the drilling fluid particularly using in a kind of drilling fluid that reduces bottom injury and cbm development.
Background technology
Drilling fluid is in drilling process, the circulation flushing medium using in hole.Drilling fluid is the blood of drilling well, claims again drilling fluid.Drilling fluid can be divided into clear water, mud, free clay phase washing fluid, milk sap, foam and pressurized air etc. by moiety.Clear water is the drilling fluid using the earliest, without processing, easy to use, the area that is applicable to complete rock stratum and has abundant water resources.Mud is widely used drilling fluid, is mainly applicable to loose, cranny development, easily cave in piece, water-swellable such as peels off at the hole wall unstable formation.
The effect of drilling fluid has: cutting carring, at the bottom of clear well; Cooling and Lubricator drill bit and drill string; Balance rock of borehole wall pressure, forms filter cake at the borehole wall, sealing and stabilizing borehole; Suspension landwaste and weighting agent; Balance (control) reservoir pressure; Can sink on ground except sand and landwaste; Effectively transmit effective power; The great mass of data of drilled strata is provided; Bear the part gravity of drilling rod and sleeve pipe; Hydrofracture rock.
According to the difference of base fluid and main treatment agent, drilling fluid can be divided into oil base drilling fluid, water-base drilling fluid, and gas drilling fluid etc., relatively more conventional is first two.Drilling fluid is mainly made up of liquid phase, solid phase and chemical processing agent.Liquid phase can be water (fresh water, salt solution), oil (crude oil, diesel oil) or milk sap (contaminated product emulsion and rp-emulsification liquid).Solid phase includes by solid phase (wilkinite, high-density weighting material) and useless solid phase (rock).Chemical processing agent comprises inorganic, organic and macromolecular compound.
Water-base drilling fluid is a kind of taking water as dispersion medium, the colloidal sol suspensoid mixed system taking clay (wilkinite), weighting agent and various chemical processing agent as disperse phase.Its chief component is water, clay, weighting agent and various chemical processing agent.It is in actual applications always in occupation of dominant position.Its main system has dispersed drilling fluid, calcium treated drilling fluid, salt-water drilling fluid, polymer drilling fluid, positive colloid drilling fluid and high temperature resistance phreatic water base drilling fluid.
Oil external phase drilling fluid (custom is called oil base drilling fluid) is a kind of taking oil (being mainly diesel oil or crude oil) as dispersion medium, the colloidal sol suspension mixed system taking weighting agent, various chemical processing agent and water etc. as disperse phase.Its chief component is crude oil, diesel oil, weighting agent, chemical processing agent and water etc.It has experienced the three phases such as crude oil drilling fluid, oil base drilling fluid, invert mud substantially.
Water lock effect is in the process in producing oil gas field, when the outside fluid such as drilling fluid, well finishing liquid is invaded after reservoir, and the phenomenon that causes nearly borehole wall place oil gas phase permeability to reduce.Water lock effect is also more common in CBM Drilling, in a series of processes of drilling well all in various degree there is water lock effect, cause oil well, the gas well underproduction even to stop production.Therefore, find the influence factor of water lock effect, and suppress and remove the method for water blocking damage, for improving the significant of cbm development effect.
The approach that solves water lock effect in prior art mainly contains following several:
The one, note nitrogen, nitrogen can enter the inaccessiable hypotonic location of water, the crude oil body in bound state of hypotonic band can be become can be mobile crude oil, produce " extracting " or " carrying " effect for crude oil.
The 2nd, waterfrac treatment, this method can reduce into the flow pressure drop on well stratum, expands and effectively flows into scope, allows gas well keep higher bottomhole wellbore pressure to produce, and postpones near the gathering of the condensed liquid of well.The method can efficient solution be removed water blocking damage, but cost is higher.
The 3rd, preheating stratum, this method is through a kind of special shaft bottom transmission oil tube heating instrument injecting gas, carrys out thus immediate vicinity of wellbore, direct heating shaft bottom destination layer.Thereby make near temperature pit shaft reach 500 DEG C, thereby make reverse osmosis water suction supercritical extraction.
The 4th, note mixed phase water solvent, the mechanism of this technique is: in the time that temperature is less than hydrocarbon-bearing pool temperature, inject mixed phase water solvent to immediate vicinity of wellbore, then stewing well for some time, in the time that nearly well temperature is identical with hydrocarbon-bearing pool temperature, open oil well, the pressure now discharging can, to solvent and water generates flash distillation effect, be removed irreducible water, thereby has reduced water lock effect.
Utilize aforesaid method of the prior art to solve water lock effect and have high cost or the undesirable problem of effect.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of drilling fluid that reduces formation damage, in prior art, solve high cost or the undesirable problem of effect that the method for water lock effect exists to solve.
For achieving the above object, technical scheme of the present invention is achieved in that
The invention provides a kind of drilling fluid that reduces formation damage, described drilling fluid comprises:
Inorganic sodium bentonite, the fluorocarbon surfactant of 1 unit mass and the mineral alkali of 3 unit masses of the anti-sloughing agent of the fresh water of 100 unit masses, the fluid loss agent of 1.5~4.5 unit masses, 1 unit mass, the polymeric alcohol of 2 unit masses, 1.5 unit masses.
Alternatively, the fluid loss agent of described 1.5~4.5 unit masses is the mixture of vinylformic acid, acrylamide and the 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro panesulfonic acid terpolymer of 1~2.5 unit mass and the Polyanionic Cellulose of 0.5~2 unit mass.
Alternatively, described fresh water is the natural fresh water of sodium-chlor salinity lower than 10000mg/L.
Alternatively, described anti-sloughing agent is emulsified bitumen, Repone K or ammonium chloride.
Alternatively, described polymeric alcohol is polyoxyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol.
Alternatively, described mineral alkali is sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide.
Alternatively, described drilling fluid also comprises: the cetyl trimethylammonium bromide of 1 unit mass.
The present invention also provides the drilling fluid using in a kind of cbm development drilling well, and the drilling fluid using in this cbm development drilling well is above-mentioned any one drilling fluid.
From above-mentioned, this fresh water that comprises 100 unit masses of the present invention, the fluid loss agent of 1.5~4.5 unit masses, the anti-sloughing agent of 1 unit mass, the polymeric alcohol of 2 unit masses, the inorganic sodium bentonite of 1.5 unit masses, the drilling fluid of the reduction formation damage of the mineral alkali of the fluorocarbon surfactant of 1 unit mass and 3 unit masses, can effectively reduce the surface tension of reservoir liquid, thereby produce wetting or dewetting, reduce the capillary resistance storing simultaneously, thereby greatly reduce the water lock effect that drilling process produces, and then the injury of reduction to bottom.And drilling fluid of the present invention is particluarly suitable for using in cbm development drilling well.
Embodiment
For making the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, below embodiment of the present invention is described further in detail.
Core concept of the present invention is, for existing drilling fluid because water lock is more serious to formation damage, the problem that zone permeability is reduced greatly, in drilling fluid, add tensio-active agent, thereby effectively reduce the surface tension of reservoir liquid, thereby produce wetting or dewetting, reduce the capillary resistance storing simultaneously, the finally solution lock that dewaters better, reduces the injury to stratum.
The feature of tensio-active agent is:
(1), a small amount of surface tension or interfacial tension that just can greatly reduce solution of adding, change interface state, make surface be active state, thereby produce wetting or dewetting.
(2), tensio-active agent is a kind of volatile polar material, can accelerate to invade the evaporation of liquid, this is conducive near wellbore formation stagnant liquid is driven away with evaporation mode, better the solution lock that dewaters.
The tensio-active agent adding in the drilling fluid of reduction formation damage of the present invention is fluorocarbon surfactant.Fluorocarbon surface tensio-active agent is the most important kind in special surface active agent the inside, in the hydrocarbon chain of finger hc-surfactant, hydrogen atom is replaced by fluorine atom in whole or in part, be that fluorocarbon chain has replaced hydrocarbon chain, therefore in tensio-active agent, nonpolar group not only has the performance of hydrophobic property but also unique oleophobic, and it can reduce significantly with extremely low concentration the surface tension of solvent.
After having added tensio-active agent, tensio-active agent can change interface state, makes surface be active state, thereby produces wetting or dewetting and solve the water lock problem that drilling process especially produces in cbm development drilling process.Meanwhile because reservoir especially the pore constriction diameter of coalbed methane reservoir is very little, its capillary resistance is just very large, adding of tensio-active agent reduced interfacial tension, thereby reduces capillary resistance.And tensio-active agent is a kind of polar material, so just accelerate to invade the evaporation of liquid, this is conducive near wellbore formation stagnant liquid is driven away with evaporation mode, better the solution lock that dewaters.Because tensio-active agent has above distinctive character, make the interfacial tension lowering of gas phase and liquid phase, improve gas phase relative permeability, reduce thereby make to overcome the required trigger pressure of water lock effect in gas production process.
Further, in drilling fluid of the present invention, in adding fluorocarbon surfactant, can add a certain amount of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide is a kind of cats product, add cetyl trimethylammonium bromide can reduce the consumption of fluorocarbon surfactant, save cost.Do not affect the effect that reduces stratum surface tension of liquid simultaneously.And add cetyl trimethylammonium bromide can make the caving-preventing characteristic of drilling fluid of the present invention obviously increase.
The drilling fluid of reduction formation damage of the present invention comprises: inorganic sodium bentonite, the fluorocarbon surfactant of 1 unit mass and the mineral alkali of 3 unit masses of the anti-sloughing agent of the fresh water of 100 unit masses, the fluid loss agent of 1.5~4.5 unit masses, 1 unit mass, the polymeric alcohol of 2 unit masses, 1.5 unit masses.
In the drilling fluid of the embodiment of the present invention, fluid loss agent can only use the one in vinylformic acid, acrylamide and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro panesulfonic acid terpolymer or Polyanionic Cellulose, but better to fall filtration effect in order obtaining, preferably vinylformic acid, acrylamide and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro panesulfonic acid terpolymer and Polyanionic Cellulose to be mixed to use.Certainly, use routine outside vinylformic acid, acrylamide and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro panesulfonic acid terpolymer and Polyanionic Cellulose to fall leak-off and also can solve the technical problem to be solved in the present invention.
Due to the easy polluted water base drilling fluid of high salinity of the fresh water that uses of preparation drilling fluid, when maintenance is dealt with improperly, can cause the generation of down hole problem, increase drilling expense, and when the fresh water salinity of preparation drilling fluid is when higher, bore before meeting mud making formation and also will adjust property of drilling fluid.Therefore,, in the drilling fluid of the embodiment of the present invention, for the drilling fluid that makes preparation reaches better technique effect, the fresh water that preparation drilling fluid uses preferably adopts the natural fresh water of sodium-chlor salinity lower than 10000mg/L.
In the drilling fluid of the embodiment of the present invention, anti-sloughing agent can adopt emulsified bitumen, Repone K or ammonium chloride.
In the drilling fluid of the embodiment of the present invention, polymeric alcohol can adopt polyoxyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol.
In the drilling fluid of the embodiment of the present invention, mineral alkali can adopt sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide.
Especially, drilling fluid of the present invention is particularly suitable for using in cbm development drilling well.
In order to check the performance of drilling fluid of the present invention, contriver prepared drilling fluid of the present invention following five embodiment drilling fluid and carried out Performance Detection experiment.
The experimental technique using in the following example if no special instructions, is ordinary method.
Material reagent used in the following example etc., if no special instructions, all can obtain from commercial channels.
Embodiment 1
Formula is: fresh water 800g, vinylformic acid, acrylamide and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro panesulfonic acid terpolymer (calling HYJ-1 in the following text) 8g, Polyanionic Cellulose (calling PAC-LV in the following text) 4g, emulsified bitumen 8g, polyoxyethylene glycol 16g, inorganic sodium bentonite 12g, fluorocarbon surfactant 8g, sodium carbonate 24g.The quality proportioning of each component is water: HYJ-1:PAC-LV: emulsified bitumen: polyoxyethylene glycol: inorganic sodium bentonite: fluorocarbon surfactant: sodium carbonate=100:1:0.5:1:2:1.5:1:3.
Embodiment 2
Formula is: fresh water 800g, HYJ-18g, PAC-LV16g, emulsified bitumen 8g, polyoxyethylene glycol 16g, inorganic sodium bentonite 12g, fluorocarbon surfactant 8g, sodium carbonate 24g.The quality proportioning of each component is water: HYJ-1:PAC-LV: emulsified bitumen: polyoxyethylene glycol: inorganic sodium bentonite: fluorocarbon surfactant: sodium carbonate=100:1:2:1:2:1.5:1:3.
Embodiment 3
Formula is: fresh water 800g, HYJ-120g, PAC-LV4g, emulsified bitumen 8g, polyoxyethylene glycol 16g, inorganic sodium bentonite 12g, fluorocarbon surfactant 8g, sodium carbonate 24g.The quality proportioning of each component is water: HYJ-1:PAC-LV: emulsified bitumen: polyoxyethylene glycol: inorganic sodium bentonite: fluorocarbon surfactant: sodium carbonate=100:2.5:0.5:1:2:1.5:1:3
Embodiment 4
Formula is: fresh water 800g, HYJ-120g, PAC-LV16g, emulsified bitumen 8g, polyoxyethylene glycol 16g, inorganic sodium bentonite 12g, fluorocarbon surfactant 8g, sodium carbonate 24g.The quality proportioning of each component is water: HYJ-1:PAC-LV: emulsified bitumen: polyoxyethylene glycol: inorganic sodium bentonite: fluorocarbon surfactant: sodium carbonate=100:2.5:2:1:2:1.5:1:3.
According to above-mentioned formula, under agitation condition, in fresh water, add successively HYJ-1, PAC-LV, emulsified bitumen, polyoxyethylene glycol, inorganic sodium bentonite, fluorocarbon surfactant, sodium carbonate, obtain the embodiment 1~4 of drilling fluid of the present invention.
In drilling fluid of the present invention, in the use of surfactant, when adding fluorocarbon surfactant, can add a certain amount of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide.Taking above-described embodiment 1 as example, on the basis of embodiment 1, add a certain amount of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, obtain embodiment 5.
Embodiment 5
Formula is: fresh water 800g, HYJ-18g, PAC-LV4g, emulsified bitumen 8g, polyoxyethylene glycol 16g, inorganic sodium bentonite 12g, fluorocarbon surfactant 8g, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide 8g, sodium carbonate 24g.The quality proportioning of each component is water: HYJ-1:PAC-LV: emulsified bitumen: polyoxyethylene glycol: inorganic sodium bentonite: fluorocarbon surfactant: cetyl trimethylammonium bromide: sodium carbonate=100:1:0.5:1:2:1.5:1:1:3.
According to the formula of embodiment 5, under agitation condition, in fresh water, add successively HYJ-1, PAC-LV, emulsified bitumen, polyoxyethylene glycol, inorganic sodium bentonite, fluorocarbon surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, sodium carbonate, obtain the embodiment 5 of drilling fluid of the present invention.
In drilling fluid composition of the present invention, the emulsified bitumen in above-mentioned five embodiment can also replace with Repone K or ammonium chloride; Polyoxyethylene glycol in above-mentioned five embodiment can also replace with polyvinyl alcohol; Sodium carbonate in above-mentioned five embodiment can also replace with sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide.
In order to illustrate that drilling fluid composition of the present invention reduces the capillary technique effect of drilling fluid, replace the fluorocarbon surfactant in embodiment 1 to obtain comparative formula 1 with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide below, and the performance of above-mentioned five embodiment and comparative formula 1 is contrasted.
Comparative formula 1, filling a prescription is: fresh water 800g, HYJ-18g, PAC-LV4g, emulsified bitumen 8g, polyoxyethylene glycol 16g, inorganic sodium bentonite 12g, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide 8g, sodium carbonate 24g.The quality proportioning of each component is water: HYJ-1:PAC-LV: emulsified bitumen: polyoxyethylene glycol: inorganic sodium bentonite: cetyl trimethylammonium bromide: sodium carbonate=100:1:0.5:1:2:1.5:1:3.
According to the formula of comparative formula 1, under agitation condition, in fresh water, add successively HYJ-1, PAC-LV, emulsified bitumen, polyoxyethylene glycol, inorganic sodium bentonite, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, sodium carbonate, obtain the drilling fluid of comparative formula 1.
Drilling fluid to above-described embodiment 1~5 and comparative formula 1 carries out performance test, and the index of test comprises:
(1) density, surveys the special liquidensitometer of density with drilling fluid and measures.
(2) apparent viscosity, measuring method is: sample is poured in container, made rotating cylinder just be immersed into scale marks, open instrument, after reading is constant, record respectively the reading value of rotating speed in the time of 600rpm and 300rpm.
(3) pH value, measuring method: dip drilling well drop on pH test paper, reference standard color range reading with clean glass stick.
(4) API filtration, measuring method: drilling fluid is placed in to slurry cup, packs filter paper into, be inverted on filter press, open respectively nitrogen and cut down, the reading while recording its 7.5min and 30min.
(5) surface tension, measuring method: collect and measure gained filtrate when API filtration, place it in and record its tension force under surface tension instrument.
The result of the performance test to above-mentioned six kinds of drilling fluids is referring to table 1.Table 1 is drilling fluid embodiment performance of the present invention and conventional drilling fluidity energy contrast table.
Table 1
Test result from table 1 can be found out, drilling fluid of the present invention not only meets the requirement of wellbore construction to drilling fluid properties, and obviously more on the low side than conventional drilling liquid in this performance of surface tension, surface tension on the low side can effectively alleviate the water lock that drilling process causes, thereby alleviates the injury of drilling process to stratum.
In sum, the invention provides a kind of drilling fluid that reduces formation damage, especially a kind of drilling fluid that is applicable to cbm development drilling well, drilling fluid of the present invention does not need special dosing apparatus, and preparation is simple.And density is easy to adjust, property of drilling fluid is easy to safeguard.
The foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, be not intended to limit protection scope of the present invention.All any amendments of doing within the spirit and principles in the present invention, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., be all included in protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. a drilling fluid that reduces formation damage, is characterized in that,
Described drilling fluid comprises: inorganic sodium bentonite, the fluorocarbon surfactant of 1 unit mass and the mineral alkali of 3 unit masses of the anti-sloughing agent of the fresh water of 100 unit masses, the fluid loss agent of 1.5~4.5 unit masses, 1 unit mass, the polymeric alcohol of 2 unit masses, 1.5 unit masses.
2. drilling fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that,
The fluid loss agent of described 1.5~4.5 unit masses is the mixture of vinylformic acid, acrylamide and the 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro panesulfonic acid terpolymer of 1~2.5 unit mass and the Polyanionic Cellulose of 0.5~2 unit mass.
3. drilling fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that,
Described fresh water is the natural fresh water of sodium-chlor salinity lower than 10000mg/L.
4. drilling fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that,
Described anti-sloughing agent is emulsified bitumen, Repone K or ammonium chloride.
5. drilling fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that,
Described polymeric alcohol is polyoxyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol.
6. drilling fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that,
Described mineral alkali is sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide.
7. drilling fluid according to claim 1, is characterized in that, this drilling fluid also comprises:
The cetyl trimethylammonium bromide of 1 unit mass.
8. the drilling fluid using in cbm development drilling well, is characterized in that,
Described drilling fluid is the drilling fluid described in any one in claim 1-7.
CN201410242884.1A 2014-06-03 2014-06-03 Drilling fluid used in the drilling fluid of reduction formation damage and cbm development drilling well Active CN104046339B (en)

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CN107011192A (en) * 2017-04-22 2017-08-04 西南石油大学 A kind of overlength carbochain parents head base hydrophobic monomer and preparation method thereof
CN108756870A (en) * 2018-05-30 2018-11-06 中联煤层气有限责任公司 A kind of fracturing fluid in the coalbed methane injury performance and Injury Mechanism analysis method
CN110234729A (en) * 2017-02-03 2019-09-13 沙特阿拉伯石油公司 The composition and preparation method of shale inhibition liquid
CN113355068A (en) * 2021-07-23 2021-09-07 中煤科工集团重庆研究院有限公司 Coal mine underground strong-inhibition drilling fluid and use method thereof
CN114854378A (en) * 2022-04-21 2022-08-05 煤炭科学技术研究院有限公司 Degradable hole washing liquid additive for mines and preparation method and use method thereof

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CN104927804A (en) * 2015-05-06 2015-09-23 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 Heat resistance and salt tolerance polymer filtrate reducer and preparation method therefor
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CN108756870A (en) * 2018-05-30 2018-11-06 中联煤层气有限责任公司 A kind of fracturing fluid in the coalbed methane injury performance and Injury Mechanism analysis method
CN113355068A (en) * 2021-07-23 2021-09-07 中煤科工集团重庆研究院有限公司 Coal mine underground strong-inhibition drilling fluid and use method thereof
CN114854378A (en) * 2022-04-21 2022-08-05 煤炭科学技术研究院有限公司 Degradable hole washing liquid additive for mines and preparation method and use method thereof

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