CN104039388B - 用于眼睑刺激的系统和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种治疗面神经麻痹后的对象的眼睑睁开肌的过度活跃的系统和方法包括提供刺激系统,并且使用刺激系统,在基本上不激活眼睑闭合肌的情况下,有选择地刺激眼睑睁开肌或支配神经、眼睑睁开反射或非肌肉组织中的眼睑睁开反射。该系统和方法唤起对象的眼睑运动。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2011年12月14日提交的U.S.临时专利申请No.61/570,409的优先权,其全部内容在此引入以供参考。
技术领域
本发明通常涉及刺激方法和系统,并且更具体地说,本发明涉及眼睑刺激。
背景技术
有许多文章描述眼睑开闭机制以及所涉及的相关眼睑结构。例如,一篇文章描述了导致提肌的不自主收缩的缪勒氏肌的拉伸(K.Matsuo,OphthalPlastReconstrSurg,18(1),20021月,p.5-10)。另一篇文章描述了作为机械性刺激感受器,缪勒氏肌中的有髓鞘三叉神经本体感受神经纤维的精细分布来诱发提肌和额肌的非自主反射性收缩(S.Yuzuriha,K.Matsuo,C.Hirasawa,T.Moriizumi,JPlastReconstrAesthetSurg,62(11),200911月,p.1403-1410)。另一篇文章描述了提上睑肌的反射性收缩来通过附近缪勒氏肌(Muellermuscle)上的横向三叉神经本体感受神经不自主地维持有效眼睑缩回,以及其通过诱发肌电图的证实(R.Ban,K.Matsuo,Y.Osada,M.BanM,S.Yuzuriha,JPlastReconstrAesthetSurg,63(1),20101月,p.59-64)。另一篇文章描述了与提肌的不自主收缩有关的缪勒氏肌的传出和传入神经支配,这对避免眼睑手术期间受伤很重要(S.Yuzuriha,K.Matsuo,Y.Ishigaki,N.Kikuchi,K.Kawagishi,T.Moriizumi,BrJPlastSurg,58(1),20051月,p.42-52)。所有上述文章在此全部引入以供参考。
由导致周围面瘫的面神经的神经纤维及其细胞核的单侧损伤,可能引起眼睑开闭机制所面临的一些问题。在西欧和美国,面瘫的发生率为约20-35/100,000居民。由此,面瘫是常见疾病。在大多数情况下并且取决于原因,周围轻瘫显示出非退化性轻瘫(根据Seddon的神经失用症),使得80%的病例显示出神经在适当治疗下的再生。带中央面瘫的病例的95%显示出再生。在由神经纤维的毁坏引起的退化性轻瘫(轴突中断、神经断伤、根据Seddon的混合形式)的情况下,在痊愈后,观察到永久缺陷。
即使在神经的自发再生或神经横断以及通过神经移植的缺陷的桥接的情况下的最佳和广泛手术重构的情况下,也会观察到痊愈后的永久缺陷。即使在神经连续性的重构后,在损伤的位置,仍然观察到再生轴突的出芽。此时,直到肌肉的神经的整个受损伤部分的华勒变性(Walleriandegeneration)完成,直到仅邦氏带(Bungner’sbands)保留作为施旺(Schwann)细胞传导结构。具有其出芽轴突的再生神经元意外地生长到单个神经分支的这些带中并且指向周围面部表情肌。单个轴突死亡并且未达到周围,一些偶然地到达它们的原始目标肌,而其他的到达完全不同的目标肌。由于轴突侧支出芽,最常观察到的效果是同时出芽到若干目标肌,诸如图1A和图1B所示。
这在临床上导致若干目标肌的同时运动(称为联带运动的情形)。患者通常抱怨动嘴时,例如吃饭时不自主眼睑闭合。拮抗肌的同时运动导致自动麻痹(autoparalytic)综合症:肌力相互抵消,并且尽管神经支配,临床上未观察到运动。新的研究表明不仅侧支出芽而且直接位于神经肌肉终板上的再生轴突的末端芽生(诸如图2A和2B所示)均导致不协调的肌肉功能。这解释了为什么即使在神经的手术重构后,患者的生活质量也相当有限。如果损害很大以致面神经的剩余周围部分不足,或如果由于失败的神经移植术,使邦氏带形成纤维性组织,并且由于超过3至5年的长期去神经支配,导致肌肉萎缩,不再能为患者提供神经移植。可能的治疗包括动态神经移植、游离神经肌肉移植、上睑重量或静态悬浮的植入。这些二次过程的功能性结果甚至比上述神经移植更不令人满意。这些过程最多可以恢复肌张力,但面部表情仍然非常像面具,并且动态肌肉悬浮仅允许再生少量和非常机械的运动矢量。
在会影响眼睑闭合的面神经麻痹中,基本上存在三类症状。第一,周围面神经的完全丧失会导致受失去的周围面神经分支和脸凹陷的软组织神经支配的一半受影响的面部或区域中的肌张力的丧失。自主运动神经运动丧失,并且面部表情肌不再运动。不能闭合眼睑间接导致视觉失调,因为眼分泌液和炎症是可能的。该下眼睑闭合问题影响少于20%患者。
第二,明显但联带运动的神经移植术导致若干目标肌的同时运动。如上所述,例如,当动嘴时,患者会经历不自主眼睑闭合,或导致肌力相互抵消的拮抗肌的同时运动。该非协作(disynergic)眼睑闭合问题影响大于30%的患者。
第三,周围多神经支配、中央多激活或中央低抑制会导致肌肉的几乎连续收缩,如在震颤、痉挛或抽搐的发病机制中。眼轮匝肌的过度活跃或上眼睑闭合问题影响大于30%患者。存在适合于用在眼睑闭合中的肌肉的过度收缩的一些治疗方案。这些治疗方案集中在病理上弱化在震颤或痉挛中涉及的过度收缩或过度活跃的肌肉。例如,可以在收缩肌中注射肉毒杆菌毒素来暂时损坏收缩肌的一些突触的神经肌传递。替代地,可以手术地损坏神经支配收缩肌的一定比例的神经纤维,或收缩肌的一定比例的肌肉纤维。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个实施例,一种治疗对象的眼睑闭合肌的过度活跃的方法包括提供刺激系统,并且使用刺激系统,在基本上不激活眼睑闭合肌的情况下,有选择地刺激一个或多个眼睑睁开肌或支配神经,由此唤起对象的眼睑运动。
根据本发明的另一实施例,一种治疗对象的眼睑闭合肌的过度活跃的方法包括提供刺激系统,并且使用刺激系统,在基本上不激活眼睑闭合肌的情况下,有选择地刺激肌肉中的一个或多个眼睑睁开反射,由此唤起对象的眼睑运动。
根据本发明的另一实施例,一种治疗对象的眼睑闭合肌的过度活跃的方法包括提供刺激系统,以及使用所述刺激系统,在基本上不激活眼睑闭合肌的情况下,有选择地刺激非肌肉组织中的一个或多个眼睑睁开反射,由此唤起对象的眼睑运动。
根据相关实施例,刺激可以包括电刺激、机械刺激和/或振动刺激。眼睑睁开肌可以包括提肌和/或额肌。受刺激的提肌可以包括慢缩肌肉纤维和/或快缩肌肉纤维。刺激肌肉中的眼睑睁开反射可以包括刺激提肌快缩肌肉纤维,使得激活缪勒氏肌和肌间结缔组织中的机械性刺激感受器,导致提肌慢缩肌肉纤维的不自主连续收缩。刺激肌肉中的眼睑睁开反射可以包括刺激横神经纤维来诱发提肌和缪勒氏肌的不自主收缩。刺激肌肉中的眼睑睁开反射可以包括刺激交感神经γ传出神经纤维来增加传出交感神经张力,由此增加肌肉的不自主紧张性收缩的速率。运动可以是眼睑睁开或闭合。当睁开眼睑时,可以通过相对于重力缩回眼睑导致睁开,并且作为本体感受的结果,通过提肌慢缩肌肉纤维的不自主连续收缩来保持睁开。可以通过由于增加的传出交感神经张力缩短缪勒氏肌的远端部分导致眼睑运动。刺激非肌肉组织中的眼睑睁开反射可以包括刺激使中间和远端缪勒氏平滑肌纤维中的肌间结缔组织的机械性刺激感受器与运动核相连的I-a本体感受传入神经来诱发提肌和缪勒氏肌的不自主收缩。刺激非肌肉组织中的眼睑睁开反射可以包括刺激中间和远端缪勒氏平滑肌纤维中的肌间结缔组织来诱发反射性收缩。
根据本发明的另一实施例,一种用于治疗对象的眼睑闭合肌的过度活跃的刺激系统包括处理器,其具有用于生成用来刺激对象的一个或多个眼睑睁开肌或支配神经的至少一个刺激参数的程序代码,以及刺激器,其被配置成接收刺激参数,并且基于该刺激参数,刺激对象的一个或多个眼睑睁开肌或支配神经。替代或另外地,刺激参数可以用来刺激肌肉中的一个或多个眼睑睁开反射和/或可以用来刺激非肌肉组织中的一个或多个眼睑睁开反射。
根据相关实施例,刺激系统可以进一步包括激活开关,该激活开关与处理器通信,被配置成生成第一信号。处理器具有用于接收第一信号和用于基于所述第一信号生成至少一个刺激参数的程序代码。激活开关可以基于各种感测的参数自动地激活刺激系统,或可以手动地激活该系统。例如,激活开关可以是被配置为检测眼睑睁开肌的活动性的检测电极,和/或激活开关可以是能够由对象操作的手动激活器。处理器可以被配置成通过电感耦合、电容耦合、电磁传输、光耦合、振动耦合、机械耦合和/或声耦合,接收第一信号。
附图说明
结合附图,参考下述详细描述,将更易于理解本发明的上述特征,其中:
图1A示出了面部神经支配的正常躯体组织的图,并且图1B示出了面神经损伤后的状况;
图2A示出了肌纤维上的正常终板的图,并且图2B示出了由于末端芽生,由若干轴突激活的终板的图;
图3示出了缪勒氏肌的示意性示例;
图4示出了缪勒氏肌的神经支配的示意性示例
图5示出了根据本发明的实施例,用于治疗眼睑闭合肌的过度活跃的刺激系统;以及
图6示出了根据本发明的实施例,治疗眼睑闭合肌的过度活跃的过程。
具体实施方式
本发明针对有选择地激活眼睑睁开肌(提肌、提上睑肌和额肌),而不激活眼睑闭合肌的眼睑刺激的系统和方法。激活可以包括刺激眼睑睁开肌或支配神经、肌肉中的眼睑睁开反射,和/或非肌肉组织中的眼睑睁开反射的一个或多个。例如,可以刺激提肌或额肌的肌肉纤维或支配神经。替代或另外地,可以刺激提肌的快缩肌纤维,使得激活缪勒氏肌中的机械性刺激感受器和肌间结缔组织,导致提肌慢缩肌肉纤维的不自主连续收缩,以便诱使患者的眼睑运动。替代或另外地,可以刺激横神经纤维来诱发提肌和缪勒氏肌中的不自主收缩,以便诱发患者的眼睑运动。替代或另外地,可以刺激交感神经γ传出神经纤维,或经颈上神经节,以便增加传出交感神经张力来增加导致患者的眼睑运动的肌肉的不自主紧张性收缩的速率。替代或另外地,可以刺激使中间和远端缪勒氏平滑肌纤维中的肌间结缔组织的机械性刺激感受器与运动核相连的I-a本体感受传入神经来诱发提肌和缪勒氏肌的不自主收缩。替代或另外地,可以刺激中间和远端缪勒氏平滑肌纤维中的肌间结缔组织来诱发眼睑闭合肌的反射性收缩。在所有情况下,刺激可以是肌肉、神经和/或反射的电刺激、机械刺激和/或振动刺激。
在面神经麻痹后的联带运动再支配的患者中,联带运动的再支配和多支配会导致肌肉的几乎连续收缩,呈现像震颤、痉挛或抽搐的发病机制的症状。该状况不是非常好理解,并且标准的治疗和过程集中在肌肉的连续收缩的症状上。大多数意见是应当避免刺激患者的受损面神经系统的任何部分,使得不会使症状更糟。相反,标准治疗方案集中在病理上弱化在震颤或痉挛中涉及的过度收缩或过度活跃肌肉。在具有眼睑闭合问题的患者中,通常相信类震颤、类痉挛,或类痉挛的发病机制是附着到眼睑的所有肌肉(例如眼睑睁开肌、眼睑闭合肌、张肌)的震颤或痉挛,其中,激活震颤或痉挛系统的一些部分承担增加在震颤或痉挛中涉及的肌肉的收缩的高风险。
然而,本发明的实施例发现将刺激有选择地集中在睁开或提眼睑的肌肉的收缩上,而不使眼睑闭合肌的任何收缩,克服了这些类震颤的症状。这是由于通过眼睑睁开肌的一个或多个的净睁开力,克服并且补偿类震颤或痉挛的激活的闭合肌的净闭合力的事实。由于眼睑闭合肌受不同于眼睑睁开肌(三叉神经)的神经(面部神经)支配,本发明的实施例集中在不激活眼睑闭合肌的情况下而激活眼睑睁开肌上。例如,有选择地刺激一个或多个眼睑睁开肌或支配神经、肌肉中的眼睑睁开反射和/或非肌肉组织中的眼睑睁开反射会补偿眼轮匝肌的过度眼睑闭合或过度活跃的问题。目前,没有手术或药物地激活过度收缩眼睑闭合肌的拮抗肌来通过眼睑睁开肌的适当收缩补偿过闭合的方法。由此,根据本发明的实施例,使用电、机械和/或振动方法,有选择地刺激眼睑睁开肌为具有这些类型的问题的患者提供有价值的治疗方案。
存在帮助眼睑睁开的若干眼睑睁开肌——提肌、提上睑肌和额肌。提肌受动眼神经核复合体的中央尾核支配并且是源自眶骨并且变换成提肌键膜的骨骼肌。该键膜的深扩张插入睑板的前表面、中度扩张插入前眼轮匝肌,并且表面扩张变为眶隔。由此,通过提肌键膜的扩张,提肌的收缩缩回睑板、前眼轮匝肌和皮肤,以及眶外侧脂肪垫。如图3所示,另一方面,经颈上神经节受交感传出神经支配的缪勒氏肌是源自提肌下表面并且插入睑板的上缘的平滑肌。因为提肌纤维不包围缪勒氏肌并且与它们相连,提肌的收缩连同提肌键膜一起,拉伸缪勒氏肌。
图4示出缪勒氏肌的支配的大体解剖。细横神经附有周围弓形组织(箭头),并且在提肌的远端部分和缪勒氏肌(箭头)的近端部分之间行进的其他神经通过泪腺来接合泪腺神经。在图4中,T表示睑板,M表示缪勒氏肌,L表示提肌,H表示侧角(上翻),PF表示前键膜脂肪,LG表示泪腺,SON表示眶上神经,LN表示泪腺神经,ZFN表示颧面神经。
在一些情况下,可以由多于一个神经纤维支配去神经的肌肉纤维。在这种情况下,用于收缩的动作潜能来自最初支配用于不同功能的肌肉纤维(例如拮抗肌)的神经纤维。该多支配——可能由于大脑中的周围肌肉的中央投射区的重叠或干扰——在远大于最初某一肌肉所期望的活动或功能期间,导致肌肉纤维的激活。在一些情况下,这种情形会导致肌肉的几乎连续收缩(例如,像在震颤、痉挛或抽搐发病机制中)。在诸如这种的情形下,即使在神经的手术重建后,患者的生活质量仍然显著受限。
图5和6分别示出根据本发明的实施例的用于治疗眼睑闭合肌的过度活跃的刺激系统10和方法100。刺激系统10包括一个或多个刺激器15和与刺激器通信的处理器20,刺激器15可以包括脉冲发生器。如上所述,刺激可以是电、机械和/或振动刺激。例如,刺激器可以是刺激电极,例如1mm刺激电极。
在一些实施例中,刺激系统10进一步包括激活刺激系统的激活开关25。激活开关25可以基于各种感测的参数自动地激活刺激系统10,或可以手动地激活该系统,例如,通过使用可由对象操作的手动激活器,例如开关或触发器。例如,激活开关25可以是用来感测眼睑闭合肌的活动的感测电极,并且刺激器15被配置成基于所检测的活动性,刺激眼睑睁开肌或支配神经、肌肉中的眼睑睁开反射,和/或非肌肉组织中的眼睑睁开反射。刺激器15可以位于眼睑睁开肌肉或支配神经、肌肉中的眼睑睁开反射,和/或非肌肉组织中的眼睑睁开反射附近或与其接触。
本发明的实施例完全或部分植入对象中。例如,刺激器可以包括具有包含在坚固和小型封装壳体中的所有植入电子部件的非常小的外壳。可以通过对象的皮肤,感应或光学地传递能量和所需信息。这能通过将电子电路封装在金属壳体中,并且二次线圈位于壳体旁边或周围来实现。类似地,这可以通过将电子电路和二次线圈封装在电子壳体内来实现。
一旦激活刺激系统(步骤110),处理器20生成用来刺激眼睑睁开肌、神经,和/或反射的至少一个刺激参数(步骤120)、例如,刺激参数可以是双相电流脉冲,并且该双相电流脉冲可以具有约0.001ms至50ms的持续时间,在大多数对象中,从约0.1ms至5ms,以及在约0.05mA至20mA的范围中的大小,在大多数对象中,从约0.5mA至5mA。刺激参数可以是频率和/或振动的振幅,并且刺激器可以是振动发生器,诸如压电致动器、电动力致动器和/或机械致动器。
来自处理器20的刺激参数由一个或多个刺激器15接收,并且刺激器基于刺激参数,刺激眼睑睁开肌或支配神经、肌肉中的眼睑睁开反射,和/或非肌肉组织中的眼睑睁开反射(步骤130)。
处理器20的一些实施例可以实现为硬件、软件(例如计算机程序产品),或软件和硬件的组合。例如,可以将实施例实现为用于与计算机系统一起使用的计算机程序产品。这些实现可以包括固化在有形介质,诸如计算机可读介质(例如,软盘、CD-ROM、ROM或硬盘)上,或经调制解调器或其他接口设备,诸如通过媒介连接到网络的通信适配器,传送到计算机系统的一系列计算机指令或程序代码。媒介可以是有形媒介(例如光学或模拟通信线路)或通过无线技术实现的媒介(诸如微波、红外或其他传输技术)。计算机指令系列可以实现参考处理器在前所述的所有或部分功能性。本领域的技术人员应当意识到这些计算机指令可以由用于与许多计算机体系结构或操作系统一起使用的许多编程语言编写。此外,这些指令可以存储在任何存储设备中,诸如半导体、磁、光或其他存储设备,并且可以使用任何通信技术,诸如光、红外、微波或其他传输技术传送。期望这种计算机程序产品可以分发为附有印刷或电子文档(例如,压缩打包软件)的可移动介质、通过计算机系统预装(例如在系统ROM或固定盘上),或从网络(例如因特网或万维网)上的服务器或电子公告板上分发。
尽管结合具体的实施例,描述了本发明,将理解到能进一步改进。本申请意图覆盖本发明的任何变形、用途或改动,并且包括虽然不属于本公开内容,但落在本发明所属的技术人领域中公知或惯用手段内的那些变形、用途或改动。
Claims (7)
1.一种用于治疗对象的眼睑闭合肌的过度活跃的刺激系统,所述系统包括:
激活开关,所述激活开关被配置成生成第一信号;
处理器,所述处理器与所述激活开关通信,被配置成基于所述第一信号生成至少一个刺激参数,所述至少一个刺激参数被配置为刺激所述对象的一个或多个眼睑睁开肌或支配神经、或肌肉或非肌肉组织中的一个或多个眼睑睁开反射;以及
刺激器,所述刺激器被配置成接收所述刺激参数,并且被配置成基于所述刺激参数,刺激所述对象的所述一个或多个眼睑睁开肌或支配神经、或肌肉或非肌肉组织中的所述一个或多个眼睑睁开反射,而不激活所述眼睑闭合肌。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述激活开关是能够由所述对象操作的手动激活器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述激活开关是被配置为检测所述眼睑闭合肌的活动性的感测电极。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述刺激器利用电刺激、机械刺激、振动刺激、或其组合,来刺激所述一个或多个眼睑睁开肌或支配神经、或肌肉或非肌肉组织中的所述一个或多个眼睑睁开反射。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述刺激器是刺激电极。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述刺激器是振动发生器。
7.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中,所述振动发生器是压电致动器、电动力致动器、机械致动器、或其组合。
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