CN104009114A - 准单晶硅太阳能电池片的制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种准单晶硅太阳能电池片的制造方法。该制造方法引进准单晶硅作为太阳能电池片的基材,在传统单晶、多晶硅太阳能电池片制造方法的基础上,通过提高硅片的腐蚀量,使得制绒处理后的硅片的表面反射率由26%降至21%;通过调整扩散工序,使得扩散处理后硅片的方块电阻提高至75Ω/□以上;另外,在重掺杂扩散之后再借助激光实现硅片边缘部分PN结的隔离,简化了硅片的定位过程,提高产品的生产效率;与此同时,配合设计的新型电极栅线既降低了正银浆料的印刷耗费量,又降低了电池片的遮光面积,提高了开路电压和短路电流;这些因素共同作用使得电池片的光电转化效率达到17.80%以上,实现了意想不到的技术效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能电池领域,具体涉及一种准单晶硅太阳能电池片的制造方法。
背景技术
按照市场的发展规律和大的市场环境对光伏生产企业的要求以及企业自身发展的需要,降低生产成本是企业永恒的话题和永远追求的方向。目前,光伏产业制造的电池片主要包括单晶硅电池片和多晶硅电池片。单晶硅电池片虽然具有晶体缺陷少、反射率低、机械强度高等优势,但是其成本高、光衰严重、电耗严重;而多晶硅电池虽然比单晶硅电池片能耗少、光衰低、成本低,不过转化效率较低。在这种技术背景下,开发具有优良性能的准单晶硅电池片凸现出具有很多优势。首先,准单晶硅是在多晶硅铸锭炉上采用铸造结晶的方式获得,其制造成本接近多晶硅,比单晶硅低60%左右;其次,准单晶硅可视为一种原子排列相对有序的多晶硅,质量上更接近单晶硅;再次,准单晶硅铸锭为方形铸锭,制作电池片的切片也是直角方形,硅料利用率可以提高至65%。因此,通过引进准单晶硅片原材料作为太阳能电池片的基材,有望提高电池片的光电转换效率、降低生产成本,进而有利于提高企业产品竞争力和丰富企业的产品种类。
由于准单晶硅中原子排列结构有异于单晶硅片或多晶硅片,硅片中除了(100)晶粒,还存在其他晶向的晶粒,即多晶晶粒;因此,对于以准单晶硅片为基材的太阳能电池片,如果其照搬单晶硅或多晶硅电池片的制造方法,特别是照搬它们的扩散、制绒方法,则制备的电池片都不能获得如期预想的准单晶硅片的优势,因此有必要开发一种适用于准单晶硅电池片的制造工艺,以生产出一种光电转化效率高于多晶硅太阳能电池片、成本却低于单晶硅电池片的一种准单晶硅电池片。目前已有一些关于准单晶硅电池片的专利报道,如申请号为201110419867.7以及申请号为201210177174.6的中国专利,它们的技术重点主要是集中在对其准单晶硅片的制绒工艺和烧结工艺上进行优化,有必要从整体上对准单晶硅片的各道工序进行调整优化,以进一步提高电池片的光电转化效率。
发明内容
本发明需要解决的技术问题在于提供一种准单晶硅太阳能电池片的制造方法,通过该方法制造的太阳能电池片表面反射率低,方阻高,光电转化效率提高,且制备工艺简单。
本发明需要解决的技术问题是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一种准单晶硅太阳能电池片的制造方法,其特征在于依次包括以下步骤:
S1. 制绒工序:在准单晶硅片表面制作绒面并清洗,使准单晶硅片的单片腐蚀克重达到0.42~0.60g;
S2. 扩散工序:将制绒后的准单晶硅片送入扩散炉中进行轻掺杂扩散处理,再以扩散形成的磷硅玻璃为掺杂源,利用激光按照正电极栅线图案对轻掺杂扩散处理后的准单晶硅表面进行重掺杂扩散处理;
S3. 清洗:将扩散处理后的准单晶硅片浸渍在氢氟酸中以去除扩散工序后在硅片表面形成的机械损伤层以及残余磷硅玻璃;
S4. 沉积减反射膜:在硅片表面沉积一层氮化硅减反射膜;
S5. 丝网印刷:通过丝网印刷制作背电极、背电场以及所述正电极栅线;
S6. 烧结:通过烧结使电极固定地粘附在准单晶硅片上并形成欧姆接触;
其中,在步骤S2中重掺杂扩散之后,还需要进行隔离或去除硅片边缘的PN结处理。
优选地,在上述制造方法中,所述步骤S1中先用氢氟酸与硝酸的混合液去除准单晶硅片表面的缺陷和机械损伤层,然后用去离子水清洗,接着用盐酸和硝酸的混合液去除准单晶硅片表面的金属离子杂质,然后用去离子水清洗,最后用压缩空气吹干准单晶硅片;其中所述氢氟酸和硝酸混合液中氢氟酸和硝酸的体积比为1:6~7,氢氟酸和硝酸的总体积百分含量为50~80%。进一步优选地,所述步骤S1中用氢氟酸与硝酸的混合液清洗准单晶硅片之后,还用碱液清洗准单晶硅片,然后才用盐酸和硝酸的混合液去除准单晶硅片表面的金属离子杂质。更进一步优选地,所述氢氟酸和硝酸混合液中氢氟酸和硝酸的体积比为70:460。
进一步优选地,在上述制造方法中,所述步骤S2的轻掺杂扩散处理中以三氯氧磷为扩散源,三氯氧磷的通入量为700~900ml,氮气的通入量为1600~1800ml,扩散炉温度较常规多晶硅片采用的扩散温度高10℃以上。更进一步优选地,所述步骤S2的轻掺杂扩散处理中三氯氧磷的通入量为800ml,氮气的通入量为1700ml,扩散温度在910℃以上。
优选地,在上述制造方法中,所述隔离或去除硅片边缘的PN结处理为在所述步骤S2中利用激光对重掺杂扩散处理后的硅片边缘进行划线刻槽实现PN结的隔离。
更进一步优选地,在上述制造方法中,所述正电极栅线包括主栅线和垂直于主栅线的等距分布的细栅线,其中主栅线由粗主栅线段和连接粗主栅线段之间的细主栅线段构成。更进一步优选地,位于相邻的所述主栅线上的所述粗主栅线段为对称布置或交错布置。
与现有技术相比,本发明准单晶硅太阳能电池片的制造方法具有以下优点:通过引进准单晶硅作为太阳能电池片的基材,并在传统单晶、多晶硅太阳能电池片的制造方法的基础上调整和优化各工序,提高了电池片的光电转化效率,降低了生产成本。具体为:
1. 通过调整制绒工序,使硅片的腐蚀量由常规硅片0.35g/片的腐蚀量调整到0.42~0.60g/片,使得制绒处理后的硅片的表面反射率由26%降至21%。
2. 通过对扩散工序进行重新编制,将轻掺杂扩散处理中的扩散温度在常规硅片的扩散温度的基础上提高10℃以上,使得扩散处理后硅片的方块电阻由65Ω/□提高至75Ω/□以上;并在轻掺杂扩散之后以磷硅玻璃为掺杂源利用激光实现重掺杂扩散,从而实现栅线和硅片之间的欧姆接触和高短路电流,提高了光电转化效率。
3. 通过激光实现重掺杂扩散处理可精确地控制硅片表面的杂质浓度和扩散结深,且在重掺杂扩散之后,再利用激光实现了硅片边缘部分PN结的隔离,使得重掺杂和隔离PN结只需在一次定位硅片,简化了电池的制造过程,提高产品的生产效率。
4. 配合设计的新型电极栅线既降低了正银浆料的印刷耗费量,又降低了电池片的遮光面积,提高了开路电压和短路电流;此外,粗主栅线段为交错布置还可进一步提高电池片的电荷收集效率,使得同一批次生产的电池片的性能更为均匀。
这些因素共同作用使得电池片的光电转化效率达到17.80%以上,实现了意想不到的技术效果。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中正电极栅线的一种实施方式的结构示意图;
图2为本发明实施例1中正电极栅线的另一种实施方式的结构示意图;
图3为对比例1中的正电极栅线的结构示意图。
图中:1、细栅线;2、主栅线;21、粗主栅线段;22、细主栅线段。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图,对本发明的具体实施方式做进一步描述。以下实施例仅用于更加清楚地说明本发明的技术方案,而不能以此来限制本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
本发明是一种准单晶硅太阳能电池片的制造方法,其特征在于依次包括以下步骤:
S1. 制绒工序:在准单晶硅片表面制作绒面并清洗,具体过程为:先用氢氟酸与硝酸的混合液去除准单晶硅片表面的缺陷和机械损伤层,其中氢氟酸和硝酸的总体积百分含量为50~80%,氢氟酸和硝酸的体积比为1:6~7,优选氢氟酸和硝酸的体积比为70:460,然后用去离子水清洗,接着用盐酸和硝酸的混合液去除准单晶硅片表面的金属离子杂质,然后用去离子水清洗,最后用压缩空气吹干准单晶硅片,使得准单晶硅片的单片腐蚀克重达到0.42~0.60g。
S2. 扩散工序:
S2-1. 将制绒后的准单晶硅片送入扩散炉中进行轻掺杂扩散处理,轻掺杂扩散处理中,以三氯氧磷为扩散源,三氯氧磷的通入量为700~900ml,氮气的通入量为1600~1800ml,扩散炉温度较常规多晶硅片采用的扩散温度高10℃以上。其中,优选三氯氧磷的通入量为800ml,氮气的通入量为1700ml,扩散温度在910℃以上,如910℃。
S2-2. 以扩散形成的磷硅玻璃为掺杂源,利用激光按照正电极栅线图案对轻掺杂扩散处理后的准单晶硅表面进行重掺杂扩散处理;
S3. 清洗:将扩散处理后的准单晶硅片浸渍在氢氟酸中以去除扩散工序后在硅片表面形成的机械损伤层以及残余磷硅玻璃;
S4. 沉积减反射膜:在硅片表面沉积一层氮化硅减反射膜;
S5. 丝网印刷:通过丝网印刷制作背电极、背电场以及正电极栅线,其中正电极栅线包括主栅线和垂直于主栅线的等距分布的细栅线,其中主栅线由粗主栅线段和连接粗主栅线段之间的细主栅线段构成。优选位于相邻的所述主栅线上的所述粗主栅线段为对称布置,如图1所示,或者交错布置,如图2所示。其中,主栅线2的粗主栅线21的宽度为1.4mm,细主栅线22的宽度为0.35mm,细栅线1的宽度为0.04mm。
S6. 烧结:通过烧结使电极固定地粘附在准单晶硅片上并形成欧姆接触。
其中,在步骤S2中重掺杂扩散之后,还需要进行隔离或去除硅片边缘的PN结处理。优选的办法是在所述步骤S2中利用激光对重掺杂扩散处理后的硅片边缘进行划线刻槽实现PN结的隔离。
类单晶156硅片经制绒工序后,测试表面反射率,结果为21.5~22.5%;经S2轻掺杂扩散处理后,测试方阻值,结果为75Ω/□以上。在AM1.5、温度25℃、光强1000W条件下测试电池片的光电转化效率,结果为17.80~17.90%。
实施例2
在实施例1的基础上,本实施例优选:所述步骤S1中用氢氟酸与硝酸的混合液清洗准单晶硅片之后,还用碱液清洗准单晶硅片,然后才用盐酸和硝酸的混合液去除准单晶硅片表面的金属离子杂质。
类单晶156硅片经制绒工序后,测试表面反射率,结果为21%;经S2轻掺杂扩散处理后,测试方阻值,结果为75Ω/□以上。在AM1.5、温度25℃、光强1000W条件下测试电池片的光电转化效率,结果为17.85~17.90%。
对比例1
将类单晶156硅片经过与实施例1类似的制绒、扩散、去磷硅玻璃、等离子刻蚀、沉积减反射膜、丝网印刷和烧结工序来制造太阳能电池片,与实施例1的不同之处在于:
首先,步骤S1 中,氢氟酸和硝酸的体积比为1:8;准单晶硅片的单片腐蚀克重为0.34~0.035g。
其次,步骤S2中,扩散工序采用常规单晶硅或多晶硅片的扩散温度,这里为900℃。
再次,步骤S6中,主栅线为均匀的粗栅线,如图3所示,宽度与实施例1中主栅线的粗主栅线段的宽度相同。
测试制绒后的硅片表面反射率为26%,经轻掺杂扩散处理后的硅片方阻值为65Ω/□。在AM1.5、温度25℃、光强1000W条件下测试电池片的光电转化效率,结果为17.15~17.20%。
从实施例1、2和对比例1可以看出,实施例1和2中各项性能明显优于对比例1。可见,采用本发明准单晶硅太阳能电池片的制造方法可使准单晶的表面反射率降低,方阻值提高,光电转化效率提高。
上述各实施方案是对本发明的优选实施方式。应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明技术原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种准单晶硅太阳能电池片的制造方法,其特征在于依次包括以下步骤:
S1. 制绒工序:在准单晶硅片表面制作绒面并清洗,使准单晶硅片的单片腐蚀克重达到0.42~0.60g;
S2. 扩散工序:将制绒后的准单晶硅片送入扩散炉中进行轻掺杂扩散处理,再以扩散形成的磷硅玻璃为掺杂源,利用激光按照正电极栅线图案对轻掺杂扩散处理后的准单晶硅表面进行重掺杂扩散处理;
S3. 清洗:将扩散处理后的准单晶硅片浸渍在氢氟酸中以去除扩散工序后在硅片表面形成的机械损伤层以及残余磷硅玻璃;
S4. 沉积减反射膜:在硅片表面沉积一层氮化硅减反射膜;
S5. 丝网印刷:通过丝网印刷制作背电极、背电场以及所述正电极栅线;
S6. 烧结:通过烧结使电极固定地粘附在准单晶硅片上并形成欧姆接触;
其中,在步骤S2中重掺杂扩散之后,还需要进行隔离或去除硅片边缘的PN结处理。
2.如权利要求1所述的制造方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S1中先用氢氟酸与硝酸的混合液去除准单晶硅片表面的缺陷和机械损伤层,然后用去离子水清洗,接着用盐酸和硝酸的混合液去除准单晶硅片表面的金属离子杂质,然后用去离子水清洗,最后用压缩空气吹干准单晶硅片;其中所述氢氟酸和硝酸混合液中氢氟酸和硝酸的体积比为1:6~7,氢氟酸和硝酸的总体积百分含量为50~80%。
3.如权利要求2所述的制造方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S1中用氢氟酸与硝酸的混合液清洗准单晶硅片之后,还用碱液清洗准单晶硅片,然后才用盐酸和硝酸的混合液去除准单晶硅片表面的金属离子杂质。
4.如权利要求3所述的制造方法,其特征在于:所述氢氟酸和硝酸混合液中氢氟酸和硝酸的体积比为70:460。
5.如权利要求3所述的制造方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S2的轻掺杂扩散处理中以三氯氧磷为扩散源,三氯氧磷的通入量为700~900ml,氮气的通入量为1600~1800ml,扩散炉温度较常规多晶硅片采用的扩散温度高10℃以上。
6.如权利要求5所述的制造方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S2的轻掺杂扩散处理中三氯氧磷的通入量为800ml,氮气的通入量为1700ml,扩散温度在910℃以上。
7.如权利要求1至6任意一项所述的制造方法,其特征在于:所述隔离或去除硅片边缘的PN结处理为在所述步骤S2中利用激光对重掺杂扩散处理后的硅片边缘进行划线刻槽实现PN结的隔离。
8.如权利要求7所述的制造方法,其特征在于:所述正电极栅线包括主栅线和垂直于主栅线的等距分布的细栅线,其中主栅线由粗主栅线段和连接粗主栅线段之间的细主栅线段构成。
9.如权利要求8所述的制造方法,其特征在于:位于相邻的所述主栅线上的所述粗主栅线段为对称布置或交错布置。
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