CN104004901A - Laser shock processing device and method with magnetic fields as constraint layer - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种以磁场作为约束层的激光冲击强化装置，包括工控机、激光器电源与功率控制模块、激光器、导光系统、聚焦镜、圆柱形放电管、试样、试样夹具、工控台和快速充放电模块；圆柱形放电管安装在工控台上；激光器输出的激光束通过导光系统，透过聚焦镜，照射在试样的表面，形成冲击；所述试样在所需激光冲击强化的部位喷涂有吸收层，试样通过试样夹具安装在工控台上。本发明通过圆柱形放电管通电产生与试样表面垂直方向的磁场，这些磁场会对激光冲击过程中产生的高温高压等离子体进行压缩，使得等离子体体积收缩，从而增强激光冲击力的效果。本发明还同时提供了一种以磁场作为约束层的激光冲击强化方法。
The invention provides a laser shock strengthening device using a magnetic field as a constrained layer, including an industrial computer, a laser power supply and power control module, a laser, a light guide system, a focusing mirror, a cylindrical discharge tube, a sample, a sample fixture, an industrial control table and fast charging and discharging module; the cylindrical discharge tube is installed on the industrial console; the laser beam output by the laser passes through the light guide system, passes through the focusing mirror, and irradiates the surface of the sample to form an impact; The impact-strengthened part is sprayed with an absorbing layer, and the sample is installed on the industrial console through the sample fixture. In the present invention, the cylindrical discharge tube is energized to generate a magnetic field perpendicular to the surface of the sample, and these magnetic fields will compress the high-temperature and high-pressure plasma generated during the laser shock process, so that the plasma volume shrinks, thereby enhancing the effect of the laser shock force. The invention also provides a laser shock strengthening method using a magnetic field as a confinement layer.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及激光加工领域，具体涉及一种以磁场作为约束层的激光冲击强化装置和方法。The invention relates to the field of laser processing, in particular to a laser shock strengthening device and method using a magnetic field as a constrained layer.
背景技术Background technique
激光冲击强化(Lasershockprocessing，简称LSP)技术是一种新型表面强化技术，是利用高功率密度(大于109W/cm2)、短脉冲(ns级)的激光束透过约束层辐照到金属材料表面，使金属表面吸收层充分吸收激光能量，在极短时间内汽化、电离形成等离子体，膨胀的等离子体受约束层限制产生冲击金属靶材表面并向金属内部传播的高强度(GPa级)冲击波，使材料产生屈服和塑性变形，同时在冲击区域产生残余压应力，提高材料的强度、硬度、耐磨性和耐应力腐蚀性能，尤其能有效改善材料的抗疲劳断裂性能。Laser shock processing (LSP) technology is a new type of surface strengthening technology, which uses high power density (greater than 10 9 W/cm 2 ) and short pulse (ns level) laser beams to irradiate the metal through the confinement layer. On the surface of the material, the absorption layer on the metal surface can fully absorb the laser energy, vaporize and ionize in a very short time to form plasma, and the expanding plasma is limited by the confinement layer to produce high-intensity (GPa level) that impacts the surface of the metal target and propagates to the inside of the metal ) shock wave, which makes the material produce yield and plastic deformation, and at the same time generates residual compressive stress in the impact area, improving the strength, hardness, wear resistance and stress corrosion resistance of the material, especially effectively improving the fatigue fracture resistance of the material.
约束层是增强激光冲击强化效果的有效手段，无约束层的激光冲击只能产生MPa级的冲击力，而施加约束层后却能将冲击力增至GPa级，显著提高激光冲击强化效果。然而，采用施加约束层增强冲击力的方法降低了一般激光加工技术均具备的柔性化特点，使激光冲击强化工艺变得复杂且应用范围变窄。例如：利用玻璃作为约束层时必须要求被冲击表面为平面，且玻璃极易破碎，冲击后常需要更换，且冲击时会产生玻璃碎片飞溅的现象，对仪器和人员存在安全隐患，而且清理也十分麻烦；利用冰作为约束层能解决玻璃约束层存在的安全隐患，清理方便，但冰易于融化，对实验装置具有一定的影响，而且冰约束层需现场制备，严重影响了冲击连续性和冲击效率；利用柔性贴膜作为约束层虽然能解决上述的一些缺陷，但由于约束层为柔性，对冲击力的增效不如刚性的约束层明显，且柔性贴膜的选材、制造要求较高，成本也相对较高；利用水作为约束层时虽能解除对加工表面形状的限制，但用水作为约束层的激光冲击强化装置复杂、操作繁杂，不能保证水约束层厚度的均匀性，对激光参数有一定要求，对冲击效果也有一定影响，增效效果不明显；其他如利用高压气体作为约束层的一些方法也具有类似的缺点。The constrained layer is an effective means to enhance the effect of laser shock hardening. The laser shock without constrained layer can only produce the impact force of MPa level, but the impact force can be increased to GPa level after the constrained layer is applied, which significantly improves the effect of laser shock peening. However, the method of applying a constrained layer to enhance the impact force reduces the flexibility characteristic of general laser processing technology, which makes the laser shock strengthening process complicated and narrows the application range. For example, when using glass as the constraining layer, the surface to be impacted must be flat, and the glass is easily broken, and often needs to be replaced after impact, and glass fragments will splash during impact, which poses safety hazards to instruments and personnel, and cleaning is also difficult. It is very troublesome; using ice as the confinement layer can solve the safety hazards of the glass confinement layer, and it is easy to clean, but the ice is easy to melt, which has a certain impact on the experimental device, and the ice confinement layer needs to be prepared on site, which seriously affects the impact continuity and impact Efficiency: Although using a flexible film as a constrained layer can solve some of the above-mentioned defects, because the constrained layer is flexible, the synergy to impact force is not as obvious as that of a rigid constrained layer, and the material selection and manufacturing requirements of the flexible film are relatively high, and the cost is also relatively high. Higher; although water can be used as the constrained layer to remove the restrictions on the shape of the processed surface, the laser shock peening device using water as the constrained layer is complex and complicated to operate, and the uniformity of the thickness of the water constrained layer cannot be guaranteed. There are certain requirements for laser parameters , also has a certain impact on the impact effect, and the synergistic effect is not obvious; other methods such as using high-pressure gas as a constrained layer also have similar shortcomings.
可见，现有的激光冲击强化方法所采用的约束层均存在一定的局限性，主要是由于所采用的是实体约束层，从而导致存在飞溅安全隐患、效率低下、冲击力增效受局限、均匀性不足、装置复杂、操作繁杂。因此，若能不使用实体约束层也能实现增强激光冲击力无疑是对激光冲击强化方法的一次巨大提升。It can be seen that the confinement layer used in the existing laser shock peening methods has certain limitations, mainly because the physical confinement layer is used, which leads to potential safety hazards of splashing, low efficiency, and limited and uniform impact force enhancement. Insufficient performance, complicated installation and complicated operation. Therefore, if the laser shock force can be enhanced without using a physical confinement layer, it will undoubtedly be a huge improvement to the laser shock strengthening method.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明针对现有约束层技术存在的缺点，提出了一种以磁场作为约束层的激光冲击强化装置，通过在试样上方添加一个圆柱形放电管(外部有一个同轴的圆柱形单匝金属线圈)，圆柱形放电管通电产生与试样表面垂直方向的磁场，这些磁场会对激光冲击过程中产生的高温高压等离子体进行压缩，使得等离子体体积收缩，从而增强激光冲击力的效果。磁场约束层代替现有的约束层，更好的增强激光冲击强化的效果。本发明还同时提供了一种以磁场作为约束层的激光冲击强化方法。Aiming at the shortcomings of the existing confinement layer technology, the present invention proposes a laser shock strengthening device using a magnetic field as a confinement layer, by adding a cylindrical discharge tube (with a coaxial cylindrical single-turn metal outside) on the sample Coil), the cylindrical discharge tube is energized to generate a magnetic field perpendicular to the surface of the sample, these magnetic fields will compress the high temperature and high pressure plasma generated during the laser shock process, making the plasma volume shrink, thereby enhancing the effect of the laser shock force. The magnetic field confinement layer replaces the existing confinement layer to better enhance the effect of laser shock strengthening. The invention also provides a laser shock strengthening method using a magnetic field as a confinement layer.
本发明采用的技术方案为：The technical scheme adopted in the present invention is:
一种以磁场作为约束层的激光冲击强化装置，包括工控机、激光器电源与功率控制模块、激光器、导光系统、聚焦镜、圆柱形放电管、试样、试样夹具、工控台和快速充放电模块；A laser shock peening device with a magnetic field as a confinement layer, including an industrial computer, a laser power supply and power control module, a laser, a light guide system, a focusing mirror, a cylindrical discharge tube, a sample, a sample fixture, an industrial console and a fast charging discharge module;
圆柱形放电管安装在工控台上，圆柱形放电管的高度可调节；控制快速充放电模块和圆柱形放电管均与工控台相连，由工控台控制快速充放电模块，进而控制圆柱形放电管中电流的大小产生所需要的磁场；The cylindrical discharge tube is installed on the industrial console, and the height of the cylindrical discharge tube can be adjusted; the control fast charge and discharge module and the cylindrical discharge tube are connected to the industrial console, and the fast charge and discharge module is controlled by the industrial console, and then the cylindrical discharge tube is controlled The size of the medium current produces the required magnetic field;
激光器电源与功率控制模块与工控机相连，由工控机控制激光器的脉冲输出；激光器输出的激光束通过导光系统，透过聚焦镜，照射在试样的表面，形成冲击；所述试样在所需激光冲击强化的部位喷涂有吸收层，试样通过试样夹具安装在工控台上。The laser power supply and the power control module are connected with the industrial computer, and the pulse output of the laser is controlled by the industrial computer; the laser beam output by the laser passes through the light guide system, passes through the focusing lens, and irradiates the surface of the sample to form an impact; The part that needs to be laser shock strengthened is sprayed with an absorbing layer, and the sample is installed on the industrial console through the sample fixture.
本发明还同时提供了一种激光冲击强化装置的激光冲击强化方法，包括如下步骤：The present invention also simultaneously provides a laser shock peening method of a laser shock peening device, comprising the following steps:
第一步：在试样的表面需要冲击强化的部位涂覆吸收层；The first step: coating the absorbing layer on the surface of the sample that needs to be impact strengthened;
第二步：将试样通过试样夹具安装在工控台上；使得激光器输出的激光束通过导光系统，透过聚焦镜，垂直辐照在试样的表面需要进行冲击强化的区域，并使聚焦焦点位于区域表面；Step 2: Install the sample on the industrial console through the sample fixture; make the laser beam output by the laser pass through the light guide system, pass through the focusing lens, and irradiate vertically on the area that needs to be impact strengthened on the surface of the sample, and make it The focal point of focus is on the surface of the area;
第三步：调节圆柱形放电管的高度，使其恰好置于试样的正上方；Step 3: Adjust the height of the cylindrical discharge tube so that it is just above the sample;
第四步：通过工控机控制快速充放电模块，进而控制圆柱形放电管中电流大小生成所需要的磁场；圆柱形放电管产生磁场的方向始终垂直于试样的表面；Step 4: Control the fast charging and discharging module through the industrial computer, and then control the current in the cylindrical discharge tube to generate the required magnetic field; the direction of the magnetic field generated by the cylindrical discharge tube is always perpendicular to the surface of the sample;
第五步：工控机通过激光器电源与功率控制模块控制激光器产生激光，激光束穿过导光系统、聚焦镜汇聚在试样上的吸收层表面，产生高温高压等离子体；等离子体在圆柱形放电管产生的磁场中受到压缩产生向下的冲击力，形成强烈的激光冲击；Step 5: The industrial computer controls the laser to generate laser through the laser power supply and power control module. The laser beam passes through the light guide system and the focusing mirror and converges on the surface of the absorbing layer on the sample to generate high-temperature and high-pressure plasma; the plasma is discharged in a cylindrical shape. The magnetic field generated by the tube is compressed to generate a downward impact force, forming a strong laser shock;
第六步：按第五步所述方法重复多次激光冲击强化处理后，工控机控制激光器停止输出激光束；Step 6: After repeating the laser shock strengthening treatment several times according to the method described in step 5, the industrial computer controls the laser to stop outputting the laser beam;
第七步：取下试样，清洗表面残余吸收层。Step 7: Remove the sample and clean the residual absorbent layer on the surface.
本发明具有如下有益效果：The present invention has following beneficial effect:
(1)便于控制，无需取材：磁场的大小可以通过工控机控制电流的大小间接调控磁场的大小。磁场是不可见的，无需费力寻找约束层材料，成本低廉。(1) Easy to control, no need to collect materials: the size of the magnetic field can be indirectly regulated through the industrial computer to control the size of the current. The magnetic field is invisible, and there is no need to laboriously find materials for the confinement layer, and the cost is low.
(2)可用于加工各种形状的试样，不受试样形状的约束。对于凸包、凹坑、棱角等形状的试样，加工效果没有任何影响。(2) It can be used to process samples of various shapes without being restricted by the shape of the sample. For samples with shapes such as convex hulls, pits, and corners, the processing effect has no effect.
(3)安全可靠，对环境无污染。磁场本身就是看不见，摸不到的东西，冲击过程中不会破碎、不会飞溅、对实验人员和激光器不会造成任何损伤。(3) Safe and reliable, no pollution to the environment. The magnetic field itself is something that cannot be seen or touched. It will not be broken or splashed during the impact process, and it will not cause any damage to the experimenters and the laser.
(4)结构简单，操作方便。采用电生磁的原理，仅需一个磁场生成装置即可。且可以长久使用。由工控机直接控制电流输出、激光器输出，操作方便，可实现单点单次、多点多次连续冲击。(4) The structure is simple and the operation is convenient. Using the principle of electromagnetism, only one magnetic field generating device is needed. And can be used for a long time. The current output and laser output are directly controlled by the industrial computer, which is easy to operate and can realize single-point single-shot and multi-point multiple continuous impacts.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是激光冲击强化装置的结构图；Fig. 1 is a structural diagram of a laser shock peening device;
图2是等离子体箍缩效应原理图；Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the plasma pinch effect;
图中各标号的含义如下：The meanings of the symbols in the figure are as follows:
1、工控机；2、激光器电源与功率控制模块；3、激光器；4、激光束；5、导光系统；6、聚焦镜；7、圆柱形放电管；8、吸收层；9、试样；10、试样夹具；11、工控台；12、快速充放电模块。1. Industrial computer; 2. Laser power supply and power control module; 3. Laser; 4. Laser beam; 5. Light guide system; 6. Focusing mirror; 7. Cylindrical discharge tube; 8. Absorbing layer; 9. Sample ; 10. Sample fixture; 11. Industrial console; 12. Fast charging and discharging module.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图详细说明本发明方法和装置的细节和工作情况。The details and working conditions of the method and device of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
如图1所示，一种以磁场作为约束层的激光冲击强化装置，其特征在于，包括工控机1、激光器电源与功率控制模块2、激光器3、导光系统5、聚焦镜6、圆柱形放电管7、试样9、试样夹具10、工控台11和快速充放电模块12；快速充放电模块12由电容a和电感b组成。As shown in Figure 1, a laser shock peening device using a magnetic field as a confinement layer is characterized in that it includes an industrial computer 1, a laser power supply and power control module 2, a laser 3, a light guide system 5, a focusing mirror 6, a cylindrical The discharge tube 7, the sample 9, the sample holder 10, the industrial control console 11 and the fast charge and discharge module 12; the fast charge and discharge module 12 is composed of a capacitor a and an inductance b.
圆柱形放电管7安装在工控台11上，圆柱形放电管7的高度可调节；控制快速充放电模块12和圆柱形放电管7均与工控台11相连，由工控台11控制快速充放电模块12，进而控制圆柱形放电管7中电流的大小产生所需要的磁场；The cylindrical discharge tube 7 is installed on the industrial console 11, and the height of the cylindrical discharge tube 7 is adjustable; the control fast charge and discharge module 12 and the cylindrical discharge tube 7 are connected to the industrial console 11, and the fast charge and discharge module is controlled by the industrial console 11 12, and then control the size of the current in the cylindrical discharge tube 7 to generate the required magnetic field;
激光器电源与功率控制模块2与工控机1相连，由工控机1控制激光器3的脉冲输出；激光器3输出的激光束通过导光系统5，透过聚焦镜6，照射在试样9的表面，形成冲击；所述试样9在所需激光冲击强化的部位喷涂有吸收层，试样9通过试样夹具10安装在工控台11上。The laser power supply and power control module 2 are connected to the industrial computer 1, and the pulse output of the laser 3 is controlled by the industrial computer 1; the laser beam output by the laser 3 passes through the light guide system 5, passes through the focusing lens 6, and irradiates the surface of the sample 9, The impact is formed; the sample 9 is sprayed with an absorbing layer at the position to be strengthened by laser shock, and the sample 9 is installed on the industrial console 11 through the sample holder 10 .
采用上述激光冲击强化装置进行激光冲击强化的方法包括如下步骤：The method for performing laser shock strengthening by using the above-mentioned laser shock strengthening device includes the following steps:
第一步：在试样9的表面需要冲击强化的部位涂覆吸收层8；Step 1: coating the absorbing layer 8 on the surface of the sample 9 where impact strengthening is required;
第二步：将试样9通过试样夹具10安装在工控台11上；使得激光器3输出的激光束通过导光系统5，透过聚焦镜6，垂直辐照在试样9的表面需要进行冲击强化的区域，并使聚焦焦点位于区域表面；Step 2: Install the sample 9 on the industrial console 11 through the sample holder 10; make the laser beam output by the laser 3 pass through the light guide system 5, pass through the focusing lens 6, and vertically irradiate the surface of the sample 9. Shock the hardened area and bring the focal point of focus to the surface of the area;
第三步：调节圆柱形放电管7的高度，使其恰好置于试样9的正上方(如图1位置)；Step 3: adjust the height of the cylindrical discharge tube 7 so that it is placed just above the sample 9 (as shown in Figure 1);
第四步：通过工控机1控制快速充放电模块12，进而控制圆柱形放电管7中电流大小生成所需要的磁场；圆柱形放电管7产生磁场的方向始终垂直于试样9的表面；Step 4: Control the fast charging and discharging module 12 through the industrial computer 1, and then control the current in the cylindrical discharge tube 7 to generate the required magnetic field; the direction of the magnetic field generated by the cylindrical discharge tube 7 is always perpendicular to the surface of the sample 9;
第五步：工控机1通过激光器电源与功率控制模块2控制激光器3产生激光，激光束4穿过导光系统5、聚焦镜6汇聚在试样9上的吸收层8表面，产生高温高压等离子体，高温高压等离子体在圆柱形放电管7产生的磁场中受到压缩产生向下的冲击力，形成强烈的激光冲击；Step 5: The industrial computer 1 controls the laser 3 to generate laser through the laser power supply and power control module 2, and the laser beam 4 passes through the light guide system 5 and the focusing mirror 6 to converge on the surface of the absorption layer 8 on the sample 9 to generate high-temperature and high-pressure plasma body, the high-temperature and high-pressure plasma is compressed in the magnetic field generated by the cylindrical discharge tube 7 to generate a downward impact force, forming a strong laser shock;
第六步：按第五步所述方法重复多次激光冲击强化处理后，工控机1控制激光器3停止输出激光束4；Step 6: After repeating the laser shock strengthening treatment several times according to the method described in step 5, the industrial computer 1 controls the laser 3 to stop outputting the laser beam 4;
第七步：取下试样9，清洗表面残余吸收层。Step 7: Remove the sample 9, and clean the residual absorbent layer on the surface.
本发明的原理图如图2所示，圆柱形放电管7(一般由玻璃或者陶瓷制成)管内充有气体，在外面包围与圆柱形放电管e同轴的圆柱形单匝金属线圈d。接通开关Kc，则由已充电的电容a快速地向线圈放电，流经金属线圈d的电流I(t)在圆柱形放电管7中产生一个与圆柱形放电管7管轴同向的变化磁场B(t)。流过等离子体g的强电流和此电流产生的磁场之间相互作用，能引起等离子体向中心区域压缩，并使等离子体密度、温度增加。激光冲击区域产生的等离子体g在圆柱形放电管7产生的磁场的作用下，向中心区域聚集，密度增加，等离子体g在磁场的约束下如此反复运动，从而增强激光冲击强化的效果。The schematic diagram of the present invention is as shown in Figure 2. The cylindrical discharge tube 7 (generally made of glass or ceramics) is filled with gas, and surrounds a cylindrical single-turn metal coil d coaxial with the cylindrical discharge tube e on the outside. When the switch Kc is turned on, the charged capacitor a quickly discharges to the coil, and the current I(t) flowing through the metal coil d produces a change in the same direction as the tube axis of the cylindrical discharge tube 7 in the cylindrical discharge tube 7 Magnetic field B(t). The interaction between the strong current flowing through the plasma g and the magnetic field generated by this current can cause the plasma to compress to the central region, and increase the plasma density and temperature. Under the action of the magnetic field generated by the cylindrical discharge tube 7, the plasma g generated in the laser shock area gathers toward the central region and its density increases. The plasma g moves repeatedly under the constraint of the magnetic field, thereby enhancing the effect of laser shock strengthening.
表1所示为材料本身的残余应力，以及有磁场(磁场强度为0.5T)和无磁场作用下的残余应力的对比结构，其中材料为2024铝合金材料，激光加工的参数为脉冲能量为8J，波长1064nm，脉宽10ns，光斑直径6mm，功率密度2.8GW/cm2。很明显，在磁场作用下激光冲击2024铝合金表面产生的残余应力均大于无磁场时和2024铝合金材料本身的残余应力，说明磁场确实起到了约束层的效果。Table 1 shows the residual stress of the material itself, and the comparative structure of the residual stress under the action of a magnetic field (the magnetic field strength is 0.5T) and without a magnetic field. The material is 2024 aluminum alloy, and the laser processing parameters are pulse energy of 8J , wavelength 1064nm, pulse width 10ns, spot diameter 6mm, power density 2.8GW/cm 2 . Obviously, the residual stress produced by laser shocking the surface of 2024 aluminum alloy under the action of magnetic field is greater than that of 2024 aluminum alloy material itself without magnetic field, indicating that the magnetic field does play the role of the confinement layer.
表1Table 1
本发明可改变为多种方式对本领域的技术人员是显而易见的，这样的改变不认为脱离本发明的范围。所有这样的对所述领域的技术人员显而易见的修改，将包括在本权利要求的范围之内。It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be modified in various ways and such modifications are not to be regarded as departing from the scope of the present invention. All such modifications obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of this claim.
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