CN103869549A - Frame structure of liquid crystal display and manufacturing method of liquid crystal display - Google Patents
Frame structure of liquid crystal display and manufacturing method of liquid crystal display Download PDFInfo
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- CN103869549A CN103869549A CN201210543960.3A CN201210543960A CN103869549A CN 103869549 A CN103869549 A CN 103869549A CN 201210543960 A CN201210543960 A CN 201210543960A CN 103869549 A CN103869549 A CN 103869549A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a frame structure of a liquid crystal display and a manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display. The frame structure of the liquid crystal display comprises a first substrate, a second substrate, an organic layer, an insulation layer and a frame sealing adhesive layer, the second substrate is opposite to the first substrate, the organic layer, the insulation layer and the frame sealing adhesive layer are sequentially arranged on one side of the first substrate facing the second substrate, the organic layer comprises a recess, and the frame sealing adhesive layer is filled into the recess, so that the first substrate and the second substrate are adhered. The contact areas of the frame sealing adhesive layer, the insulation layer and the organic layer are increased, and the lowest bonding strength of the frame sealing adhesive layer and the insulation layer is ensured, so that a narrow frame can be achieved by decreasing the actual thickness of the frame sealing adhesive layer.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of liquid crystal display, related in particular to a kind of border structure and manufacture method thereof of liquid crystal display.
Background technology
TFT-LCD(Thin Film Transistor-LCD) be a kind of widely used flat-panel monitor, it can be made up of two substrates that are oppositely arranged, and forms the field generating electrodes such as pixel electrode and public electrode on described substrate.Liquid crystal layer can be got involved between two substrates.In liquid crystal display, can apply voltage to produce electric field on liquid crystal layer to field generating electrodes.The liquid crystal molecule of liquid crystal layer can be arranged according to this electric field, thereby can control the rotation of liquid crystal to polarization of light direction, realizes polarisation of light is shown to image.
The narrow frame design of TFT-LCD is a trend of demonstration field development, is also the target that this area people pursue always.But, the design of narrow frame is subject to the restriction of certain condition, and described certain condition is such as distance, sealed plastic box and PI(polyimide between sealed plastic box and territory, effective display area) distance, the requirement of panel disbonded test etc. of distance, sealed plastic box and the line of cut of rete.Along with high aperture liquid crystal display, the particularly use of low temperature polycrystalline silicon liquid crystal display, the design of more liquid crystal display has been used organic layer.
The border structure of the liquid crystal display that has used organic layer of the prior art, as shown in Figure 1, border structure 100 generally includes: first substrate 101, organic layer 102, insulation course 103, sealed plastic box layer 104 and second substrate 105; Wherein, described second substrate 105 is oppositely arranged with described first substrate 101, towards described second substrate 105 1 sides, has set gradually organic layer 102, insulation course 103 and sealed plastic box layer 104 at described first substrate 101.At present, there are the following problems in the time of the narrow frame design of application for the structure of above-mentioned prior art liquid crystal display:
(1) in order to ensure that panel can be by disbonded test, General Requirements ensures the cohesive strength of sealed plastic box and insulation course, needs to ensure that the relative contact between sealed plastic box and insulation course is long-pending.This requirement need to ensure that the width of certain sealed plastic box is to improve by the ability of disbonded test, thereby defines to a great extent the design of narrow frame, and peripheral frame can not diminish.
(2) because the adhesion of sealed plastic box and insulation course is stronger compared with the adhesion of insulation course and organic layer, so in the time of panel disbonded test, easily cause peeling off of insulation course and organic layer.Peel off for fear of this, need to ensure that the relative contact between insulation course and organic layer is long-pending, thereby the design of narrow frame is proposed to high requirement.
Summary of the invention
The technical issues that need to address of the present invention are by a kind of method for making of border structure and corresponding improved border structure of improved liquid crystal display, solve one or both in above-mentioned problem.
For achieving the above object, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
A border structure for liquid crystal display, is characterized in that, comprising:
First substrate;
The second substrate being oppositely arranged with described first substrate;
At described first substrate towards described second substrate one side, the organic layer setting gradually, insulation course, sealed plastic box layer;
Wherein, described organic layer comprises depressed part, and described sealed plastic box layer is inserted described depressed part, and described first substrate and described second substrate are binded.
Further, the number of the depressed part of described organic layer is at least one.
Further, described depressed part is the groove structure being communicated with around the entirety of display screen edge setting.
Further, described depressed part is the independent grooves structure arranging along display screen edge.
Further, between described first substrate and described organic layer, also comprise and drive district's floor.
Further, between described second substrate and described sealed plastic box layer, also comprise planarization layer and black-matrix layer.
Further, described first substrate and described second substrate are made up of glass.
Accordingly, the invention allows for a kind of manufacture method of border structure of liquid crystal display, described manufacture method comprises the following steps:
On first substrate, form organic layer;
By photoetching process to described organic layer expose, development operation, organic layer forms depressed part described in etching;
On described organic layer, form successively insulation course and sealed plastic box layer, wherein said sealed plastic box layer is inserted described depressed part;
At described first substrate relative position, second substrate is set, described sealed plastic box layer binds described first substrate and described second substrate.
Further, the number of described organic layer depressed part is at least one.
Further, described depressed part is the groove structure being communicated with around the entirety of display screen edge setting.
Further, described depressed part is the independent grooves structure arranging along display screen edge.
Further, between described first substrate and described organic layer, be also formed with and drive district's floor.
Further, between described second substrate and described sealed plastic box layer, be also formed with planarization layer and black-matrix layer.
Further, described first substrate and described second substrate are made up of glass.
Accordingly, the invention allows for a kind of liquid crystal display, it is characterized in that, described liquid crystal display comprises according to the border structure described in above technical scheme.
The border structure of the liquid crystal display that the present invention proposes has following features: by form depressed part on described organic layer, described sealed plastic box layer is inserted described organic layer depressed part, increase the contact surface area of described sealed plastic box layer, insulation course and described organic layer, ensure the minimum cohesive strength of sealed plastic box and insulation course, and then, can, by reducing the developed width of described sealed plastic box layer, reach narrow frame effect.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the border structure of a kind of liquid crystal display of the prior art;
Fig. 2 is according to the vertical view of a kind of liquid crystal display of first embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 3 is the border structure sectional view of Fig. 2 along the liquid crystal display in A-A cross section;
Fig. 4 is according to the manufacturing flow chart of the border structure of a kind of liquid crystal display of the first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 a-5f is the manufacture schematic diagram according to each layer of the border structure of a kind of liquid crystal display of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is according to the vertical view of a kind of liquid crystal display of second embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 7 is the border structure sectional view of Fig. 6 along the liquid crystal display in B-B cross section;
The technical characterictic that Reference numeral in figure refers to is respectively:
100, border structure; 101, first substrate; 102, organic layer; 103, insulation course; 104, sealed plastic box layer; 105, second substrate;
200, border structure; 201, first substrate; 202, organic layer; 203, insulation course; 204, sealed plastic box layer; 205, second substrate; 206, depressed part; 207, projection; 210, display screen;
401, first substrate; 402, organic layer; 403, insulation course; 404, sealed plastic box layer; 405, second substrate; 406, depressed part; 407, projection; 409, half-tone mask;
500, border structure; 501, first substrate; 502, organic layer; 503, insulation course; 504, sealed plastic box layer; 505, second substrate; 506, depressed part; 507, projection; 510, display screen;
611, drive district's floor; 612, black-matrix layer; 613, planarization layer.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is described in further detail.Be understandable that, specific embodiment described herein is only for explaining the present invention, but not limitation of the invention.It also should be noted that, for convenience of description, in accompanying drawing, only show part related to the present invention but not entire infrastructure.
In the accompanying drawings, for clarity sake, the thickness in layer and region is exaggerated.It should be pointed out that when layer be known as another layer or substrate " on " time, it can be formed directly on other layer or substrate, or it can be formed on other layer or substrate by being placed in therebetween the 3rd layer.
Fig. 2 is according to the vertical view of a kind of liquid crystal display of first embodiment of the invention.Fig. 3 is the border structure diagrammatic cross-section of Fig. 2 along the liquid crystal display in A-A cross section.As shown in Figure 2, the edge (being that effective display area is overseas) of display screen 210 is formed with border structure 200, as shown in Figure 3, the border structure 200 described in the present embodiment comprises: first substrate 201, second substrate 205, organic layer 202, insulation course 203, sealed plastic box layer 204.Wherein, described second substrate 205 is oppositely arranged with described first substrate 201, towards described second substrate 205 1 sides, has set gradually organic layer 202, insulation course 203, sealed plastic box layer 204 at described first substrate 201; Described organic layer 202 comprises depressed part 206, and described sealed plastic box layer 204 is inserted described depressed part 206, and described first substrate 201 is binded with described second substrate 205.As shown in Figure 2, the described sealed plastic box layer 204 of inserting in described depressed part 206 will form the projection corresponding with the described depressed part 206 of described organic layer 202 207.Owing to forming depressed part on described organic layer, described sealed plastic box layer is inserted described organic layer depressed part, increase the contact surface area of described sealed plastic box layer, insulation course and described organic layer, ensure the minimum cohesive strength of sealed plastic box and insulation course, and then, can, by reducing the developed width of described sealed plastic box layer, reach narrow frame effect.
Described driving district floor 611 comprises driving circuit, and being used for provides driving signal for each pixel cell of liquid crystal display.
The black-matrix layer 612 increasing can be used for covering the space between the each pixel of red, green, blue, significantly reduces light interfering with each other produced between liquid crystal display luminous point evil, presents the more stable and quality of image clearly, thereby has promoted the comfort level of reading.
Described planarization layer 613 is made up of organic material, the topology of the sub-pixel that the black-matrix layer 612 that can be made up of opaque resin for elimination causes.
In the first embodiment of the present invention, first substrate 201 can be for example array base palte (also referred to as thin film transistor base plate), and described first substrate 201 can comprise the required essential elements that possess of display panel such as such as gate line, data line, thin film transistor (TFT), public electrode wire and pixel electrode.Described second substrate 205 is oppositely arranged with described first substrate 201, therefore also referred to as subtend substrate, and second substrate 205 can comprise the required essential element possessing of for example colored filter (not shown), public electrode (not shown), alignment film (not shown) and other display panel.
In the first embodiment of the present invention, described organic layer 202 can be made up of Si oxide, silicon nitride and/or sensitization organic material.And the described organic layer 202 being arranged on first substrate 201 can make first substrate 201 levelings.
As shown in Figures 2 and 3, according to the first embodiment of the present invention, the number of the described depressed part 206 of described organic layer 202 is one, described depressed part 206 is the groove structures that are communicated with around the entirety of display screen 210 edges settings, and described sealed plastic box layer 204 is inserted a formation projection 207 corresponding with described depressed part 206 in described depressed part 206, and the region, edge with this by described first substrate 201 and described second substrate 205 sticks together.As shown in Figure 3, according to the first embodiment of the present invention, described insulation course 203(is also referred to as passivation layer) be arranged on described organic layer 202.In the present embodiment, described insulation course 203 is by inorganic insulator, as silicon nitride or monox are made.In other embodiments, described insulation course 203 can comprise inorganic insulation layer, organic insulator or organic/inorganic composite insulation layer, and can also cover alignment film (not shown) on insulation course 203.
It should be noted that, the number of described depressed part can be multiple, and described depressed part 206 is the three-back-shaped edge that is centered around display screen 210.
Fig. 4 shows according to the manufacture process of the border structure of a kind of liquid crystal display of the first embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 5 a-5f shows the manufacture of each layer of described border structure.Referring to Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 a-5f, the manufacture process of above-mentioned border structure comprises the following steps:
The first step: form organic layer on first substrate, as shown in the step 31 of Fig. 4.
Referring to Fig. 5 a, can adopt the technique such as method of spin coating or slot coated method to form organic layer 402 on described first substrate 401.
Described organic layer 402 can be made up of Si oxide, silicon nitride and/or sensitization organic material.The described organic layer 402 being formed on first substrate 401 can make first substrate 401 levelings.
Second step: make described organic layer there is depressed part, as shown in the step 32 of Fig. 4.
In the present embodiment, by photoetching process, use half-tone mask (halftone mask) to described organic layer 402 expose, development operation, organic layer 402 forms a depressed part described in etching.Concrete steps are as follows, as shown in Figure 5 b, first, use half-tone mask 409 to carry out exposing operation to described organic layer 402; Then, as shown in Figure 5 c, utilize developer solution to carry out development operation so that the potential pattern forming in described organic layer 402 after showing exposing operation finally forms the organic layer 402 with a depressed part 406.
Described half-tone mask 409 can be the mask that comprises the region with different light transmissions.For example, described half-tone mask can comprise all light of transmission transmission region, hinder the lightproof area of all light and see through the translucent area of a part of light.Translucent area can comprise the slit of multiple tight settings, or for controlling the thin metal layer of exposure.
The 3rd step: form successively insulation course and sealed plastic box layer on described organic layer, as shown in the step 33 of Fig. 4.
First,, as shown in Fig. 5 d, on described organic layer 402, form insulation course 403(also referred to as passivation layer).In the present embodiment, the described insulation course 403 forming is made up as silicon nitride or monox of inorganic insulator.In other embodiments, the described insulation course 403 forming can comprise inorganic insulation layer, organic insulator or organic/inorganic composite insulation layer, and can also be coated with alignment film (not shown) on insulation course 403.Because described insulation course 403 is directly fitted and contacted with described organic layer 402, so the shape of the described insulation course 403 forming is corresponding with the shape of described organic layer 402, present a projection corresponding with this depressed part 406 of described organic layer 402.
Secondly,, as shown in Fig. 5 e, on described insulation course 403, be coated with sealed plastic box layer 404.In the present embodiment, the coating process of sealed plastic box can carry out as follows: first glue material complete deaeration is filled into glue injection machine; Then, by glue material is exerted pressure, glue material is spued from glue injection machine, in the glue material that spues, move glue injection machine or mobile border structure, make sealed plastic box on described border structure, form the pattern of class rectangle.Because described sealed plastic box layer 404 is directly fitted and contacted with described insulation course 403, so described sealed plastic box layer 204 is inserted described depressed part 206, described first substrate 201 is binded with described second substrate 205.The shape of the described sealed plastic box layer 404 forming is corresponding with the shape of described insulation course 403 and described organic layer 402, also presents a projection 407 corresponding with this depressed part 406 of described organic layer 402, and this projection 407 is meshed with this depressed part 406.Owing to forming depressed part on described organic layer, described sealed plastic box layer is inserted described organic layer depressed part, increase the contact surface area of described sealed plastic box layer, insulation course and described organic layer, ensure the minimum cohesive strength of sealed plastic box and insulation course, and then, can, by reducing the developed width of described sealed plastic box layer, reach narrow frame effect.
The 4th step: bind second substrate on described sealed plastic box layer, as shown in the step 34 of Fig. 4.
With further reference to Fig. 5 f, the second substrate 405 and the first substrate 401 that form are oppositely arranged, therefore also referred to as subtend substrate.Second substrate 405 can comprise planarization layer 613, black matrix" (Black Matrix) layer 612.Described black-matrix layer 612 is arranged between described planarization layer 613 and described second substrate 205, and the required essential element possessing of display panel such as such as colored filter, public electrode, alignment film.
So far, completed according to the manufacture of the border structure described in the first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is according to the vertical view of a kind of liquid crystal display of second embodiment of the invention.Fig. 7 is the border structure sectional view of Fig. 6 along the liquid crystal display in B-B cross section.As shown in Figure 6, the edge of display screen 510 forms border structure 500, and as shown in Figure 7, the border structure 500 described in the present embodiment comprises: first substrate 501, second substrate 505, organic layer 502, insulation course 503, sealed plastic box layer 504.Wherein, described second substrate 505 is oppositely arranged with described first substrate 501, towards described second substrate 505 1 sides, has set gradually organic layer 502, insulation course 503, sealed plastic box layer 504 at described first substrate 501; Described organic layer 502 comprises multiple depressed parts 506, and described sealed plastic box layer 504 is inserted described depressed part 506, and described first substrate 501 is binded with described second substrate 505.As shown in Figure 7, insert described sealed plastic box layer 504 in multiple described depressed parts 506 and will form corresponding with the multiple described depressed part 506 of described organic layer 502 multiple protruding 507.Owing to forming depressed part on described organic layer, described sealed plastic box layer is inserted described organic layer depressed part, increase the contact surface area of described sealed plastic box layer, insulation course and described organic layer, ensure the minimum cohesive strength of sealed plastic box and insulation course, and then, can, by reducing the developed width of described sealed plastic box layer, reach narrow frame effect.
Described driving district floor 611 comprises driving circuit, and being used for provides driving signal for each pixel cell of liquid crystal display.
The black-matrix layer 612 increasing can be used for covering the space between the each pixel of red, green, blue, significantly reduces light interfering with each other produced between liquid crystal display luminous point evil, presents the more stable and quality of image clearly, thereby has promoted the comfort level of reading.
Described planarization layer 613 is made up of organic material, the topology of the sub-pixel that the black-matrix layer 612 that can be made up of opaque resin for elimination causes.
In a second embodiment, first substrate 501, second substrate 505 in above-mentioned border structure 500 are identical with the corresponding board structure in the first embodiment, do not repeat them here.
From Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, can find out, different from the first embodiment is, in the border structure 500 of the second embodiment, the number of the described depressed part 506 of described organic layer 502 is at least one, described depressed part 506 is the independent grooves structure arranging along display screen 500 edges, and the described sealed plastic box layer 504 of inserting described depressed part 506 has formed corresponding with described depressed part 506 multiple protruding 507, and the region, edge with this by described first substrate 501 and described second substrate 505 sticks together.
As seen in Figure 7, described protruding 507 and the number of corresponding depressed part 506 be three, but the invention is not restricted to this, need statement, described protruding 507 and the number of corresponding depressed part 506 also can need take other number according to technique or function.
In a second embodiment, the number of the depressed part 506 of increase and the projection 507 of corresponding increase can further increase the contact area of described sealed plastic box layer 504 and described organic layer 502, contributes to further to reduce the width of described border structure.
The manufacture process of the border structure 500 of this embodiment is as follows:
The first step: form organic layer on first substrate.
Can adopt the technique such as method of spin coating or slot coated method to form organic layer 502 on described first substrate 501.
Described organic layer 502 can be made up of Si oxide, silicon nitride and/or sensitization organic material.The described organic layer 502 being formed on first substrate 501 can make first substrate 501 levelings.
Second step: make described organic layer there are multiple depressed parts.
By photoetching process, use half-tone mask (halftone mask) to described organic layer 502 expose, development operation, to make described organic layer 502 there are multiple depressed parts 506.Concrete steps are as follows, first, use half-tone mask to carry out exposing operation to described organic layer; Then, utilize developer solution to carry out development operation so that the potential pattern forming in described organic layer 502 after showing exposing operation finally forms the organic layer 502 with multiple depressed parts 506.
The 3rd step: form successively insulation course and sealed plastic box layer on described organic layer.
First, on described organic layer 502, form insulation course 503(also referred to as passivation layer).In the present embodiment, the described insulation course 503 forming is made up as silicon nitride or monox of inorganic insulator.Because described insulation course 503 is directly fitted and contacted with described organic layer 502, so the shape of the described insulation course 503 forming is corresponding with the shape of described organic layer 502, present the multiple projections corresponding with the plurality of depressed part of described organic layer.
Secondly, on described insulation course 503, be coated with sealed plastic box layer 504.In the present embodiment, the coating process of sealed plastic box can carry out as follows: first glue material complete deaeration is filled into glue injection machine; Then, by glue material is exerted pressure, glue material is spued from glue injection machine, in the glue material that spues, move glue injection machine or mobile border structure, make sealed plastic box on described border structure, form the pattern of class rectangle.Because described sealed plastic box layer is directly fitted and contacted with described insulation course, described sealed plastic box layer 504 is inserted described depressed part 506, and described first substrate 501 is binded with described second substrate 505.So the shape of the described sealed plastic box layer of formation is corresponding with the shape of described insulation course and described organic layer, also present the multiple projections corresponding with the plurality of depressed part of described organic layer, the plurality of projection is meshed with corresponding multiple depressed parts.Owing to forming depressed part on described organic layer, described sealed plastic box layer is inserted described organic layer depressed part, increase the contact surface area of described sealed plastic box layer, insulation course and described organic layer, ensure the minimum cohesive strength of sealed plastic box and insulation course, and then, can, by reducing the developed width of described sealed plastic box layer, reach narrow frame effect.
The 4th step: bind second substrate on described sealed plastic box layer.
The second substrate 505 and the first substrate 501 that form are oppositely arranged, therefore also referred to as subtend substrate.Second substrate 405 can comprise planarization layer 613, black matrix" (Black Matrix) layer 612.Described black-matrix layer 612 is arranged between described planarization layer 613 and described second substrate 205, and the required essential element possessing of display panel such as such as colored filter, public electrode, alignment film.
So far, completed the manufacture of described border structure according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
In addition, the present invention also provides a kind of liquid crystal display, and described liquid crystal display comprises according to the border structure described in above-mentioned the first embodiment and the second embodiment.
The border structure of liquid crystal display proposed by the invention, compared with the border structure of prior art, can, in the situation that both not increasing rete, also not changing material, utilize existing process modification structure, has realized the object of the narrow frame of liquid crystal display.The present invention utilizes half-tone mask to expose to organic layer, thereby makes described organic layer have one or more depressed parts.Depressed part by described organic layer and insert the engaging structure of projection these two formation corresponding with described depressed part that the described sealed plastic box layer of described depressed part forms, play the effect of the contact area that improves described sealed plastic box layer, insulation course and described organic layer, ensure the minimum cohesive strength of sealed plastic box and insulation course, thus, by having reduced the developed width of described sealed plastic box layer, reach narrow frame effect.
Note, above are only preferred embodiment of the present invention and institute's application technology principle.Skilled person in the art will appreciate that and the invention is not restricted to specific embodiment described here, can carry out for a person skilled in the art various obvious variations, readjust and substitute and can not depart from protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, although the present invention is described in further detail by above embodiment, the present invention is not limited only to above embodiment, in the situation that not departing from the present invention's design, can also comprise more other equivalent embodiment, and scope of the present invention is determined by appended claim scope.
Claims (14)
1. a border structure for liquid crystal display, is characterized in that, comprising:
First substrate;
The second substrate being oppositely arranged with described first substrate; At described first substrate towards described second substrate one side, the organic layer setting gradually, insulation course, sealed plastic box layer;
Wherein, described organic layer comprises depressed part, and described sealed plastic box layer is inserted described depressed part, and described first substrate and described second substrate are binded.
2. border structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the number of the depressed part of described organic layer is at least one.
3. border structure according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described depressed part is the groove structure being communicated with around the entirety of display screen edge setting.
4. border structure according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described depressed part is the independent grooves structure arranging along display screen edge.
5. border structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that, also comprises and drive district's floor between described first substrate and described organic layer.
6. border structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that, between described second substrate and described sealed plastic box layer, also comprises planarization layer and black-matrix layer.
7. border structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described first substrate and described second substrate are made up of glass.
8. a manufacture method for the border structure of liquid crystal display, it comprises the following steps:
On first substrate, form organic layer;
By photoetching process to described organic layer expose, development operation, organic layer forms depressed part described in etching;
On described organic layer, form successively insulation course and sealed plastic box layer, wherein said sealed plastic box layer is inserted described depressed part;
At described first substrate relative position, second substrate is set, described sealed plastic box layer binds described first substrate and described second substrate.
9. manufacture method according to claim 8, is characterized in that, the number of described organic layer depressed part is at least one.
10. border structure according to claim 9, is characterized in that, described depressed part is the groove structure being communicated with around the entirety of display screen edge setting.
11. border structures according to claim 9, is characterized in that, described depressed part is the independent grooves structure arranging along display screen edge.
12. manufacture methods according to claim 8, is characterized in that, be also formed with and drive district's floor between described first substrate and described organic layer.
13. manufacture methods according to claim 8, is characterized in that, between described second substrate and described sealed plastic box layer, are also formed with planarization layer and black-matrix layer.
14. manufacture methods according to claim 8, is characterized in that, described first substrate and described second substrate are made up of glass.
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