CN103803971B - High-dielectric-constant microwave dielectric ceramic and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

High-dielectric-constant microwave dielectric ceramic and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN103803971B
CN103803971B CN201410072177.2A CN201410072177A CN103803971B CN 103803971 B CN103803971 B CN 103803971B CN 201410072177 A CN201410072177 A CN 201410072177A CN 103803971 B CN103803971 B CN 103803971B
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张美沛
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Jiangsu Dicheng Photoelectric Material Co ltd
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Abstract

The invention discloses a high dielectric constant microwave dielectric ceramic and a preparation method thereof, wherein the microwave dielectric ceramic comprises a main component a (Ca)0.5Sr1/3)TiO3-bLi0.5Sr0.5TiO3And mixing and ball-milling the materials according to the stoichiometric ratio of a + b being 100 mol%, pre-burning the materials at 1050-1100 ℃ for 2-4 hours, carrying out secondary ball-milling and screening on the pre-burned powder, drying, adding PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) binder, granulating, pressing the mixture into a cylindrical blank, and sintering the cylindrical blank at 1200-1300 ℃ for 3-5 hours to obtain the required high-dielectric-constant microwave dielectric ceramic. The material has excellent dielectric properties: the dielectric constant is 103 to 112, the quality factor is 5689 to 6431, and the temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency is-4 to 15. The high dielectric constant microwave dielectric ceramic provided by the invention can enable microwave devices such as antennas, resonators, filters and the like in communication to be used in higher frequency.

Description

A kind of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The invention belongs to microwave-medium ceramics technical field, be specifically related to a kind of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
In recent years, along with developing rapidly of mechanics of communication, to microwave device demand also just growing.In order to realize the miniaturization of microwave dielectric properties, integrated, portability and low cost, this just requires that microwave-medium ceramics has following performance: 1, high DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ε r(usual ε rbe greater than 80); 2, high quality factor, Q × f=(2 ~ 5) × 10 3(under f=1 ~ 3GHz); 3, the temperature coefficient of resonance frequency τ gone to zero f(-20ppm/ DEG C of < τ f) < 20ppm/ DEG C).
Material its dielectric loss large due to specific inductivity and temperature factor also larger, so, the exploitation difficulty of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics is more, in the prior art specific inductivity go beyond 100 microwave-medium ceramics few in number, this just strongly limit the further miniaturization of microwave device and range of application, and the microwave-medium ceramics with more high-k need be developed in pole for this reason.
Practical high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics mainly contains 3 large series: BaO-Ln at present 2o-TiO 2series, composite perofskite CaO 2-Li 2o 2-Ln 2o 3-TiO 2and lead-based perovskite series, although these microwave dielectric ceramic materials have higher dielectric constant, their dielectric loss is larger and temperature coefficient of resonance frequency unstable.Wherein, the microwave dielectric material of lead-based perovskite series has certain pollution to environment.
Summary of the invention
For above-mentioned deficiency, technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide that a kind of specific inductivity is high, dielectric loss is low, temperature coefficient of resonance frequency close to zero, high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of green non-pollution and preparation method thereof.
The technical scheme solved the problem is: a kind of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics, and this microwave-medium ceramics is with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, by expression formula a (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-bLi 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carry out stoichiometry formulated, wherein a+b=100 % by mole, 0.3≤b≤0.6.
The preparation method of above-mentioned high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics, comprises the following steps successively: (1) is by CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3, TiO 2by expression formula a (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-bLi 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carry out stoichiometry batching, ball milling sieves, and dries, within 2 ~ 4 hours, carries out pre-burning 1050 DEG C ~ 1100 DEG C insulations, then the pre-burning powder of gained is carried out secondary ball milling sieve, and oven dry, obtains oven dry powder; (2) add in oven dry powder mass concentration be 5% ~ 7%PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as binding agent and granulation, be pressed into cylindric base substrate; (3) the cylindric base substrate of gained is incubated 2 ~ 4 hours at 1200 ~ 1300 DEG C and sinters porcelain into, namely obtain required high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics.
Preferably, in step (1), described calcined temperature is 1100 DEG C, and soaking time is 3 hours.
Preferably, in step (2), the mass concentration of described PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) binding agent is 7%.
Preferably, in step (3), described soaking time is 3 hours.
Above-mentioned pre-burning and sintering all carry out in air atmosphere.
Advantage of the present invention is: microwave-medium ceramics of the present invention, is have high ε at microwave frequencies r, low Q × f value and larger positive τ f(ε r=170, Q × f=3500GH z, τ f=+800ppm/ DEG C) CaTiO 3with there is high ε rlarger negative τ f(Li 1/2ln 1/2) TiO 3(wherein Ln can be Nb, Sm, Sr etc.) compound is prepared from, its specific inductivity can reach 103 ~ 112, there is lower loss and the temperature coefficient of resonance frequency close to zero simultaneously, have that specific inductivity is high, temperature coefficient of resonance frequency close to zero, the feature of green non-pollution, be applicable to the antenna in communication, or the microwave component such as dielectric resonator and wave filter device can be made to adapt to higher frequency.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is preparation technology's schema of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics.
Fig. 2 is the stereoscan photograph of the embodiment of the present invention 3.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is further explained, but is not limited to these embodiments.
Of the present invention adopted raw materials of Ca CO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2purity reach more than 99.9%, measure its dielectric properties (i.e. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ε with network vector analyser r, quality factor q × f, temperature coefficient of resonance frequency τ f).After tested, each component content of the specific embodiment of the invention 1 ~ 16 and dielectric properties thereof, in table 1:
Each component content of table 1 specific embodiment of the invention and dielectric properties thereof
Sequence number a b ε r Q τ f(ppm/℃)
Embodiment 1 0.7 0.3 104 5756 13
Embodiment 2 0.6 0.4 105 5821 12
Embodiment 3 0.5 0.5 103 5943 3
Embodiment 4 0.4 0.6 106 5689 -4
Embodiment 5 0.7 0.3 108 6431 14
Embodiment 6 0.6 0.4 110 6200 12
Embodiment 7 0.5 0.5 107 6013 2
Embodiment 8 0.4 0.6 112 6321 -3
Embodiment 9 0.7 0.3 108 6355 15
Embodiment 10 0.6 0.4 107 6251 10
Embodiment 11 0.5 0.5 109 6302 5
Embodiment 12 0.4 0.6 111 5899 -5
Embodiment 13 0.7 0.3 109 6408 15
Embodiment 14 0.6 0.4 108 6100 11
Embodiment 15 0.5 0.5 110 5980 6
Embodiment 16 0.4 0.6 107 5807 -3
Table 1 demonstrates high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics provided by the invention, presents good microwave dielectric property: high specific inductivity, low-loss, close to the temperature coefficient of resonance frequency of zero.
Embodiment 1
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.7 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.3Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1050 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 5% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1200 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 2
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.6 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.4Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 4 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1100 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 5% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1200 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 3
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.5 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.5Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 2 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1050 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 5% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1200 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, and then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc., its stereoscan photograph is shown in Fig. 2.
Embodiment 4
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.4 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.6Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1100 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 5% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1200 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 5
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.7 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.3Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1050 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 6% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1230 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 6
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.6 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.4Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1050 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 6% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 2 hours 1230 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 7
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.5 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.5Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1050 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 6% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1230 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 8
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.4 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.6Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1100 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 6% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1230 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 9
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.7 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.3Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1100 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 7% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1260 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 10
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.6 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.4Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1100 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 7% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1260 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 11
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.5 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.5Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1100 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 7% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1260 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 12
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.4 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.6Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1100 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 7% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1260 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 13
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.7 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.3Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 3 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1070 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 5% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1300 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 14
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.6 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.4Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 2 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1070 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 5% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1300 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 15
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.5 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.5Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 2 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1050 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 5% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1300 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.
Embodiment 16
Preparation method's concrete steps of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics of the present invention are as follows:
(1) with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, according to expression formula 0.4 (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-0.6Li 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carrying out proportioning, is that medium carries out ball milling with dehydrated alcohol, within 2 hours, carries out pre-burning, pre-burning gained powder is carried out secondary ball milling after oven dry 1080 DEG C of insulations, dries, and obtains drying a point powder;
(2) to dry in powder add 5% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as caking agent and granulation, sieve, dry, and then forming machine is pressed into cylindric base substrate, cylindric for gained base substrate is sintered into porcelain in 3 hours 1300 DEG C of insulations.Two-sided for the porcelain of gained sanding and polishing is kept two-sided parallel, then for the test of microwave dielectric property etc.

Claims (6)

1. a high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics, is characterized in that: described microwave-medium ceramics is with CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3and TiO 2for raw material, by expression formula a (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-bLi 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carry out stoichiometry formulated, wherein a+b=100 % by mole, 0.3≤b≤0.6.
2. the preparation method of a kind of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics according to claim 1, is characterized in that, comprise the following steps successively: (1) is by CaCO 3, Li 2cO 3, Sr 2o 3, TiO 2by expression formula a (Ca 0.5sr 1/3) TiO 3-bLi 0.5sr 0.5tiO 3carry out stoichiometry batching, ball milling sieves, and dries, within 2 ~ 4 hours, carries out pre-burning 1050 DEG C ~ 1100 DEG C insulations, then the pre-burning powder of gained is carried out secondary ball milling sieve, and oven dry, obtains oven dry powder; (2) add in oven dry powder mass concentration be 5% ~ 7%PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as binding agent and granulation, be pressed into cylindric base substrate; (3) the cylindric base substrate of gained is incubated 2 ~ 4 hours at 1200 ~ 1300 DEG C and sinters porcelain into, namely obtain required high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics.
3. a kind of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics preparation method according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: in step (1), described calcined temperature is 1100 DEG C, and soaking time is 3 hours.
4. according to the preparation method of a kind of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics described in claim 2, it is characterized in that: in step (2), described PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) mass concentration is 7%.
5. a kind of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics preparation method according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: in step (3), described soaking time is 3 hours.
6. a kind of high-permittivity microwave medium ceramics preparation method according to claim 2, is characterized in that: pre-burning and sintering all carry out in air atmosphere.
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