CN103803836A - Additive for improving performance of asphalt pavement and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Additive for improving performance of asphalt pavement and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an additive for improving the performance of asphalt pavement and a preparation method thereof. The additive comprises, by mass percentage, 65%-90% of sulfur, 4-15% of EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate), 5%-15% of PSBR, and 1%-5% of hydroxide. The preparation method includes: mixing sulfur, the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, powdered styrene butadiene rubber and hydroxide uniformly, conveying the mixture into an extruder to perform extrusion and granulation, thus obtaining the additive. The preparation process of the additive provided by the invention generates little irritating smell. Adding of the additive provided by the invention into an asphalt mixture can effectively improve the anti-rutting performance of asphalt pavement, and improve the anti-water damage performance. Also, the low temperature performance is taken into account.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of additive that improves bituminous pavement property, relate in particular to a kind of additive that improves asphalt pavement rut resisting and anti-water damage property and its preparation method and application.
Background technology
Due to reasons such as the heavy loadings that day by day increases and transport of China's vehicle, bituminous pavement generation rut, gather around the phenomenons such as bag and be on the rise, particularly outstanding in south China hot area.In addition, in south China or the more area of region following the line of the sea rainwater, because rain penetration is to even basic unit of asphaltic road-mix surface course, cause building stones to come off and the Water Damage on Asphalt Pavement phenomenon that causes is also comparatively outstanding.These two kinds of phenomenons have become the main collapse mode of the current bituminous highway of China, have had a strong impact on bituminous pavement traffic safety, service level and work-ing life.
As far back as 1900, people just started to carry out modifying asphalt with sulphur, improved the anti-rut performance of asphaltic road-mix surface course, but because sulphur price is surging, and sulphur modified asphalt compound discharges H in process of production
2the problem of the sulfurous gass such as S, has restricted the technical development of sulphur modified asphalt.Until phase early 1980s, the sulphur base properties-correcting agent SEAM(sulphur extended asphalt modifier that Luo Kebang get company of the U.S. researchs and produces) solve preferably sulfurous gas emission problem in production process, and it is cheap, easy to use, sulphur modified asphalt technology is obtained again compared with widespread use.China is relatively late to the research application of SEAM bituminous pavement, until just built SEAM Techniques of Experimental Road for Modified Asphalt in Tianjin in 2000, also build thereafter Experiment Road in Heilungkiang, and obtained good effect, but it is less to apply generally scale, research is inadequate system, comprehensive also.
Sulphur is applied in asphalt, is generally by its granulation, form particulate state, store and use time more for convenience.CN1402958A by 13%~30% sulphur, 3.0%~13% dispersion agent, all the other are water, are mixed with into sulfur granule, dispersion agent is wherein one or more in bones of the dead glue, natural gum, water glass, milk-protein.CN1639275A is to liquid sulphur heating and melting, in liquid sulfur, add 0.25%~5% carbon black and the pentyl acetate at least about 0.08%, be prepared into plasticizing sulphur, then in plasticizing sulphur, add at least 10% pitch and 10% mineral fine etc., carry out granulation through sieve plate.What CN1303359A introduced is by the olefin of 93%~98% sulphur and 2%~7%, in carbon dioxide, be heated to the highest 135 ℃, fully after hybrid reaction, not to be cooled to room temperature higher than the speed of 16 ℃/min, crystalline forming, alkene is wherein cyclic dimer and the cyclic trimer mixing with vinylbenzene.Above-mentioned patent is in the time producing sulfur granule, and because needs are liquid sulphur heating and melting, service temperature is higher, can produce dense irritating smell, is unfavorable for environment and health of human body.
CN101970348A is dissolved in sulphur-cake, slate sulphur, the sulphur etc. that contains impurity in solvent, and after removing foreign matter, the solution that makes to be dissolved with sulphur is cooling, makes sulphur crystallization wherein and through sieve tray granulating and forming, solvent evaporation is recycled.Solvent used has anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia, liquid sulfur dioxide, dithiocarbonic anhydride, dimethyl disulfide etc.This patent need to be used a large amount of solvents, and solvent used is all the objectionable impurities with irritating smell.
CN1690126A is by the carbon black of 50%~99.99% sulphur and 0%~49%, 0.01%~1% smog inhibitor, 0%~3% softening agent mixing granulation, and smog inhibitor is wherein that stannonic acid zinc, softening agent are propyl carbinol.CN1678704A fully mixes 60%~98% sulphur, 0.2%~15% carbon black, 1%~30% pitch (or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon, ring-type unsaturated hydrocarbons, polycyclic saturated hydrocarbon, encircle unsaturated hydrocarbons, tar etc.), 1%~33% mineral fine (as flying dust, silica material, ceramic clay etc.) more, the sulphur of the forms such as cooling rear formation ingot, tabular, block, particulate state, sheet, can be used in asphalt.It is liquid state that above-mentioned two patents also need sulphur heating and melting, and service temperature is higher, can produce dense irritating smell, is unfavorable for environment and health of human body.Can only improve the high-temperature behavior of asphalt, low temperature cracking resistance energy and the anti-water damage property of compound need to improve, and the sulfur granule forming is also more crisp, easily broken when transportation and handling, due to the friction between particle, also can produce more dust, not only to environment, and easily make staff suck, health risk.
Summary of the invention
The rut and Moisture Damage phenomenon and the deficiencies in the prior art that occur for China's bituminous pavement, the invention provides a kind of additive that improves bituminous pavement property and preparation method thereof.This additive can effectively improve anti-rut and the anti-water damage property of bituminous pavement, and has good low-temperature performance, and preparation process temperature is low, irritating smell is little.
The present invention improves the additive of bituminous pavement property, comprises following component in additive mass percent:
Sulphur 65%~90%,
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer 4%~15%,
Powdered styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) 4%~15%,
Oxyhydroxide 1%~5%.
In additive of the present invention, preferably add polyethylene wax, polyethylene wax is 1%~10% of additive quality.In additive, the quality percentage composition sum of each component is 100%.
Sulphur used is sheet, Powdered, particulate state, can be commercially available sulphur, the by product sulphur producing can be also gas conditioning or refinery processing oil time, and fusing point is 115~119 ℃.
The softening temperature of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) used is 80~110 ℃, and in EVA, vinyl acetate content is 40wt%~70wt%.
The granularity of Powdered styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) (PSBR) used is 14~60 orders, and in styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR), cinnamic mass percent is 21%~35%.
Oxyhydroxide used can be one or more in calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide or aluminium hydroxide.
Polyethylene wax used is sheet or particulate state, and molecular-weight average (Mn) is 2000~10000, and softening temperature is 100~110 ℃.
Additive of the present invention can also need to add antistripping agent, fire retardant and antiaging agent etc. according to application.
The present invention improves the preparation method of the additive of bituminous pavement property, comprise following content: sulphur, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, powder styrene butadiene rubber and oxyhydroxide are mixed, mixture is transported in forcing machine extrude, granulation, obtain additive.
In the inventive method, preferably sulphur, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, powder styrene butadiene rubber, oxyhydroxide and polyethylene wax are mixed.
Wherein forcing machine is single screw extrusion machine or twin screw extruder, preferably twin screw extruder.Forcing machine spout temperature is that 60 ~ 90 ℃, discharge port temperature are 110 ~ 130 ℃, and medium temperature reference mark is between 60~130 ℃.
The application of the additive that the present invention improves bituminous pavement property in asphalt, comprises following content: the pitch of molten state, building stones are added in stirring tank together with additive granules, stir, obtain asphalt.
Wherein stirring tank and building stones be heated to 125~160 ℃ for subsequent use, wherein the mass ratio of additive and pitch is 1:9~3:7.
Additive of the present invention also can first mix with the pitch of molten state, and then joins stirring tank.
Compared with prior art, tool has the following advantages additive of the present invention:
1, additive of the present invention, owing to having added sulphur, EVA and PSBR simultaneously, when after mix together with building stones, pitch, under three's synergy, not only improve the intensity of compound, improve asphalt mixture anti-rutting performance, cohesive force and bond stress to building stones are also strengthened, in the time that compound is subject to rainwater infringement, building stones are not easy to come off, and have improved anti-water damage property.
2, in additive of the present invention, EVA can be bonded together the components such as sulphur well, makes additive granules have certain snappiness, has avoided occurring in transportation and handling process the generation of fragmentation or dust; The synergy of EVA and PSBR, has improved the snappiness of asphalt, and compound low temperature cracking resistance can be improved, and has widened compound Applicable temperature scope.
3, the present invention has added the oxyhydroxide such as calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide, can reduce the generation of the obnoxious flavoures such as hydrogen sulfide, is conducive to environmental protection and health of human body.
4, in additive of the present invention, polyethylene wax can further reduce forcing machine service temperature and asphalt mixture mixing and mold temperature, reaches warm mix effect, saves the energy, reduces the generation of the obnoxious flavoures such as hydrogen sulfide, is conducive to environmental protection and health of human body.
5, the present invention utilizes screw extrusion press, various components is carried out near its softening temperature or melting temperature mixing, and service temperature is low, and volatile gases is few, and after extrusion moulding, material mixes, and is conducive to application.
6, adopt additive of the present invention, can replace part pitch, be conducive to process refinery by product sulphur and save pitch resource.
Embodiment
Describe technical scheme of the present invention in detail below in conjunction with embodiment, but the invention is not restricted to following examples.Wherein EVA is particulate state, particle diameter 1~5mm; The granularity of Powdered styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) (PSBR) is 14~60 orders.Polyethylene wax is sheet or particulate state, 100~110 ℃ of softening temperatures.In order contrasting, in the time preparing asphalt, to get the bitumen aggregate ratio that bitumen aggregate ratio is in 5.8%, embodiment and refer to (pitch+additive): the mass ratio of building stones.
Embodiment 1
Take respectively 70 kilograms, sulphur, EVA(vinyl acetate content is 68%, softening temperature is 105 ℃) 10 kilograms, the cinnamic mass percent of PSBR(are 22%) 5 kilograms, 15 kilograms and aluminium hydroxide, mix with mixing equipment, then mixture is transported on forcing machine extrude, granulation, the particle that forms diameter 3mm, length 3~8mm, obtains additive of the present invention.Forcing machine spout temperature is that 70 ℃, discharge port temperature are 130 ℃, and medium temperature reference mark is between 70~130 ℃.Forcing machine is single screw extrusion machine.Proportioning raw materials and additive character are in table 1.
In advance special asphalt stirring tank is heated to 130 ℃ of constant temperature; In advance Fushun basalt building stones preparations being made to grating is AC-13 building stones, and gross weight is 100kg, be heated to 130 ℃ for subsequent use; Take in advance No. 70 pitches (East Sea board) 5.22kg, be heated to 150 ℃ for subsequent use; According to additive: the ratio that the mass ratio of pitch is 1:9, the additive granules that takes 0.58kg is for subsequent use.After stirring tank, building stones, asphalt temperature are constant, above-mentioned material is added in stirring tank together, stir 2~3 minutes, emit compound.Then be prepared into various bitumen mixture specimens, carry out performance of asphalt mixture evaluation experimental.To asphalt modified effect in table 2.
Embodiment 2
Take respectively 90 kilograms, sulphur, (vinyl acetate content is 43% to EVA, softening temperature is 83 ℃) 4 kilograms, the cinnamic mass percent of PSBR(are 34%) 1 kilogram of 5 kilogram, magnesium hydroxide, mix with mixing equipment, then mixture is transported on forcing machine extrude, granulation, the particle that forms diameter 3mm, length 3~8mm, obtains additive of the present invention.Forcing machine spout temperature is that 90 ℃, discharge port temperature are 110 ℃, and medium temperature reference mark is between 90~110 ℃.Forcing machine is twin screw extruder.Proportioning raw materials and additive character are in table 1.
In advance special asphalt stirring tank is heated to 160 ℃ of constant temperature; In advance Fushun basalt building stones preparations being made to grating is AC-13 building stones, and gross weight is 100kg, be heated to 160 ℃ for subsequent use; Take in advance No. 70 pitches (East Sea board) 4.06kg, be heated to 120 ℃ for subsequent use; According to additive: the ratio that the mass ratio of pitch is 3:7, the additive granules that takes 1.74kg is for subsequent use.After stirring tank, building stones, asphalt temperature are constant, above-mentioned material is added in stirring tank together, stir 2~3 minutes, emit compound.Then be prepared into various bitumen mixture specimens, carry out performance of asphalt mixture evaluation experimental.To asphalt modified effect in table 2.
Embodiment 3
Take respectively 80 kilograms, sulphur, EVA(vinyl acetate content is 55%, softening temperature is 96 ℃) 7 kilograms, the cinnamic mass percent of PSBR(are 28%) 3 kilograms of 10 kilograms, calcium hydroxide, mix with mixing equipment, then mixture is transported on forcing machine extrude, granulation, the particle that forms diameter 3mm, length 3~8mm, obtains additive of the present invention.Forcing machine spout temperature is that 80 ℃, discharge port temperature are 120 ℃, and medium temperature reference mark is between 80~120 ℃.Forcing machine is single screw extrusion machine.Proportioning raw materials and additive character are in table 1.
In advance special asphalt stirring tank is heated to 145 ℃ of constant temperature; In advance Fushun basalt building stones preparations being made to grating is AC-13 building stones, and gross weight is 100kg, be heated to 145 ℃ for subsequent use; Take in advance No. 70 pitches (East Sea board) 4.64kg, be heated to 135 ℃ for subsequent use; According to additive: the ratio that the mass ratio of pitch is 1:4, the additive granules that takes 1.16kg is for subsequent use.After stirring tank, building stones, asphalt temperature are constant, above-mentioned material is added in stirring tank together, stir 2~3 minutes, emit compound.Then be prepared into various bitumen mixture specimens, carry out performance of asphalt mixture evaluation experimental.To asphalt modified effect in table 2.
Embodiment 4
Take respectively 65 kilograms, sulphur, EVA(vinyl acetate content is 68%, softening temperature is 105 ℃) 10 kilograms, the cinnamic mass percent of PSBR(are 22%) 10 kilograms, 10 kilograms of polyethylene waxs, 5 kilograms, aluminium hydroxide, mix with mixing equipment, then mixture is transported on forcing machine extrude, granulation, the particle that forms diameter 3mm, length 3~8mm, obtains additive of the present invention.Forcing machine spout temperature is that 60 ℃, discharge port temperature are 120 ℃, and medium temperature reference mark is between 60~120 ℃.Forcing machine is single screw extrusion machine.Proportioning raw materials and additive character are in table 1.
In advance special asphalt stirring tank is heated to 125 ℃ of constant temperature; In advance Fushun basalt building stones preparations being made to grating is AC-13 building stones, and gross weight is 100kg, be heated to 125 ℃ for subsequent use; Take in advance No. 70 pitches (East Sea board) 5.22kg, be heated to 125 ℃ for subsequent use; According to additive: the ratio that the mass ratio of pitch is 1:9, the additive granules that takes 0.58kg is for subsequent use.After stirring tank, building stones, asphalt temperature are constant, above-mentioned material is added in stirring tank together, stir 2~3 minutes, emit compound.Then be prepared into various bitumen mixture specimens, carry out performance of asphalt mixture evaluation experimental.To asphalt modified effect in table 2.
Embodiment 5
Take respectively 90 kilograms, sulphur, (vinyl acetate content is 43% to EVA, softening temperature is 83 ℃) 4 kilograms, the cinnamic mass percent of PSBR(are 34%) 4 kilograms, 1 kilogram of polyethylene wax, 1 kilogram of magnesium hydroxide, mix with mixing equipment, then mixture is transported on forcing machine extrude, granulation, the particle that forms diameter 3mm, length 3~8mm, obtains additive of the present invention.Forcing machine spout temperature is that 80 ℃, discharge port temperature are 105 ℃, and medium temperature reference mark is between 80~105 ℃.Forcing machine is twin screw extruder.Proportioning raw materials and additive character are in table 1.
In advance special asphalt stirring tank is heated to 150 ℃ of constant temperature; In advance Fushun basalt building stones preparations being made to grating is AC-13 building stones, and gross weight is 100kg, be heated to 150 ℃ for subsequent use; Take in advance No. 70 pitches (East Sea board) 4.06kg, be heated to 150 ℃ for subsequent use; According to additive: the ratio that the mass ratio of pitch is 3:7, the additive granules that takes 1.74kg is for subsequent use.After stirring tank, building stones, asphalt temperature are constant, above-mentioned material is added in stirring tank together, stir 2~3 minutes, emit compound.Then be prepared into various bitumen mixture specimens, carry out performance of asphalt mixture evaluation experimental.To asphalt modified effect in table 2.
Comparative example 1
In advance special asphalt stirring tank is heated to 145 ℃ of constant temperature for subsequent use; In advance basalt building stones preparation in Fushun being made to grating is AC-13 building stones, and gross weight is 100kg, is heated to 145 ℃ of constant temperature for subsequent use; In advance according to pitch: the ratio that the mass ratio of building stones is 5.8% takes No. 70 pitches (East Sea board) 5.8kg, is heated to 135 ℃ of constant temperature for subsequent use; After stirring tank, building stones, asphalt temperature are constant, above-mentioned pitch is added in stirring tank together with building stones, stir 2~3 minutes, emit compound.Then be prepared into various bitumen mixture specimens, carry out performance of asphalt mixture evaluation experimental.Asphalt Mixture is in table 2.
Comparative example 2
In advance special asphalt stirring tank is heated to 145 ℃ of constant temperature for subsequent use; In advance basalt building stones preparation in Fushun being made to grating is AC-13 building stones, and gross weight is 100kg, is heated to 145 ℃ of constant temperature for subsequent use; Take in advance No. 70 pitches (East Sea board) 4.64kg, be heated to 135 ℃ of constant temperature for subsequent use; According to sulphur: the ratio that the mass ratio of pitch is 1:4, the SULPHUR POWDER that takes 1.16kg is for subsequent use.Be that bitumen aggregate ratio is 5.8%, said bitumen aggregate ratio refers to (pitch+sulphur) here: the ratio of building stones.After stirring tank, building stones, asphalt temperature are constant, above-mentioned material is added in stirring tank together, stir 2~3 minutes, emit compound.Then be prepared into various bitumen mixture specimens, carry out performance of asphalt mixture evaluation experimental.Asphalt Mixture is in table 2.
Table 1 bituminous pavement additive formula and character.
Raw material and proportioning | Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 | Embodiment 5 |
Sulphur/kg | 70 | 90 | 80 | 65 | 90 |
EVA/kg | 10 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 4 |
PSBR/kg | 15 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 4 |
Oxyhydroxide/kg | 5 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 1 |
Polyethylene wax/kg | ? | ? | ? | 5 | 1 |
Character | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Color | Light yellow | Light yellow | Light yellow | Light yellow | Light yellow |
Bulk density/g.cm -3 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.94 |
Fusing point/℃ | 118 | 82 | 109 | 112 | 81 |
Table 2 Asphalt Mixture.
? | Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 | Embodiment 5 | Comparative example 1 | Comparative example 2 | Code requirement value |
Building stones grating | AC-13 | AC-13 | AC-13 | AC-13 | AC-13 | AC-13 | AC-13 | ? |
Building stones consumption/kg | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ? |
The pitch trade mark | 70 # | 70 # | 70 # | 70 # | 70 # | 70 # | 70 # | ? |
Asphalt content/kg | 5.22 | 4.06 | 4.64 | 5.22 | 4.06 | 5.8 | 4.64 | ? |
Additive amount/kg | 0.58 | 1.74 | 1.16 | 0.58 | 1.74 | 0 | 0 | ? |
Sulfur consumption/kg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.16 | ? |
Properties of Asphalt Mixture | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Marshall stability/kN | 9.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 8.9 | 10.8 | 8.3 | 8.8 | Be not less than 8 |
Flow valuve/mm | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 1.5~4.5 |
Immersion Marshall residual stability ratio, % | 79.4 | 88.1 | 83.1 | 79.1 | 86.1 | 76.1 | 76.6 | Be not less than 75 |
Rut dynamic stability, inferior/mm | 1823 | 2101 | 1880 | 1803 | 2081 | 933 | 1353 | Be not less than the non-modification of 600() be not less than 1800(modification) |
Freeze thawing splitting retained strength ratio, % | 81.5 | 79.3 | 78.5 | 81.1 | 79.0 | 72.1 | 65.3 | Be not less than 70 |
Girder low-temperature bending breaking strain/μ ε | 2217 | 2105 | 2162 | 2207 | 2100 | 2045 | 1500 | Be not less than 2000 |
From table 2, when adding in asphalt after additive of the present invention, Properties of Asphalt Mixture is had clear improvement, especially rut dynamic stability increase rate is very large, can reach the technical requirement of modifying asphalt.In addition, owing to having used EVA and PSBR in additive, coordinate with sulphur, not only make the breaking strain of girder low-temperature bending be improved, improve the low temperature cracking resistance energy of compound, the Marshall residual stability that simultaneously also makes to soak ratio and freeze thawing splitting retained strength ratio are improved significantly, and have improved compound anti-water damage property.Owing to having added polyethylene wax, reduce compound mix and mold temperature, Properties of Asphalt Mixture is not affected.
Claims (13)
1. improve an additive for bituminous pavement property, comprise following component in additive mass percent:
Sulphur 65%~90%,
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer 4%~15%,
Powdered styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) 4%~15%,
Oxyhydroxide 1%~5%.
2. according to additive claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in additive, add polyethylene wax, polyethylene wax is 1%~10% of additive quality.
3. according to additive claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: sulphur used is sheet, Powdered or particulate state.
4. according to additive claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: the softening temperature of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer used is 80~110 ℃, in multipolymer, vinyl acetate content is 40wt%~70wt%.
5. according to additive claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: the granularity of Powdered styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) used is 14~60 orders, in styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR), cinnamic mass percent is 21%~35%.
6. according to additive claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: oxyhydroxide used is one or more in calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide or aluminium hydroxide.
7. according to additive claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that: polyethylene wax used is sheet or particulate state, molecular-weight average is 2000~10000, and softening temperature is 100~110 ℃.
8. the preparation method of an additive claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that comprising following content: sulphur, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, powder styrene butadiene rubber and oxyhydroxide are mixed, mixture is transported in forcing machine extrude, granulation, obtain additive.
9. it is characterized in that in accordance with the method for claim 8: sulphur, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, powder styrene butadiene rubber, oxyhydroxide and polyethylene wax are mixed.
10. according to the method described in claim 8 or 9, it is characterized in that: wherein forcing machine is single screw extrusion machine or twin screw extruder, forcing machine spout temperature is 60 ~ 90 ℃, and discharge port temperature is 110 ~ 130 ℃, and medium temperature reference mark is between 60~130 ℃.
The application in asphalt of 11. 1 kinds of additives claimed in claim 1, comprises following content: the pitch of molten state, building stones and additive granules are added in stirring tank, stir, obtain asphalt.
12. according to the application described in claim 11, it is characterized in that: wherein stirring tank and building stones be heated to 125~160 ℃ for subsequent use, the mass ratio of additive and pitch is 1:9~3:7.
13. according to the application described in claim 11, it is characterized in that: additive first mixes with the pitch of molten state, and then joins stirring tank.
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