CN103791493A - 煤粉火焰预热再燃系统 - Google Patents
煤粉火焰预热再燃系统 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103791493A CN103791493A CN201410022385.1A CN201410022385A CN103791493A CN 103791493 A CN103791493 A CN 103791493A CN 201410022385 A CN201410022385 A CN 201410022385A CN 103791493 A CN103791493 A CN 103791493A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- preheating
- burning
- preheating chamber
- pulverized coal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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[C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 210000004894 snout Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N AI2O3 Inorganic materials 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[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001603 reducing Effects 0.000 abstract description 17
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group 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Abstract
煤粉火焰预热再燃系统，包括锅炉主燃烧器和再燃装置，再燃装置预热室前端设置有若干组一次风管、后端设置有与锅炉主燃烧器再燃区相连通的喷入口；一次风管包括内、外一次风管，内一次风管的入口与给粉装置相连通；燃气燃烧器预热室入口安装有点火、检测电极和燃气烧器助燃风管道，燃气燃烧器预热室内设置有带有燃气燃烧器燃气喷头的燃气管道。本发明所需燃气量占锅炉总热量输入的0.3～0.5%，燃气在再燃装置预燃室内燃烧，形成的明火用于提供稳定的点火源，再燃装置燃预燃室的热量由煤粉热解产生的挥发份即给粉装置提供。同时输送煤粉一次风中的O2会被完全消耗掉，煤粉受热热解产生的含氮化合物，在此强还原性气氛下能被有效还原成N2。
Description
煤粉火焰预热再燃系统
技术领域
[0001] 本发明属于热能与动力工程技术领域的炉内燃烧脱销技术领域，具体涉及一种用于降低煤粉炉内NOx排放的煤粉火焰预热再燃系统。
背景技术
[0002] NOx是形成光化学烟雾和酸雨的主要元凶，也是近年来造成我国大规模雾霾的罪魁祸首之一。随着空气污染等环境问题的日益严峻，迫使国家制定越来越严格的污染物排放标准。最新的《火电厂大气污染物排放标准GB13223-2011》要求燃煤锅炉NOx排放小于100mg/m3。因此火电企业必须控制NOx排放，以达到国家强制要求。火电脱销技术分为炉内燃烧脱销和炉外烟气脱销，炉外脱销和投资和运行费用昂贵。目前比较经济的方式是，尽可能的利用炉内燃烧脱销技术降低NOx排放，以减少炉外脱销处理量和运行、投资成本。
[0003] 再燃技术也称为燃料分级技术，是非常有效的炉内燃烧脱销方法。其原理是未完全燃烧的产物CU、CO、H2、C和CnHm等与燃烧中已生产的NOx发生还原反应，将NOx还原成N2，炉膛在高度方向将分为主燃区、再燃区和燃尽区。
[0004] 传统再燃技术的再燃燃料一般为天然气等高品质气体燃料，近年来也有采取超细煤粉做为再燃燃料的。再燃燃料量一般占总热量输入的15〜20%，如果采用高品质气体燃料做为再燃燃料，则运行成本会急剧上升，我国是以煤炭为主要能源的国家，全以气体为再燃燃料也不可行。由于超细煤粉制备困难，运行和投资成本也相对较大，目前该技术并没有得到广泛推广。
发明内容
[0005] 本发明的目的在于提供一种能够降低煤粉炉内NOx排放、降低飞灰含碳量，提高锅炉效率的煤粉火焰预热再燃系统。
[0006] 为达到上述目的，本发明采用的技术方案是:包括锅炉主燃烧器以及开设在锅炉主燃烧器主燃区域的一次风、二次风进口，设置在锅炉主燃烧器再燃区与其相连通的再燃装置，设置在锅炉主燃烧器燃尽区的燃气风装置；
[0007] 所述的再燃装置包括燃气燃烧器预热室和与其连通的再燃装置预热室；
[0008] 所述的再燃装置预热室前端位于燃气燃烧器预热室的外侧设置有与再燃装置预热室相连通的若干组一次风管、后端设置有与锅炉主燃烧器I再燃区相连通的喷入口 ；
[0009] 所述的每组一次风管均包括内一次风管和套装在内一次风管外的外一次风管，内、外一次风管均通过内一次风喷口、外一次风环形喷口与再燃装置预热室相连通，内一次风管的入口还与给粉装置相连通；
[0010] 所述的燃气燃烧器预热室入口安装有点火、检测电极和燃气烧器助燃风管道，燃气燃烧器预热室内设置有带有燃气燃烧器燃气喷头的燃气管道。
[0011] 所述的再燃装置预热室上还开设有带有阀门的排渣通道。
[0012] 所述的再燃装置预热室为锥形结构。[0013] 所述的一次风管沿周向均匀设置，数量≥6。
[0014] 所述的燃气管道上位于燃气燃烧器燃气喷头后的管道上套装有燃气燃烧器旋流盘。
[0015]所述的燃气燃烧器旋流盘的直径与燃气燃烧器预热室的内径相等，且燃气燃烧器旋流盘上均匀开设有旋转斜槽，斜槽数量>8，斜槽与轴线夹角在30°~45°之间。
[0016] 所述的燃气燃烧器预热室的出口为锥形结构且通过燃气燃烧器喷口与再燃装置预热室入口相连通。
[0017] 所述的再燃装置预燃室采用高铝耐火浇注料制作。
[0018] 本发明采用火焰预热再燃系统，所需燃气量很少，约占锅炉总热量输入的0.3~
0.5%，可以极大的降低燃料成本。燃气在再燃装置预燃室内燃烧，形成的明火主要用于提供稳定的点火源，再燃装置燃预燃室的热量主要由煤粉热解产生的挥发份即给粉装置提供。同时输送煤粉一次风中的O2会被完全消耗掉，煤粉受热热解产生的含氮化合物，在此强还原性气氛下能被有效还原成n2。由于输送煤粉一次风中的O2在再燃预燃室内被完全消耗，预热后的高温混合物，高速喷人炉膛，能在炉膛有效形成还原区，将主燃区形成的NOx还原成N2,降低整个锅炉系统的NOx排放。采用火焰预热技术后，参与再燃的煤粉被预热到较高温度，利于煤粉在炉膛内燃尽，降低飞灰含碳量，提高锅炉效率。
附图说明
[0019] 图1是本发明的整体结构示意图；
[0020] 图2是本发明煤粉火焰预热再燃装置的结构示意图；
[0021] 图3是本发明煤粉火焰预热再燃装置A-A剖面图；
[0022]图4是本发明煤粉火焰预热再燃系统燃气燃烧器旋流盘零件图。
[0023] 图中标记:1_锅炉主燃烧器，2-阀门，3-再燃装置，7-给粉装置，9-0FA (燃气风)装置，10-再燃混合物炉膛喷入口，11-内一次风管，12-外一次风管，13-燃气燃烧器旋流盘，14-燃气燃烧器燃气喷头，15-外一次风环形喷口，16-内一次风喷口，17-燃气燃烧器喷口，18-再燃装置预燃室，19-排渣通道，20-燃气燃烧器预热室，21-点火、检测电极，22-燃气管道，23-燃气燃烧器助燃风管道。
具体实施方式
[0024] 下面结合附图对本发明作进一步详细说明。
[0025] 参见图1，2，本发明包括锅炉主燃烧器I以及开设在锅炉主燃烧器I主燃区域的一次风、二次风进口，设置在锅炉主燃烧器I再燃区与其相连通的再燃装置3，设置在锅炉主燃烧器I燃尽区的燃气风装置9 ;再燃装置3包括燃气燃烧器预热室20和与其连通的锥形结构的再燃装置预热室18，燃气燃烧器预热室20的出口为锥形结构且通过燃气燃烧器喷口 17与再燃装置预热室18入口相连通，再燃装置预热室18上还开设有带有阀门2的排渣通道19，其中再燃装置预热室18前端位于燃气燃烧器预热室20的外侧设置有与再燃装置预热室18相连通的若干组一次风管、后端设置有与锅炉主燃烧器I再燃区相连通的喷入口
10 ;每组一次风管均包括内一次风管11和套装在内一次风管11外的外一次风管12，内、外一次风管均通过内一次风喷口 16、外一次风环形喷口 15与再燃装置预热室18相连通，内一次风管的入口还与给粉装置7相连通；燃气燃烧器预热室20入口安装有点火、检测电极21和燃气烧器助燃风管道23，燃气燃烧器预热室20内设置有带有燃气燃烧器燃气喷头14的燃气管道22，燃气管道22上位于燃气燃烧器燃气喷头14后的管道上套装有燃气燃烧器旋流盘13。
[0026] 参见图3，本发明的若干组一次风管沿周向均匀设置。
[0027] 参见图4，本发明的燃气燃烧器旋流盘13的直径与燃气燃烧器预热室20的内径相等，且燃气燃烧器旋流盘13上均匀开设有若干条形缝隙。
[0028] 本发明工作过程如下:首先打开燃气燃烧器助燃风管道23、外一次风管道12对燃气燃烧器预热室20和再燃装置预燃室18进行吹扫，吹扫时间不小于5分钟，然后给点火、检测电极21通电，点火、检测电极21进入点火模式，持续击穿空气释放点火花。接着通过燃气管道22通入燃气，燃气被点燃后，关闭点火、检测电极21，点火、检测电极21将进入检测模式，若不能检测出离子电流信号，则关闭燃气，重新开始吹扫与点火操作，若能检测到离子电流信号，表明燃气燃烧器工作正常。燃气燃烧器正常点火后，燃气与燃气燃烧器助燃空气在燃气燃烧器预热室20内混合并部分燃烧，然后高速喷入再燃装置预热室18内。然后，经内一次风管11通入内一次风并打开给粉装置7。内一次风将煤粉送入再燃装置预燃室18，煤粉在再燃装置预燃室18内预热、热解，热解产生的挥发分在预燃室内部分燃烧，为再燃装置预燃室18提供主要的热量。通过控制外一次风管12的风量将再燃装置预热室18温度控制在700〜900°C之间，使煤粉热解产生的含氮化合物被还原成N2。预热后的气体与颗粒混合物从再燃混合物炉膛喷入口 10高速喷入炉膛，并在炉膛主燃烧区上方形成还原区，将主燃区形成的NOx还原成N2。如果再燃装置工作过程中再燃装置预燃室18出现积渣，则打开再燃装置预燃室排渣阀门2进行清渣。
[0029] 本发明提供了一套经济可靠高效的降低NOx排放的燃料再燃系统。该再燃系统采用燃气明火直接接触加热煤粉，即燃气在预热室内燃烧，形成稳定的点火源，对进入预燃室的煤粉进行预热，煤粉受热释放挥发分，挥发分被燃气明火点燃，为燃烧室提供主要的热量。由于输送煤粉一次风中的O2会被完全消耗掉，预燃室为还原性气氛，煤粉受热热解产生的含氮化合物，在此还原性气氛下能被有效还原成n2。预热后的高温混合物，高速喷人炉膛，能在炉膛有效形成还原区，将主燃区形成的NOx还原成N2,降低整个锅炉系统的NOx排放。采用火焰预热技术后，参与再燃的煤粉被预热到较高温度，利于煤粉在炉膛内燃尽，降低飞灰含碳量，提高锅炉效率。
[0030] 该再燃系统布置于炉膛主燃区的上方，在再燃区的上部布置0FA(燃尽风)。该再燃系统的核心部件是再燃预燃室。预热室的中心布置燃气燃烧器，燃气燃烧器采用半预混高速燃烧器结构，空气与燃气的混合物在该燃烧器燃烧室内混合并部分燃烧，然后高速喷出，该燃气燃烧器配备点火检测电极，实现自动点火与火焰监测。采用内外一次风送粉方式，内一次风管内为空气与煤粉混合物，外一次风管内为空气，燃气形成的明火与外一次风(空气)直接接触，不与风粉混合物直接接触，这样就避免了煤粉在预热室内的爆燃。再燃燃料量一般占总热量输入的15%左右，燃气量占再燃燃料热量的3%左右，也就是说燃气输入量占锅炉总热量输入的0.3%〜0.5%。实验研究表明，再燃预热室的温度与再燃一次风量成正t匕，通过调节外一次风量可以控制预热室温度和气氛控制，可以根据系统需要进行调节，灵活方便。本煤粉火焰预热再燃系统主要由预燃室、预热用燃气燃烧器、内一次风管、外一次风管、排渣通道等组成。
[0031] 本发明的优点在于:
[0032] I)将煤粉火焰预热装置应用再燃系统，通过燃气燃烧器燃烧的明火火焰直接接触进入再燃装置预燃室18内的煤粉，使煤粉预热并释挥发分，明火将挥发分引燃，挥发分为预燃室提供主要的热量。再燃燃料量一般占总热量输入的15%左右，燃气量占再燃燃料热量的3%左右，也就是说燃气输入量占锅炉总热量输入的0.3%〜0.5%。
[0033] 2)燃气燃烧器布置于预燃室的中心，内外一次风喷口 15、16均布于燃气燃烧器喷口 17四周，内外一次风喷口数量>6。由于外一次风的隔离，燃气燃烧产生的明火不与空气与煤粉混合物直接接触，避免了煤粉在预热室内的爆燃。
[0034] 3)再燃燃料选择高挥发分烟煤，输送煤粉一次风中的O2会在再燃装置预燃室18内被完全消耗掉，预燃室为还原性气氛，煤粉受热热解产生的含氮化合物，在此还原性气氛下能被有效还原成N2。
[0035] 4)煤粉在再燃装置预燃室18内被预热、热解、燃烧，预热室内为还原性气氛的气固混合物，该混合从再燃混合物炉膛喷入口 10高速喷入炉膛，在主燃区的上方形成还原区。主燃区形成的NOx，经过该还原区，将被有效还原成N2,降低系统的NOx排放。
[0036] 5)煤粉火焰预热再燃装置位于主燃区的上方，可以选择单面布置，或对冲布置，或四角切圆方式布置。燃尽风装置(OFA)位于煤粉火焰预热再燃装置的上方。整个炉膛沿高度方向被分为主燃区、还原区和燃尽区。
[0037] 6)煤粉在再燃装置预燃室18内被预热到700〜900°C，然后再进入炉膛燃烧，有利于煤粉在炉膛的着火与燃尽，降低了飞灰含碳量，提高了锅炉效率。
[0038] 7)预燃室采用高铝耐火浇注料制作，耐热性好及抗煤粉冲刷能力强。在预燃室的下方布置排渣口，便于清除燃烧过程中形成的灰渣。
[0039] 8)燃气燃烧器采用半预混燃烧方式，燃气与助燃风在燃气燃烧器预热室20内混合并部分燃烧，然后高速喷出，卷吸内外一次风，并将一次风与煤粉加热。燃气燃烧器空燃比控制在0.9〜1.0之间，此时燃气燃烧火焰温度最高，加热效率也最高。
[0040] 9)燃气燃烧器助燃空气从旋流盘13喷出，形成旋转气流，卷吸从燃气喷头14小孔喷出的燃气，在燃气燃烧器预热室20内混合燃烧。旋流盘13开有旋转斜槽，斜槽数量> 8，斜槽与轴线夹角在30°〜45°之间。
[0041] 10)燃气燃烧器装有点火、检测电极21，实现自动点火与在线检测。
[0042] 11)再燃风量〈再燃燃料完全燃烧用风量的20%，根据预燃室出口温度要求调整外一次风量，将再燃装置预燃室温度控制在700〜900°C之间。
[0043] 该煤粉火焰预热再燃系统能够有效降低NOx的排放，降低再燃运行成本，提高飞灰燃尽率，为火电企业的节能环保做出贡献。
Claims (8)
1.煤粉火焰预热再燃系统，其特征在于:包括锅炉主燃烧器(I)以及开设在锅炉主燃烧器(I)主燃区域的一次风、二次风进口，设置在锅炉主燃烧器(I)再燃区与其相连通的再燃装置(3 )，设置在锅炉主燃烧器(I)燃尽区的燃气风装置(9 ); 所述的再燃装置(3)包括燃气燃烧器预热室(20)和与其连通的再燃装置预热室(18); 所述的再燃装置预热室(18)前端位于燃气燃烧器预热室(20)的外侧设置有与再燃装置预热室(18)相连通的若干组一次风管、后端设置有与锅炉主燃烧器(I)再燃区相连通的喷入口(10)； 所述的每组一次风管均包括内一次风管(11)和套装在内一次风管(11)外的外一次风管(12)，内、外一次风管均通过内一次风喷口(16)、外一次风环形喷口(15)与再燃装置预热室(18)相连通，内一次风管的入口还与给粉装置(7)相连通； 所述的燃气燃烧器预热室(20)入口安装有点火、检测电极(21)和燃气烧器助燃风管道(23)，燃气燃烧器预热室(20)内设置有带有燃气燃烧器燃气喷头(14)的燃气管道(22)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的煤粉火焰预热再燃系统，其特征在于:所述的再燃装置预热室(18 )上还开设有带有阀门(2 )的排渣通道(19 )。
3.根据权利要求1所述的煤粉火焰预热再燃系统，其特征在于:所述的再燃装置预热室(18)为锥形结构。
4.根据权利要求1所述的煤粉火焰预热再燃系统，其特征在于:所述的一次风管沿周向均匀设置，数量>6。
5.根据权利要求1所述的煤粉火焰预热再燃系统，其特征在于:所述的燃气管道(22)上位于燃气燃烧器燃气喷头(14)后的管道上套装有燃气燃烧器旋流盘(13)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的煤粉火焰预热再燃系统，其特征在于:所述的燃气燃烧器旋流盘(13)的直径与燃气燃烧器预热室(20)的内径相等，且燃气燃烧器旋流盘(13)上均匀开设有旋转斜槽，斜槽数量> 8，斜槽与轴线夹角在30°〜45°之间。
7.根据权利要求1所述的煤粉火焰预热再燃系统，其特征在于:所述的燃气燃烧器预热室(20)的出口为锥形结构且通过燃气燃烧器喷口( 17)与再燃装置预热室(18)入口相连通。
8.根据权利要求1所述的煤粉火焰预热再燃系统，其特征在于:所述的再燃装置预燃室(20)采用高铝耐火浇注料制作。
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