CN103761376A - Two-dimensional DXF (drawing exchange file) format based three-dimensional realistic display method of parts - Google Patents
Two-dimensional DXF (drawing exchange file) format based three-dimensional realistic display method of parts Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于图像处理技术领域,具体涉及一种基于二维DXF文件格式的零件三维真实感显示方法。具体步骤如下:步骤1:读取DXF文件格式中母线和轴线的数据;步骤2:利用步骤1中读取的数据构造旋转曲面;步骤2.1:利用圆弧切割算法计算出圆弧的圆心坐标:步骤2.2:利用旋转成形算法计算旋转曲面的坐标:步骤2.2.1:对已知曲线进行横向切割;步骤2.2.2:对横向切割所得的点进行纵向切割:步骤3:利用法向矢量算法的进行光照效果处理;步骤4:利用OpenGL功能函数对三维实体进行显示。最终实现零件三维真实感显示。
The invention belongs to the technical field of image processing, and in particular relates to a three-dimensional realistic display method for parts based on a two-dimensional DXF file format. The specific steps are as follows: Step 1: Read the data of the busbar and axis in the DXF file format; Step 2: Use the data read in Step 1 to construct a rotating surface; Step 2.1: Use the arc cutting algorithm to calculate the center coordinates of the arc: Step 2.2: Use the rotation forming algorithm to calculate the coordinates of the rotating surface: Step 2.2.1: Cut the known curve horizontally; Step 2.2.2: Cut the points obtained by the horizontal cutting vertically: Step 3: Use the normal vector algorithm Perform lighting effect processing; step 4: use OpenGL function to display the three-dimensional entity. Finally, the three-dimensional realistic display of parts is realized.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于图像处理技术领域,具体涉及一种基于二维DXF文件格式的零件三维真实感显示方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of image processing, and in particular relates to a three-dimensional realistic display method for parts based on a two-dimensional DXF file format.
背景技术Background technique
在实际工程零件的设计和制造中,经车削和镗削加工而成的回转体类型零件占有很大的比重。在计算机辅助车削加工系统中,主要的工作均是围绕这一类零件进行的。这一类图形常常是由AutoCAD绘制的二维图形,我们不便于观察其三维立体结构。AutoCAD默认的文件格式是DWG格式,这种格式AutoCAD公司对外是不公开的,我们无法对其进行处理。In the design and manufacture of actual engineering parts, the rotating body type parts processed by turning and boring occupy a large proportion. In the computer-aided turning system, the main work is carried out around this type of parts. This type of graphics is often two-dimensional graphics drawn by AutoCAD, and it is not convenient for us to observe its three-dimensional structure. The default file format of AutoCAD is DWG format, which is not open to the outside world by AutoCAD, and we cannot process it.
计算机图形学是近年来发展迅速、应用广泛的新兴学科。它主要研究图形输入、表示、变换、真实感绘制技术、运算和输入图形的原理、算法及系统。计算机图形学的最新研究成果在机械CAD/CAM领域中也得到了广泛应用。工程技术人员完成机械零件的设计后,往往希望马上看到零件的立体效果图,对其结构产生直观、感性的认识,以利于评价产品的结构、设计是否合理。这就需要利用计算机图形学的知识进行真实感图形显示。但在目前所广泛使用的CAD/CAM系统软件中,真实感图形显示功能仅被一些大型软件作为功能模块之一得以应用,而能够独立运行的实用真实感显示软件还较为少见。Computer graphics is an emerging subject that has developed rapidly and is widely used in recent years. It mainly studies the principles, algorithms and systems of graphics input, representation, transformation, realistic rendering technology, computing and input graphics. The latest research results of computer graphics have also been widely used in the field of mechanical CAD/CAM. After engineering and technical personnel complete the design of mechanical parts, they often hope to see the three-dimensional renderings of the parts immediately, so as to have an intuitive and perceptual understanding of its structure, so as to evaluate whether the structure and design of the product are reasonable. This requires the use of knowledge of computer graphics for realistic graphics display. However, in the currently widely used CAD/CAM system software, the realistic graphics display function is only used as one of the functional modules by some large-scale software, and the practical realistic display software that can run independently is relatively rare.
真实感图形显示技术的产生可以追溯到60年代中期,随着计算机技术与图形学的发展以及光栅显示器的出现,加上包括显示存储器在内的各种计算机硬件性能的大幅度提高,使得需要海量高速存储器的真实感图形的生成成为可能。目前,真实感图形显示技术已广泛应用于CAD/CAM、虚拟制造、模拟训练、数控仿真等领域中。The emergence of realistic graphic display technology can be traced back to the mid-1960s. With the development of computer technology and graphics and the emergence of raster displays, coupled with the substantial improvement in the performance of various computer hardware including display memory, the need for massive Generation of realistic graphics with high-speed memory becomes possible. At present, realistic graphics display technology has been widely used in CAD/CAM, virtual manufacturing, simulation training, numerical control simulation and other fields.
在实际工程零件的设计和制造中,经车削和镗削加工而成的回转体类型零件占有很大的比重。在计算机辅助车削加工系统中,主要的工作均是围绕这一类零件进行的。这一类图形常常是由AutoCAD绘制的二维图形,我们不便于观察其三维立体结构。AutoCAD默认的文件格式是DWG格式,这种格式AutoCAD公司对外是不公开的,我们无法对其进行处理。In the design and manufacture of actual engineering parts, the rotating body type parts processed by turning and boring occupy a large proportion. In the computer-aided turning system, the main work is carried out around this type of parts. This type of graphics is often two-dimensional graphics drawn by AutoCAD, and it is not convenient for us to observe its three-dimensional structure. The default file format of AutoCAD is DWG format, which is not open to the outside world by AutoCAD, and we cannot process it.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对现有技术存在的不足,本发明提供一种基于二维DXF文件格式的零件三维真实感显示方法。Aiming at the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides a three-dimensional realistic display method for parts based on the two-dimensional DXF file format.
本发明采取按如下步骤进行:基于二维DXF文件格式的零件三维真实感显示方法,具体The present invention adopts the following steps to carry out: based on the three-dimensional realistic display method of parts in the two-dimensional DXF file format, specifically
步骤如下:Proceed as follows:
步骤1:读取DXF文件格式中母线和轴线的数据;回转体零件图形构造,实际上就是已Step 1: Read the data of the busbar and axis in the DXF file format; the graphic structure of the rotary part is actually the
知轴线和母线,构造相应的旋转曲面。Know the axis and generatrix, construct the corresponding surface of revolution.
步骤2:利用步骤1中读取的数据构造旋转曲面;Step 2: Use the data read in step 1 to construct a surface of revolution;
步骤2.1:利用圆弧切割算法计算出圆弧的圆心坐标:Step 2.1: Use the arc cutting algorithm to calculate the center coordinates of the arc:
步骤2.2:利用旋转成形算法计算旋转曲面的坐标:Step 2.2: Calculate the coordinates of the surface of revolution using the rotational forming algorithm:
步骤2.2.1:对已知曲线进行横向切割:Step 2.2.1: Transversally cut the known curve:
步骤2.2.2:对横向切割所得的点进行纵向切割:Step 2.2.2: Carry out vertical cutting on the points obtained by horizontal cutting:
步骤3:利用法向矢量算法的进行光照效果处理;Step 3: Use the normal vector algorithm to perform lighting effect processing;
步骤4:利用OpenGL功能函数对三维实体进行显示。Step 4: Use the OpenGL function to display the three-dimensional entity.
所述的步骤1中,用AutoCAD所提供的多义线来描述母线,同时通过设置线型来识别轴线,在实体节中,LINE和LWPOLYLINE中分别存有轴线和母线的信息,在读取数据过程中,可以根据组码0和组码6的值来搜索线型为中心线的轴线,然后按照文件格式依次读取轴线的起始点坐标;对于多义线,首先根据子类标记值搜索作为母线的多义线,然后按照文件格式依次读取多义线所有顶点坐标值。经过以上分析和处理,可以将旋转成形所需的数据读入程序,以便于进行下一步数据操作。In the above step 1, the polyline provided by AutoCAD is used to describe the busbar, and at the same time, the axis is identified by setting the line type. In the entity section, the information of the axis and the busbar are respectively stored in LINE and LWPOLYLINE. When reading the data During the process, you can search for the axis whose line type is the center line according to the values of
所述的步骤2.1的计算出圆弧的圆心坐标(xo,yo)的具体过程如下:The specific process of calculating the center coordinates (xo, yo) of the arc in the described step 2.1 is as follows:
令
由拱度的定义可知所以h=l*bowFrom the definition of camber we know So h=l*bow
由图中三角关系可得:r2-l2=(r-h)2 From the triangle relationship in the figure, it can be obtained: r 2 -l 2 = (rh) 2
即圆弧半径
令
则弧线圆心坐标为:Then the coordinates of the center of the arc are:
式中:设(a,b)为起点坐标,(c,d)为终点坐标,l为(a,b)与(c,d)构成的弦的长度,bow为拱度,h为弦高,ω为l对应的圆心角。所述的步骤2.2.1具体切割过程如下:在母线上逐段均匀地提取若干个点,并把它们的坐标存入三个二维数组x[1,j],y[1,j],z[1,j]。所取的点数在程序中由横向切割密度控制,横向切割密度越高,所生成立体图形母线越接近于原母线。In the formula: let (a, b) be the coordinates of the starting point, (c, d) the coordinates of the end point, l is the length of the chord formed by (a, b) and (c, d), bow is the camber, h is the chord height , ω is the central angle corresponding to l. The specific cutting process of the step 2.2.1 is as follows: uniformly extract several points on the bus line segment by segment, and store their coordinates into three two-dimensional arrays x[1, j], y[1, j], z[1,j]. The number of points taken is controlled by the transverse cutting density in the program. The higher the transverse cutting density is, the closer the generated three-dimensional graphic generatrix is to the original generatrix.
所述的步骤2.2.2具体切割过程如下:在横向切割完成以后,对所得的点进行三维旋转,并对每一个点的旋转轨迹进行插值点坐标计算,插值点的数目由纵向切割密度控制。纵向切割密度越高,所生成立体图形横截面越光滑,但同样也会导致数据量增多。由横向切割操作可以得到曲线上的坐标点数组x[1,j],y[1,j],z[1,j],设纵向切割为绕x轴作360°的旋转,为了求出曲线上的每一点在旋转轨迹上所形成的n个点的坐标,可设旋转步长为t=2π/n,旋转变换矩阵为:The specific cutting process of the step 2.2.2 is as follows: After the horizontal cutting is completed, the obtained points are three-dimensionally rotated, and the rotation trajectory of each point is calculated for interpolation point coordinates, and the number of interpolation points is controlled by the vertical cutting density. The higher the longitudinal cutting density, the smoother the cross-section of the generated three-dimensional graphics, but it will also lead to an increase in the amount of data. The coordinate point array x[1, j], y[1, j], z[1, j] on the curve can be obtained by the horizontal cutting operation, and the vertical cutting is set to rotate 360° around the x-axis, in order to find the curve The coordinates of n points formed by each point on the rotation trajectory, the rotation step size can be set to t=2π/n, and the rotation transformation matrix is:
设曲线上的点为(x,y,z),则旋转后的坐标为:Let the point on the curve be (x, y, z), then the coordinates after rotation are:
[x* y* z*]=[x y z]*T[x * y * z * ]=[x y z]*T
即
所述的步骤3的具体步骤如下:计算法向矢量,所需条件为三个不共线的点的坐标值,它们的排列顺序决定了法向矢量的方向,在右手空间坐标系中,设已知点A、B、C、的坐标值分别为(xA,yA,zA),(xB,yB,zB),(xC,yC,zC),计算三点构成的平面的法向矢量,其算法如下:The specific steps of described step 3 are as follows: calculate the normal vector, the required condition is the coordinate values of three non-collinear points, and their order of arrangement determines the direction of the normal vector, in the right-hand space coordinate system, set The coordinates of points A, B, and C are known as (x A , y A , z A ), (x B , y B , z B ), (x C , y C , z C ), and calculate the three points The normal vector of the formed plane, the algorithm is as follows:
首先求出矢量和利用空间解析几何的方法,平面法矢量的空间描述为
其中
将平面法矢量空间描述的矩阵形式展开,可以得到其数学表达式为:(yACzBC-zACyBC)i+(zACxBC-zBCxAC)j+(xACyBC-xBCyAC)k。Expanding the matrix form described by the plane normal vector space, the mathematical expression can be obtained: (y AC z BC -z AC y BC )i+(z AC x BC -z BC x AC )j+(x AC y BC -x BC y AC )k.
本发明的优点为:1、由于多种典型三维CAD/CAM软件产品(AutoCAD、Pro-Engineer、Master CAM、CATIA、UG II、3DSMAX)都支持DXF文件格式,所以基于这种文件格式开发的应用程序具有广泛的实用性。Advantages of the present invention are: 1, because multiple typical three-dimensional CAD/CAM software products (AutoCAD, Pro-Engineer, Master CAM, CATIA, UG II, 3DSMAX) all support DXF file format, so the application based on this file format development The program has wide applicability.
2、利用对已知曲线进行横向切割和纵向切割来构造旋转曲面,由切割密度控制所生成立体图形横截面的光滑度,从而实现了二维图形数据向三维的转化。2. The surface of revolution is constructed by cutting the known curve horizontally and vertically, and the smoothness of the cross-section of the generated three-dimensional figure is controlled by the cutting density, thus realizing the conversion of two-dimensional figure data to three-dimensional.
3、本发明利用真实感图形显示技术选择OpenGL作为图形软件包,实现一个实用的交互式真实感图形显示,在本专利用OpenGL功能函数对所读取的图形文件主要实现了以下几种功能:视窗初始化,图形绘制功能,坐标变换功能,光照与材质设置,图像与纹理操作功能,线框图、面模型、体模型处理等功能。从而通过物体材质和光源的设置,可以较准确地模拟真实世界的光照效果,达到三维实体计算机真实感显示的目的。通过增加雾化效果及纹理贴图,能够实现实体的一些特殊效果显示。3, the present invention utilizes realistic graphic display technology to select OpenGL as a graphic software package to realize a practical interactive realistic graphic display. In this patent, the OpenGL function function has mainly realized the following functions for the graphic file read: Window initialization, graphic drawing function, coordinate transformation function, lighting and material setting, image and texture operation function, wireframe drawing, surface model, volume model processing and other functions. Therefore, through the setting of the object material and the light source, the lighting effect of the real world can be simulated more accurately, and the purpose of realistic display of the three-dimensional entity computer can be achieved. By adding atomization effects and texture maps, some special effects of entities can be displayed.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明的总体流程图;Fig. 1 is the general flowchart of the present invention;
图2是圆弧切割示意图;Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of arc cutting;
图3是纵向切割示意图;Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of longitudinal cutting;
图4是本发明图形的真实感显示。Fig. 4 is a realistic display of graphics of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
如图1至图3所示,本发明采取按如下步骤进行:基于二维DXF文件格式的零件三维真As shown in Figures 1 to 3, the present invention takes the following steps: based on the two-dimensional DXF file format of the part three-dimensional real
实感显示方法,具体步骤如下:Real sense display method, the specific steps are as follows:
步骤1:读取DXF文件格式中母线和轴线的数据;回转体零件图形构造,实际上就是已知轴线和母线,构造相应的旋转曲面。Step 1: Read the data of the busbar and the axis in the DXF file format; the graphic construction of the part of the revolving body is actually to know the axis and the busbar, and construct the corresponding rotating surface.
步骤2:利用步骤1中读取的数据构造旋转曲面;Step 2: Use the data read in step 1 to construct a surface of revolution;
步骤2.1:利用圆弧切割算法计算出圆弧的圆心坐标:Step 2.1: Use the arc cutting algorithm to calculate the center coordinates of the arc:
步骤2.2:利用旋转成形算法计算旋转曲面的坐标:Step 2.2: Calculate the coordinates of the surface of revolution using the rotational forming algorithm:
步骤2.2.1:对已知曲线进行横向切割:Step 2.2.1: Transversally cut the known curve:
步骤2.2.2:对横向切割所得的点进行纵向切割:Step 2.2.2: Carry out vertical cutting on the points obtained by horizontal cutting:
步骤3:利用法向矢量算法的进行光照效果处理;Step 3: Use the normal vector algorithm to perform lighting effect processing;
步骤4:利用OpenGL功能函数对三维实体进行显示。Step 4: Use the OpenGL function to display the three-dimensional entity.
所述的步骤1中,用AutoCAD所提供的多义线来描述母线,同时通过设置线型来识别轴线,在实体节中,LINE和LWPOLYLINE中分别存有轴线和母线的信息,在读取数据过程中,可以根据组码0和组码6的值来搜索线型为中心线的轴线,然后按照文件格式依次读取轴线的起始点坐标;对于多义线,首先根据子类标记值搜索作为母线的多义线,然后按照文件格式依次读取多义线所有顶点坐标值。经过以上分析和处理,可以将旋转成形所需的数据读入程序,以便于进行下一步数据操作。In the above step 1, the polyline provided by AutoCAD is used to describe the busbar, and at the same time, the axis is identified by setting the line type. In the entity section, the information of the axis and the busbar are respectively stored in LINE and LWPOLYLINE. When reading the data During the process, you can search for the axis whose line type is the center line according to the values of
所述的步骤2.1的计算出圆弧的圆心坐标(xo,yo)的具体过程如下:The specific process of calculating the center coordinates (xo, yo) of the arc in the described step 2.1 is as follows:
令
由拱度的定义可知所以h=l*bowFrom the definition of camber we know So h=l*bow
由图中三角关系可得:r2-l2=(r-h)2 From the triangle relationship in the figure, it can be obtained: r 2 -l 2 = (rh) 2
即圆弧半径
令
则弧线圆心坐标为:Then the coordinates of the center of the arc are:
式中:设(a,b)为起点坐标,(c,d)为终点坐标,l为(a,b)与(c,d)构成的弦的长度,bow为拱度,h为弦高,ω为l对应的圆心角。所述的步骤2.2.1具体切割过程如下:在母线上逐段均匀地提取若干个点,并把它们的坐标存入三个二维数组x[1,j],y[1,j],z[1,j]。所取的点数在程序中由横向切割密度控制,横向切割密度越高,所生成立体图形母线越接近于原母线。In the formula: let (a, b) be the coordinates of the starting point, (c, d) the coordinates of the end point, l is the length of the chord formed by (a, b) and (c, d), bow is the camber, h is the chord height , ω is the central angle corresponding to l. The specific cutting process of the step 2.2.1 is as follows: uniformly extract several points segment by segment on the bus, and store their coordinates into three two-dimensional arrays x[1, j], y[1, j], z[1,j]. The number of points taken is controlled by the transverse cutting density in the program. The higher the transverse cutting density is, the closer the generated three-dimensional graphic generatrix is to the original generatrix.
所述的步骤2.2.2具体切割过程如下:在横向切割完成以后,对所得的点进行三维旋转,并对每一个点的旋转轨迹进行插值点坐标计算,插值点的数目由纵向切割密度控制。纵向切割密度越高,所生成立体图形横截面越光滑,但同样也会导致数据量增多。由横向切割操作可以得到曲线上的坐标点数组x[1,j],y[1,j],z[1,j],设纵向切割为绕x轴作360°的旋转,为了求出曲线上的每一点在旋转轨迹上所形成的n个点的坐标,可设旋转步长为t=2π/n,旋转变换矩阵为:The specific cutting process of the step 2.2.2 is as follows: After the horizontal cutting is completed, three-dimensional rotation is performed on the obtained points, and the interpolation point coordinates are calculated for the rotation trajectory of each point, and the number of interpolation points is controlled by the vertical cutting density. The higher the longitudinal cutting density, the smoother the cross-section of the generated three-dimensional graphics, but it will also lead to an increase in the amount of data. The coordinate point array x[1, j], y[1, j], z[1, j] on the curve can be obtained by the horizontal cutting operation, and the vertical cutting is set to rotate 360° around the x-axis, in order to find the curve The coordinates of n points formed by each point on the rotation trajectory, the rotation step size can be set to t=2π/n, and the rotation transformation matrix is:
设曲线上的点为(x,y,z),则旋转后的坐标为:Let the point on the curve be (x, y, z), then the coordinates after rotation are:
[x* y* z*]=[x y z]*T[x * y * z * ]=[x y z]*T
即
所述的步骤3的具体步骤如下:计算法向矢量,所需条件为三个不共线的点的坐标值,它们的排列顺序决定了法向矢量的方向,在右手空间坐标系中,设已知点A、B、C、的坐标值分别为(xA,yA,zA),(xB,yB,zB),(xC,yC,zC),计算三点构成的平面的法向矢量,其算法如下:The specific steps of described step 3 are as follows: calculate the normal vector, the required condition is the coordinate values of three non-collinear points, and their order of arrangement determines the direction of the normal vector, in the right-hand space coordinate system, set The coordinates of points A, B, and C are known as (x A , y A , z A ), (x B , y B , z B ), (x C , y C , z C ), and calculate the three points The normal vector of the formed plane, the algorithm is as follows:
首先求出矢量和利用空间解析几何的方法,平面法矢量的空间描述为
其中
将平面法矢量空间描述的矩阵形式展开,可以得到其数学表达式为:(yACzBC-zACyBC)i+(zACxBC-zBCxAC)j+(xACyBC-xBCyAC)k。Expanding the matrix form described by the plane normal vector space, the mathematical expression can be obtained: (y AC z BC -z AC y BC )i+(z AC x BC -z BC x AC )j+(x AC y BC -x BC y AC )k.
如图4所示,本发明利用OpenGL功能函数对所读取的图形文件主要实现了以下几种功能:视窗初始化,图形绘制功能,坐标变换功能,光照与材质设置,图像与纹理操作功能,线框图、面模型、体模型处理等功能。从而通过物体材质和光源的设置,可以较准确地模拟真实世界的光照效果,达到三维实体计算机真实感显示的目的。通过增加雾化效果及纹理贴图,能够实现实体的一些特殊效果显示。As shown in Figure 4, the present invention utilizes the OpenGL function function to mainly realize the following several functions to the graphics file read: window initialization, graphics drawing function, coordinate transformation function, illumination and material setting, image and texture operation function, line Block diagram, surface model, volume model processing and other functions. Therefore, through the setting of the object material and the light source, the lighting effect of the real world can be simulated more accurately, and the purpose of realistic display of the three-dimensional entity computer can be achieved. By adding atomization effects and texture maps, some special effects of entities can be displayed.
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