CN103760108B - Optoacoustic differential measurement method and device of humidity of wet steam - Google Patents
Optoacoustic differential measurement method and device of humidity of wet steam Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an optoacoustic differential measurement device of the humidity of wet steam. The optoacoustic differential measurement device comprises a measurement channel, a laser device, an electrooptical modulator, sonic transducer arrays and a computer system, wherein the measuring channel is internally separated into a wet steam humidity measurement optoacoustic cavity and a dry saturated steam comparison optoacoustic cavity; to-be-measured wet steam is introduced into the wet steam humidity measurement optoacoustic cavity; dry saturated steam, which corresponds to the to-be-measured wet steam and is used for comparison, is introduced into the dry saturated steam comparison optoacoustic cavity; the laser device is taken as an excitation source and is used for emitting lasers to irradiate the wet steam and the dry saturated steam and exciting the wet steam and the dry saturated steam to generate ultrasonic wave signals; the electrooptical modulator is used for modulating the lasers; the sonic transducer arrays are installed on the two side walls of the wet steam humidity measurement optoacoustic cavity and the dry saturated steam comparison optoacoustic cavity along the optical paths, and are respectively used for measuring the ultrasonic wave signals generated by excitation in the two optoacoustic cavities; the computer system is used for calculating and analyzing the ultrasonic wave signals so as to obtain the humidity of the wet steam. The invention also discloses an optoacoustic differential measurement method of the humidity of wet steam.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to measuring wet steam humidity field, particularly to a kind of employing acoustooptics principle, using differential light
The measuring wet steam humidity device and method of acoustical signal.
Background technology
Generally in the end of the large-scale condensing turbine in thermal power plant what, the large-size steam turbine in nuclear power station, nuclear power
Warship marine turbing, geothermal power station's steam turbine and middle low-temperature solar generate electricity and use or the work such as iron and steel, cement, glass, chemical industry
In industry flow process, whole levels of association cogeneration steam turbine or most of level are all operated under wet-steam phase.In condensing-type vapour
In the power that turbine is sent, the power having 10%～20% is to change in moist steam region to produce；Nuclear steam turbine is through-flow
In partly, the initial steam humidity entering high pressure cylinder is usually 0.25%～0.50%, and humidity increases, step by step to high pressure cylinder steam drain
Humidity reaches 12%～15%, and its low pressure (LP) cylinder steam drain humidity is typically also up to 12%～14%；And according to baumann rule, steamer
The medial humidity occurring 1% in machine level can make efficiency reduce about 1%.
The statistics of Britain shows, merely due to the economic loss that the efficiency reduction that in steam turbine, humidity causes brings is annual
May be up to 50,000,000 pounds.Moreover, the droplets impact blade surface of moist steam high speed flowing causes low pressure grade blade water
Erosion, water erosion will affect intensity and the vibration characteristics of blade, make blade become coarse, pit, even rupture, finally when serious
Lead to a disaster.Meanwhile, water erosion also increases the flow losses of blade flow passage component, and leading to the stage efficiency of steam turbine to reduce can be up to
0.664%.According to statistics, blade accident ranks first in each part of steam turbine, EPRI-Electric Power Research Institute epri (electric
Power research institute) to point out, the 70% of U.S.'s power station steam turbine forced outage rate is relevant with blade damage, and
Various countries' statistics also unanimously shows, the loss that blade accident causes often accounts for about the half of total loss.Naval vessel is used
Steam turbine, in order to improve reliability, increases the service life and reduces maintenance frequency it is also necessary to take dehumidifying skill in corresponding machine
Art.As can be seen here, the economy of the steam turbine being brought by moist steam problem and security loss are huge.
In recent years, with the increase of fired power generating unit single-machine capacity, and the increase of nuclear power generating sets installation proportion, due to steaming
The humidity problem of vapour, the economy to steam turbine operation and the impact of security become apparent from；In addition, the utilization of new forms of energy as
During heat generating, solar energy thermal-power-generating and UTILIZATION OF VESIDUAL HEAT IN generate electricity, also in the urgent need to determining the humidity of moist steam.In wet-steam region, steam
The pressure and temperature of vapour is no longer the parameter being each independently of the others as overheated zone, so the state of moist steam to be determined, removes
It is necessary to another thermal parameter will be found beyond pressure, temperature, determine that the enthalpy of steam, entropy are more tired with the method for measurement
Difficulty, therefore, the measurement of humidity just becomes the effective means determining another state parameter of moist steam.If can accurately be convenient for measuring
The humidity of moist steam, not only helps quickly and accurately understanding and runs on the radial direction of humidity, axle in the stage of wet-steam region
To distribution to determine the efficiency of steam turbine, provide accurate operating index to the operation operating personnel of steam turbine, but also permissible
Optimization design for steam turbine and transformation provide foundation.Survey to humidity is also be unable to do without on the research of steam turbine dehumidifying technology, test
Amount technology, the degree of accuracy of its measurement data will directly affect the design quality of dehydrating unit, only accurate steam wetness measurement
The effect on moisture extraction of newly-designed steam turbine (or stage) could be made with accurate judgement.Therefore, how to realize moist steam
Accurate, convenient, the measurement in real time of humidity, becomes one of problem demanding prompt solution, has important meaning to fields such as energy source and powers
Justice.
Content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of employing acoustooptics principle, the moist steam humidity using differential photoacoustic signal is surveyed
Amount device and method, to reach unperturbed, contactless, continuous, online, direct, high sensitivity, high-acruracy survey comprise diameter from
The effect of (even more little) the moist steam humidity of saturation water droplet to millimeter (even more big) of micron.For achieving the above object, originally
The technical scheme that invention adopts is:
A kind of optoacoustic differential measuring apparatus of moist steam humidity, comprising:
Measurement channel, for being passed through moist steam to be measured；
Laser instrument, is used for sending laser as driving source and irradiates described moist steam to be measured and relative with moist steam to be measured
The dry saturated steam that the use answered compares；
Electrooptic modulator, on laser optical path, for laser according to the modulator approach being pre-designed and control parameter
It is modulated；
Spectroscope and reflective mirror, on laser optical path, for being divided into phase to the laser modulated through electrooptic modulator
Two same bundles；
Measuring wet steam humidity PA cell, positioned at the side of Measurement channel, for modulated mistake laser irradiate described
Moist steam to be measured, excites moist steam to produce ultrasonic wave；
Dry saturated steam contrasts PA cell, with measuring wet steam humidity PA cell side by side, positioned at the opposite side of Measurement channel,
Laser for modulated mistake irradiates dry saturated steam (the dry saturation steaming that the described use corresponding with moist steam to be measured compares
The steam that vapour contrasts in PA cell is in saturation state, and humidity is zero), excite dry saturated steam to produce ultrasonic wave；
Electric heater unit, is arranged in the moist steam passage before dry saturated steam contrasts PA cell, for heating in passage
Moist steam, make the little water droplet of the saturation in moist steam all be vaporized into saturated vapor, thus moist steam is just become temperature, pressure
Power identical humidity is zero dry saturated steam；
Temperature, pressure measurement sensor, are arranged in the moist steam passage after electric heater unit, after measurement heating
The temperature and pressure of dry saturated steam；
Electrical heating controller, the temperature and pressure of the dry saturated steam being obtained according to temperature, pressure measurement sensor measurement,
Control the operation of electric heater unit and stopping, moist steam is just heated into temperature, pressure identical humidity be zero dry saturation
Steam；
Acoustic sensor array, is arranged on measuring wet steam humidity PA cell and dry saturated steam contrast PA cell along light path
Both sides side wall, is respectively used to detect the spatial and temporal distributions of the ultrasonic signal of the generation that is excited in two PA cell；
Differential amplifier, be arranged on measuring wet steam humidity PA cell and dry saturated steam contrast PA cell along light path
(now ultrasonic signal is turned two groups of ultrasonic signals that the acoustic sensor array detection of both sides side wall obtains by sonic transducer
Change electric signal into), input two inputs of differential amplifier respectively, lie in this two groups of ultrasonic signals (electric signal)
Information uniquely difference is exactly that first group of signal contains liquid phase saturation water droplet, and do not have (only single-phase in second group of signal
Saturated steam), the ultrasonic wave being inspired in the various noises of other inclusion, saturated steam is all identical, due to differential amplification
Device has very strong rejection ability to common-mode signal, and the difference (difference mode signal) to input signal has very strong amplification, because
This, through the amplification of differential amplifier, can only be comprised the signal after the amplification of liquid phase saturation water droplet information；
Lock-in amplifier, using described electrooptic modulator to the modulation system of laser and control parameter, such as frequency and phase
Position, as reference signal, divides with frequency (or frequency multiplication), homophase to tested ultrasonic signal (electric signal) itself and reference signal
Amount is amplified, and significantly can suppress noise, improve detection signal-to-noise ratio, has very high detection sensitivity.
And computer system, for being analyzed to described ultrasonic signal (electric signal) processing, obtain moist steam
Humidity.
With sound insulation, heat-barrier material, test PA cell is separated into two parts being arranged in juxtaposition in described Measurement channel, its
Middle Part I is referred to as measuring wet steam humidity PA cell, and modulated laser, after spectroscope light splitting, is divided into identical two
Bundle, wherein a branch of modulated laser passes through focusing system and enters through optical transmission window, in measuring wet steam humidity PA cell along light
The rear side of journey arranges one group of acoustic sensor array, for detecting the when space division of the ultrasonic signal being excited out in moist steam
Cloth；Another part is referred to as dry saturated steam contrast PA cell, in the runner before dry saturated steam contrasts PA cell, first arranges one
Organize uniform electric heater unit and temperature, pressure measurement sensor, electrical heating controller is surveyed according to temperature, pressure measurement sensor
The opening and closing (control temperature point more little higher than saturation temperature) of the output control electric heater unit of amount are in order to handle
Saturation liquid phase water in moist steam is all vaporized into saturated steam, and the modulated laser of another bundle being come by spectroscope passes through to adjust
Burnt system enters through optical transmission window, contrasts PA cell in dry saturated steam and arranges another group of sound sensor array along the front side of light path
Row, for detecting the spatial and temporal distributions of the ultrasonic signal being excited out in saturated vapor single-phase flow.
In described Measurement channel, the top of measuring wet steam humidity PA cell and dry saturated steam contrast PA cell has
Light window, modulated laser can pass through described optical transmission window to irradiate moist steam and dry saturated steam.
Described acoustooptics measurement apparatus are additionally provided with the focusing system on described electrooptic modulator emitting light path, are used for
Adjust focus level and the degree of collimation of laser, control laser to irradiate institute with suitable waist radius, Rayleigh range and the angle of divergence
The moist steam stated and dry saturated steam.
Described measurement apparatus are additionally provided with spectroscope and reflective mirror, on laser optical path, for through Electro-optical Modulation
The modulated laser of device is divided into identical two bundle.
It is connected with signal amplification module between described acoustic sensor array and computer system；Described signal amplifies mould
Block includes the differential amplifier being sequentially connected and lock-in amplifier；Described lock-in amplifier is also connected with electrooptic modulator, according to
Ultrasonic signal (electric signal) is amplified process according to the modulation system of described electrooptic modulator.
Signal amplification module is used for ultrasonic signal (electric signal) being amplified process, described differential amplifier, will
Acoustic sensor array in measuring wet steam humidity PA cell and dry saturated steam contrast PA cell detects that two groups obtaining are ultrasonic
Ripple signal (electric signal) carries out differential amplification；Described lock-in amplifier utilizes the modulation methods to laser for the described electrooptic modulator
Formula and control parameter, such as frequency and phase place, as reference signal, to tested ultrasonic signal (electric signal) itself and reference signal
It is amplified with frequency (or frequency multiplication), the component of homophase, significantly can suppress noise, improve detection signal-to-noise ratio, have very high
Detection sensitivity.
Present invention also offers a kind of employing acoustooptics principle, using the measuring wet steam humidity of differential photoacoustic signal
Method, the laser after modulation is divided into identical two bundle, irradiates wet steaming to be measured respectively in measuring wet steam humidity PA cell
Vapour, contrasts in dry saturated steam and irradiates the dry saturated steam (temperature, pressure are identical) reaching saturation through heating in PA cell, and
Excite moist steam and dry saturated steam to produce ultrasonic wave, detect two groups of ultrasonic signals using acoustic sensor array, then to institute
The two groups of ultrasonic signals stated carry out differential amplification, lock mutually amplify after, calculated by computer system, analyzed and processed, obtained
Humidity to moist steam.
By described electrooptic modulator, according to the modulator approach being pre-designed and control parameter, control excitation energy
The light intensity magnitude of laser and time dependent rule.
The irradiation of the modulated laser of described moist steam, be excited generation ultrasonic wave, creates light in moist steam
Acoustic effect.Because the vehicle repair major of moist steam is in poised state, liquid phase saturation water absorbs heat phase transformation vaporization, and specific volume increases very
Many features are stronger than optoacoustic effect in single phase gas, liquid or solid for the usual indication.The optoacoustic of moist steam humidity
Learn measuring method idea to be based on this and produce.Thinking be exactly by research due to phase transformation vaporize enhanced optoacoustic effect Lai
Reach the purpose of measurement moist steam humidity.Photoacoustic signal measurement steam is strengthened by the liquid phase vaporization in induced with laser moist steam wet
The method of degree is characteristic parameter according to known PA cell system, control excitation energy input laser light intensity magnitude and with
Time change, by the power of measurement output energy ultrasound ripple signal, changes over relation and the phase place of ultrasonic signal
With the phase relation of modulation laser, using the calorimetric method of photoacoustic technique, measurement obtains being converted into the heat of heat by laser, thus
Derive because of saturation liquid phase phase transformation vaporization in heated moist steam, become the amount of saturated steam, then by heat transfer, mass transfer and phase
Become vaporescence rule and theoretical model calculates, finally give the number of saturation water droplet in unknown system variable moist steam, divide
The important parameters such as cloth, diameter, obtain the humidity of moist steam.
The principle of the present invention is as follows:
Liquid phase saturation water droplet in moist steam two-phase, under modulated laser irradiation, absorbs the energy of laser, is changed into
The interior energy of water in water droplet, because moist steam two-phase is in vehicle repair major poised state, saturation water undergoes phase transition after absorbing heat energy
Vaporization, and be in the specific volume of the saturated steam of (saturation pressure or corresponding saturation temperature) under biphase equilibrium status condition than
The specific volume of saturation water is many times greater, thus produces the fluctuation of pressure.The modulation of the energy laser of excitation leads to heating process
It is modulation, that is, heating process is cycle alternation, thus, the fluctuation of the pressure being produced by the heating process of cycle alternation is just produced
Raw ultrasonic wave (if the frequency of modulation is in ultrasonic wave range).
In this series of physical process, there is the transfer process of light thermoacoustic multiple kinds of energy form, particularly exist
In thermal process, also there is phase transformation vaporization, all linked with one another, intercouple.In conversion process of energy, it is converted into heat, excites and speak
Play key effect, and laser is a kind of highly effective and convenient excitation energy.
The number of liquid phase water droplet, diameter, particle diameter distribution, heat and mass and phase transformation vaporizing property ginseng in moist steam two-phase
Number, the ultrasonic signal parameter producing, the characteristic parameter of PA cell (as Measurement channel or photoacoustic cell, light sound box), noise etc.
Multi-parameter also intercouples, and thermoacoustic conversion process of energy is played a crucial role.
The photo acoustic method measurement of moist steam humidity is exactly to analyze above-mentioned photo-thermal acoustic energy transfer process, multi-parameter coupling
Close rule, the characteristic parameter of well-designed PA cell system makes system work in resonant condition, control this complicated energy conversion
The change (light intensity magnitude of excitation energy laser and change over) of the excitation energy |input paramete of system, measurement is final
(power of ultrasonic signal, the phase place of the phase place and modulation laser changing over relation and ultrasonic signal are closed for energy output
System), by tool high accuracy calorimetric characteristic photoacoustic technique pass through measurement obtain heat number, extrapolate because of heated wet steaming
In vapour, the phase transformation of saturation liquid phase is vaporized into the amount of saturated steam, then by heat transfer, mass transfer and phase transformation vaporescence rule, extrapolates
Unknown system variable (number of saturation water droplet, diameter, particle diameter distribution etc., the i.e. humidity of moist steam in moist steam).
With compared to the prior art, advantages of the present invention is as follows in the past:
1st, can measure comprise diameter from micron (even more little) moist steam to the saturation water droplet of millimeter (even more big)
Humidity, measurement limit is big.
2nd, can continuously, online, measure in the case of quick flowing, contactless, do not need to carry out sampling operation, right
Measured moist steam fluid interference itself is few.
3rd, the vaporization phase transition process of saturation water droplet in optoacoustic photothermal technique and moist steam to saturated steam is combined one
Play research, had very on the basis of high s/n ratio in original photo acoustic method, make full use of the specific volume that phase transformation vaporization brings
The characteristic greatly increasing, strengthens optoacoustic effect, then increases signal to noise ratio, greatly improve sensitivity and the precision of measurement.
4th, introduce measuring wet steam humidity PA cell and dry saturated steam contrast PA cell, will record in this two PA cell
Ultrasonic signal input differential amplifier, only comprised the signal after the amplification of liquid phase saturation water droplet information, make humidity survey
The performance of amount is more preferable.
Brief description
Fig. 1 is the structure diagram of the optoacoustic variate of moist steam humidity.
Specific embodiment
As shown in figure 1, the optoacoustic differential measuring apparatus of the moist steam humidity of the present invention, comprising: laser instrument 1, reflective mirror 2,
Electrooptic modulator 3, spectroscope 4, reflective mirror 5, focusing system 6, optical transmission window 7, measuring wet steam humidity PA cell 8, dry saturation
Steam contrast PA cell 9, electric heater unit 10, temperature and device for pressure measurement 11, electrical heating controller 12, acoustic sensor array
13rd, differential amplifier 14, lock-in amplifier 15 and computer 16.
Laser instrument 1 is used for sending measurement laser, enters row energization to moist steam and dry saturated steam, and is reflected by reflective mirror 2
Enter in electrooptic modulator 3, laser is modulated process by electrooptic modulator 3, the laser after process is divided into phase by spectroscope 4
Two same bundle laser, wherein beam of laser enter dry saturated steam contrast optoacoustic by optical transmission window 7 after focusing system 6 focusing
In chamber 9, another beam of laser enters measuring wet steam humidity PA cell 8 by optical transmission window 7 after focusing on through corresponding focusing system 6
In.
It is separated into measuring wet steam humidity PA cell 8 and being arranged in juxtaposition using sound insulation, heat-barrier material inside Measurement channel
Dry saturated steam contrasts PA cell 9, is passed through moist steam to be measured in measuring wet steam humidity PA cell 8, and dry saturated steam contrasts
Be passed through in PA cell 9 is the dry saturated steam that humidity is zero.
Wherein, it is provided with electric heater unit 10 and temperature and pressure in the Measurement channel before dry saturated steam contrasts PA cell 9
Measurement apparatus 11, the moist steam heating in Measurement channel are obtained dry saturated steam, temperature and device for pressure measurement 11 are used for examining
Survey the temperature and pressure of dry saturated steam, the temperature and pressure that electrical heating controller 12 obtains according to measurement, control electrical heating dress
Put 10 operation and stopping.
After two bundle laser irradiate moist steam to be measured and dry saturated steam respectively, produce two groups of ultrasonic signals, and respectively
The acoustic sensor array 13 being installed in measuring wet steam humidity PA cell 8 and dry saturated steam contrast PA cell 9 detects, obtains
To two groups of ultrasonic signals be amplified into computer system 16, department of computer science through differential amplifier 14 and lock-in amplifier 15
System 16 carries out comparing calculation analyzing and processing to ultrasonic signal, you can obtain the humidity of moist steam to be measured.
Above-mentioned optoacoustic differential measuring apparatus, its specific work process is as follows:
Moist steam is passed through Measurement channel, respectively enters the measuring wet steam humidity PA cell 8 being arranged in juxtaposition and dry saturation
Steam contrast PA cell 9, moist steam enter dry saturated steam contrast PA cell 9 before, by electrical heating controller 12 according to temperature
Degree and the result of device for pressure measurement 11 detection, control operation and the stopping of electric heater unit, making moist steam become humidity is zero
Dry saturated steam, enter dry saturated steam contrast PA cell 9；
Open laser instrument 1, the laser sending, after electrooptic modulator 3 modulation treatment, is divided into two bundle identicals by spectroscope 4
Light beam, two light beams are incident to measuring wet steam humidity PA cell 8 and dry saturated steam contrast after focusing system 6 focusing respectively
In PA cell 9, and it is respectively acting on moist steam and dry saturated steam two groups of ultrasonic signals of generation, acoustic sensor array 13 is respectively
Detect two groups of ultrasonic signals, be then amplified into computer system 16 through differential amplifier 14 and lock-in amplifier 15, by
Computer system 16 carries out comparing calculation analyzing and processing to ultrasonic signal, draws the humidity of moist steam.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of optoacoustic differential measuring apparatus of moist steam humidity are it is characterised in that include:
Measurement channel, inside is separated into the measuring wet steam humidity PA cell being arranged in juxtaposition and dry saturated steam contrast PA cell,
It is passed through moist steam to be measured in described measuring wet steam humidity PA cell, be passed through in described dry saturated steam contrast PA cell
The dry saturated steam that the use corresponding with moist steam to be measured compares；
Laser instrument, as driving source, irradiates described moist steam to be measured and the dry saturated steam with comparing for sending laser,
And excite moist steam and dry saturated steam to produce ultrasonic signal；
Electrooptic modulator, on laser optical path, for being modulated to laser；
Acoustic sensor array, is arranged on measuring wet steam humidity PA cell and dry saturated steam contrasts PA cell along the both sides of light path
Side wall, is respectively used to detect the ultrasonic signal of the generation that is excited in two PA cell；
And computer system, for being analyzed to described ultrasonic signal processing, obtain the humidity of moist steam；
It is provided with to be arranged on and contrast the electric heater unit before PA cell import with the dry saturated steam comparing, for Measurement channel
Interior moist steam is heated, and makes the dry saturated steam corresponding with moist steam to be measured；
It is provided with the electrical heating controller being connected with described temperature, pressure measurement sensor and electric heater unit, obtained according to measurement
Temperature and pressure, control the described operation of electric heater unit and stopping；
Be additionally provided be arranged on the temperature before the dry saturated steam that the use corresponding with moist steam to be measured compares contrasts PA cell,
Pressure measurement sensor, for the temperature and pressure of the dry saturated steam after measurement heating.
2. the optoacoustic differential measuring apparatus of moist steam humidity as claimed in claim 1 are it is characterised in that in described Measurement channel
Described measuring wet steam humidity PA cell and be used as corresponding with moist steam to be measured are separated into using sound insulation, heat-barrier material
The dry saturated steam contrast PA cell of contrast.
3. the optoacoustic differential measuring apparatus of moist steam humidity as claimed in claim 1 are it is characterised in that described sonic transducer
Be connected with differential amplifier and lock-in amplifier between array and computer system in turn, described lock-in amplifier also with electric light
Modulator connects.
4. the optoacoustic differential measuring apparatus of moist steam humidity as claimed in claim 1 are it is characterised in that described moist steam is wet
The top that degree measurement PA cell and dry saturated steam contrast PA cell has an optical transmission window, and modulated laser passes through described saturating
Light window irradiates moist steam and dry saturated steam.
5. the optoacoustic differential measuring apparatus of moist steam humidity as claimed in claim 1 are it is characterised in that described optoacoustic is differential
Measurement apparatus also include spectroscope and focusing system, and the laser of electrooptic modulator outgoing is divided into identical two bundle by spectroscope, adjust
Burnt system adjusts focus level and the degree of collimation of two bundle laser respectively, and the two bundle laser through focusing system outgoing irradiate institute respectively
The moist steam stated and dry saturated steam.
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| CN104535498B (en) * | 2014-12-05 | 2020-08-28 | 复旦大学 | Organic phosphorus detector |
| CN104751906A (en) * | 2015-02-13 | 2015-07-01 | 中国科学院近代物理研究所 | Heat exchange system and nuclear reactor system |
| CN104697933B (en) * | 2015-03-04 | 2017-06-16 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Triple channel acoustic resonant cavity optoacoustic spectroscopy sensing device |
| CN108020630B (en) * | 2016-11-01 | 2023-09-12 | 华北电力大学（保定） | Steam turbine final humidity detection device and steam turbine |
| CN106677841B (en) * | 2017-03-01 | 2018-07-10 | 华北电力大学（保定） | A kind of isolating device and steam turbine last stage humidity detector |
| CN110488565A (en) * | 2019-08-26 | 2019-11-22 | 句容福芯电子有限公司 | A kind of apparatus and system for realizing air imaging using optoacoustic effect |
| CN113267416B (en) * | 2021-04-22 | 2022-11-22 | 福建福清核电有限公司 | Dynamic water erosion experiment platform for turbine blade of nuclear power plant and use method |
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| CN101819146A (en) * | 2010-06-02 | 2010-09-01 | 长沙理工大学 | Method and device for measuring steam humidity and diameter of water droplet of non-contact type turbine |
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