CN103730616A - Corrugated sandwich protective structure of battery box of electric vehicle - Google Patents
Corrugated sandwich protective structure of battery box of electric vehicle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103730616A CN103730616A CN201410035949.5A CN201410035949A CN103730616A CN 103730616 A CN103730616 A CN 103730616A CN 201410035949 A CN201410035949 A CN 201410035949A CN 103730616 A CN103730616 A CN 103730616A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- ripple
- base plate
- wallboard
- plate
- battery box
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K1/00—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units
- B60K1/04—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units of the electric storage means for propulsion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
- B60Y2306/00—Other features of vehicle sub-units
- B60Y2306/01—Reducing damages in case of crash, e.g. by improving battery protection
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention discloses a corrugated sandwich protective structure of a battery box of an electric vehicle. The protective structure comprises a box body and a box cover, wherein the box body is not closed at top, is composed of a baseplate and a baseplate wallboard fixed around the baseplate and is used for accommodating batteries; the box cover comprises a top plate and a top-plate wallboard fixed around the top plate, and the box cover and the box body are buckled so as to form a closed space. The protective structure is characterized in that the baseplate and the baseplate wallboard are respectively made of a corrugated sandwich protective plate. According to the invention, the box body and the box cover are made of the corrugated sandwich protective plates, so that the batteries can be prevented from being damaged; the corrugated sandwich protective structure has the advantages of high specific stiffness, high specific strength, high fatigue life, strong impact resistance and shock resistance, good impacting energy absorption property, light weight, and the like, thereby facilitating the promotion and application of electric vehicles and passenger cars.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of Vehicular battery casing, specifically a kind of ripple sandwich safeguard structure that is applicable to electric automobile battery box.
Background technology
At present, along with economic development, the problems such as environmental pollution are day by day serious, environmental practice and policy are more and more, especially in recent years the fast development of electric automobile and hybrid vehicle, making electric automobile and hybrid vehicle substitute orthodox car becomes possibility, incites somebody to action significantly energy savings and minimizing automobile exhaust pollution, meets the environmental protection concept of this transportation of green low-carbon.Battery, as the of paramount importance energy source of electric automobile and hybrid vehicle, strengthens cell voltage, increases battery quantity and battery general construction volume, thereby guarantee power fan-out capability and flying power.And battery is the weak position of relative thin, often by Battery case, to protect, the effect of Battery case has: as carrier and the container of battery, provide an independent enclosure space; Prevent that external object or external force from damaging battery, comprises the operating modes such as shock and vibration and static load; While preventing battery explosion or electric leakage, people and other object are damaged.But general Battery case can reach Section 1 effect, and second and third effect is difficult to or reaches reluctantly, at automobile, be collided, turn on one's side like this and other dangerous working condition under, Battery case is very easily damaged or large deformation, cause battery to damage, even cause the murther situations such as fire and blast.
Summary of the invention
According to battery case in the prior art of above-mentioned proposition, be difficult to reach the destruction of battery being caused due to extraneous force majeure and battery drain etc. to these technical problems of the destruction of human body or car body, for realize security protection and the strong loss of weight target that quantizes simultaneously, the present invention provides a kind of ripple sandwich safeguard structure that is applicable to electric automobile battery box thus.
The technological means that the present invention adopts is as follows:
A kind of electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure, comprises casing and case lid,
Described casing be by base plate and be fixed on that the base plate wallboard of described base plate surrounding forms for holding the non-enclosed casing in top of battery;
Described case lid comprises top board and is fixed on the top board wallboard of described top board surrounding, described case lid and described casing fastening formation confined space;
It is characterized in that: described base plate, described base plate wallboard adopt ripple sandwich protective plate to make.
Described casing and described case lid are that the fixture by being separately positioned on outside, described base plate wallboard upper end and the auxiliary fixing member that is arranged on outside, described top board wallboard bottom are fixed together, described fixture and auxiliary fixing member all adopt steel plate, location hole is set on steel plate, by bolt, pass fixture and auxiliary fixing member is tightened to one by casing and case lid, form confined space.
As preferably, described top board, described top board wallboard adopt ripple sandwich protective plate to make.
As preferably, described ripple sandwich protective plate comprises upper and lower outside plate and is fixed on the ripple central layer between described upper and lower outside plate, steel plate or aluminium sheet that described ripple central layer is rolling formation or die forming, the thickness of described ripple central layer is 0.5mm-1.6mm, the ripple wavelength of described ripple central layer is 9.0mm-100.0mm, and the wave height of described ripple central layer is 5.0mm-50.0mm; Described upper and lower outside plate is galvanized steel plain sheet or carbon fiber composite board, and the thickness of described upper and lower outside plate is 0.5mm-2.0mm.When Battery case is subject to external impacts and collision, ripple central layer can be out of shape the most energy of absorption, farthest protects battery not to be damaged.
As preferably, the thickness of described ripple central layer is 0.5mm-1.2mm, and the ripple wavelength of described ripple central layer is 10.0mm-80.0mm, and the wave height of described ripple central layer is 6.0mm-42.0mm.
As preferably, in the core space of described ripple sandwich protective plate, be filled with the filler for the damping energy-absorbing of preventing fires.Described filler is filled in ripple sandwich structure, for having sponge or the foamed material of the characteristics such as fire prevention, damping and energy-absorbing, as anti-guncotton; Filler can prevent that battery from even exploding because excess Temperature burns in automobile fire on the one hand, can absorb on the other hand the vibrational energy under automobile bumpiness and other vibration operating mode, the fatigue life of improving battery.
As preferably, described ripple central layer is provided with multiple lightening holes for loss of weight.It is oblong hole that described lightening hole can be arranged to section form, preferably, described slotted hole is length dimension 10.0mm-150.0mm, width dimensions is the hole of 3.0mm-45.0mm, width dimensions is the size of the semi-circular hole that is arranged on length direction two ends, lightening hole the box weight that can further alleviate 6%-28% is set, can also effectively help heat radiation, further help to control battery context temperature.
As preferably, between described base plate and described base plate wallboard, by dismountable shaped steel, be fixed into one, the thickness of described shaped steel is 1.0mm-2.5mm.The design of described shaped steel can be so that change and fill the filler in ripple sandwich structure by removing shaped steel.
As preferably, between described base plate wallboard and between described top board wallboard, be equipped with deep floor, the thickness of described deep floor is 0.5mm-3.0mm.Deep floor is fixed between plate and plate by welding or riveting, can strengthens the Rigidity and strength of whole body structure.
As preferably, described base plate wallboard near a side of described base plate be provided with multiple for the fixing positioning seat of car body.
As preferably, described base plate wallboard is provided with assist location plate near a side of described case lid.
Compared with prior art, compare, battery case provided by the invention adopts ripple sandwich protective plate to make, and ripple sandwich structure can be when Battery case be subject to external impacts and collision, and distortion absorbs most energy, farthest protects battery not to be damaged.Have again; in battery case installation process, in case of unexpected, drop; automobile be collided to Battery case impact and the situation such as extruding under; the shaped steel of ripple sandwich protective plate provided by the invention and fixed base plate wallboard can be protected position, casing corner; absorb most energy; make casing and battery avoid destroying, keep normally working.
The present invention can protect battery not to be damaged; there is specific stiffness, specific strength is high; fatigue life is high; shock-resistant and vibration strength is strong; collision energy-absorbing is good; the advantage such as lightweight, the present invention can be applicable to electric automobile, hybrid vehicle, pure electronic and hybrid power passenger car, school bus, special-purpose vehicle etc. and need to carry on the transport facility of high pressure, large size electro pool structure for the foregoing reasons.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments, the present invention is further detailed explanation.
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the end view of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 be in Fig. 2 A place overlook enlarged drawing.
Fig. 4 is vertical view of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is the enlarged drawing at B place in Fig. 4.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, a kind of electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure, comprise casing 1 and case lid 2, described casing 1 be by base plate 11 and four, be fixed on that the base plate wallboard 12 of described base plate 11 surroundings forms for holding the non-enclosed casing in top of battery; Described case lid 2 comprises that top board 21 and four are fixed on the top board wallboard 22 of described top board 21 surroundings, described casing 1 and described case lid 2 are that the fixture by being separately positioned on described base plate wallboard 12 outsides, upper end and the auxiliary fixing member that is arranged on described top board wallboard 22 outsides, bottom are fixed together, described fixture and auxiliary fixing member all adopt steel plate, location hole is set on steel plate, by bolt, pass fixture and auxiliary fixing member is tightened to one by casing 1 and case lid 2, form confined space.
Described base plate 11, described base plate wallboard 12, described top board 21 and described top board wallboard 22 adopt ripple sandwich protective plate to make.Between described base plate 11 and described base plate wallboard 12, integrally welded by shaped steel 13 between the plate of described base plate wallboard 12 and plate, the thickness of described shaped steel 13 is 1.0mm-2.5mm; Between described shaped steel 13 and plate for removably connecting; unexpected dropping in battery case installation process; automobile be collided to Battery case impact and the situation such as extruding under; protection position, casing corner; absorb most energy; make to a great extent casing and battery avoid destroying, keep normally working.
As shown in Figure 4, Figure 5, take base plate wallboard 12 as ripple sandwich protective plate is as example, comprise outside plate 121, lower outside plate 122 and by the gluing ripple central layer 123 being connected between described upper outside plate 121 and lower outside plate 122, described ripple central layer 123 is steel plate or the aluminium sheet of rolling formation or die forming, the thickness of described ripple central layer 123 is 0.5mm-1.6mm, the ripple wavelength of described ripple central layer 123 is 9.0mm-100.0mm, and the wave height of described ripple central layer 123 is 5.0mm-50.0mm; Described upper outside plate 121, lower outside plate 122 are galvanized steel plain sheet, and the thickness of described upper outside plate 121, lower outside plate 122 is 0.5mm-2.0mm.
In the core space of described ripple sandwich protective plate, be filled with the filler for the damping energy-absorbing of preventing fires, as anti-guncotton.The upper lightening hole that is provided with some along its ripple inclined-plane at described ripple central layer 123(as shown in Figure 3), in the present embodiment, lightening hole shows as the hole with long round section, the two ends that are rectangular opening are the form that semi-circular hole connects, lightening hole the box weight that can further alleviate 6%-28% is set, can also effectively help the heat radiation of ripple sandwich structure, further help to control battery context temperature.
In order to strengthen the rigidity of structure and the intensity of whole casing, between described base plate wallboard 12 and between described top board wallboard 22, be equipped with deep floor 15, described deep floor 15 is by riveting or be weldingly fixed on the seaming position of two base plate wallboards 12, and the thickness of described deep floor is 0.5mm-3.0mm.
Described base plate wallboard 12 near a side of described base plate 11 be provided with multiple for the fixing positioning seat 3 of car body.Described base plate wall 12 plates are provided with assist location plate 14 near a side of described case lid 2, and described assist location plate 14 can be arranged on the shaped steel 13 of base plate wallboard 12 seam crossings.
The above; it is only preferably embodiment of the present invention; but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to this; any be familiar with those skilled in the art the present invention disclose technical scope in; according to technical scheme of the present invention and inventive concept thereof, be equal to replacement or changed, within all should being encompassed in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. an electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure, comprises casing and case lid,
Described casing be by base plate and be fixed on that the base plate wallboard of described base plate surrounding forms for holding the non-enclosed casing in top of battery;
Described case lid comprises top board and is fixed on the top board wallboard of described top board surrounding, described case lid and described casing fastening formation confined space;
It is characterized in that: described base plate, described base plate wallboard adopt ripple sandwich protective plate to make.
2. electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described top board, described top board wallboard adopt ripple sandwich protective plate to make.
3. electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that: described ripple sandwich protective plate comprises upper and lower outside plate and is fixed on the ripple central layer between described upper and lower outside plate, steel plate or aluminium sheet that described ripple central layer is rolling formation or die forming, the thickness of described ripple central layer is 0.5mm-1.6mm, the ripple wavelength of described ripple central layer is 9.0mm-100.0mm, and the wave height of described ripple central layer is 5.0mm-50.0mm; Described upper and lower outside plate is galvanized steel plain sheet or carbon fiber composite board, and the thickness of described upper and lower outside plate is 0.5mm-2.0mm.
4. electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: the thickness of described ripple central layer is 0.5mm-1.2mm, the ripple wavelength of described ripple central layer is 10.0mm-80.0mm, and the wave height of described ripple central layer is 6.0mm-42.0mm.
5. electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure according to claim 4, is characterized in that: in the core space of described ripple sandwich protective plate, be filled with the filler for the damping energy-absorbing of preventing fires.
6. electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure according to claim 5, is characterized in that: described ripple central layer is provided with multiple lightening holes for loss of weight.
7. electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that: between described base plate and described base plate wallboard, by dismountable shaped steel, be fixed into one, the thickness of described shaped steel is 1.0mm-2.5mm.
8. electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that: between described base plate wallboard and between described top board wallboard, be equipped with deep floor, the thickness of described deep floor is 0.5mm-3.0mm.
9. electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described base plate wallboard near a side of described base plate be provided with multiple for the fixing positioning seat of car body.
10. electric automobile battery box ripple sandwich safeguard structure according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described base plate wallboard is provided with assist location plate near a side of described case lid.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410035949.5A CN103730616A (en) | 2014-01-24 | 2014-01-24 | Corrugated sandwich protective structure of battery box of electric vehicle |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201410035949.5A CN103730616A (en) | 2014-01-24 | 2014-01-24 | Corrugated sandwich protective structure of battery box of electric vehicle |
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| CN103730616A true CN103730616A (en) | 2014-04-16 |
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| CN201410035949.5A Pending CN103730616A (en) | 2014-01-24 | 2014-01-24 | Corrugated sandwich protective structure of battery box of electric vehicle |
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Cited By (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104766934A (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2015-07-08 | 中山大学 | Preparation method of sandwich structure and lightweight battery box adopting sandwich structure |
| US20160233468A1 (en) * | 2015-02-11 | 2016-08-11 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Battery Enclosure Surrounded by Internally Reinforced Cylindrical Impact Absorbing Elements |
| CN105870370A (en) * | 2015-02-11 | 2016-08-17 | 福特全球技术公司 | Battery enclosure with arc-shaped elongated impact absorbing ribs |
| US9656571B2 (en) | 2015-02-11 | 2017-05-23 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Battery enclosure having T-shaped guides on the outer surface for stiffeners and impact absorbing elements |
| US9662997B2 (en) | 2015-02-11 | 2017-05-30 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and apparatus for attaching a crushable carbon fiber reinforced polymer structure to the outer surface of a battery enclosure |
| CN106784490A (en) * | 2017-01-23 | 2017-05-31 | 湖北汽车工业学院 | A kind of lightweight battery case based on lattice structure |
| CN107195812A (en) * | 2016-03-15 | 2017-09-22 | 深圳市沃特玛电池有限公司 | A kind of battery case and its manufacture method |
| GB2553537A (en) * | 2016-09-07 | 2018-03-14 | Arrival Ltd | Battery box |
| CN107933005A (en) * | 2017-11-16 | 2018-04-20 | 北京航空航天大学 | A kind of composite material battery case with surge guard and preparation process |
| WO2018149762A1 (en) * | 2017-02-17 | 2018-08-23 | Mubea Carbo Tech Gmbh | Battery structure and protector |
| CN108878727A (en) * | 2018-07-14 | 2018-11-23 | 苏州源欣江碳纤维科技有限公司 | Carbon fiber battery case |
| CN109565010A (en) * | 2016-08-11 | 2019-04-02 | 蒂森克虏伯钢铁欧洲股份公司 | Battery case |
| CN110217090A (en) * | 2019-04-30 | 2019-09-10 | 江苏恒义汽配制造有限公司 | A kind of battery case subiculum disc assembly and its processing method |
| EP3508368A4 (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2019-09-11 | BYD Company Limited | Tray assembly for automobile use, battery pack body for automobile use and automobile |
| US10439183B2 (en) | 2015-02-11 | 2019-10-08 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Impact absorbing elements attached to the outer surface of a battery enclosure |
| CN110391373A (en) * | 2019-07-15 | 2019-10-29 | 华侨大学 | A kind of novel energy-absorbing protection battery case |
| DE102020124595B3 (en) | 2020-09-22 | 2021-11-18 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Battery case for a motor vehicle battery |
| CN113871775A (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2021-12-31 | 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 | Lightweight, one-piece energy absorbing and intrusion resistant battery tray for a vehicle |
| CN113915205A (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2022-01-11 | 北华航天工业学院 | Composite material dot matrix battenboard connection structure |
| CN114512755A (en) * | 2020-11-17 | 2022-05-17 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Battery package and vehicle |
| CN114976421A (en) * | 2022-06-24 | 2022-08-30 | 厦门金龙联合汽车工业有限公司 | Battery box, slide formula chassis and electric automobile |
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| US9821678B2 (en) | 2015-02-11 | 2017-11-21 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Battery enclosure having T-shaped guides on the outer surface for stiffeners and impact absorbing elements |
| CN105870370A (en) * | 2015-02-11 | 2016-08-17 | 福特全球技术公司 | Battery enclosure with arc-shaped elongated impact absorbing ribs |
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| US9656571B2 (en) | 2015-02-11 | 2017-05-23 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Battery enclosure having T-shaped guides on the outer surface for stiffeners and impact absorbing elements |
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| US10059382B2 (en) | 2015-02-11 | 2018-08-28 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and apparatus for attaching a crushable carbon fiber reinforced polymer structure to the outer surface of a battery enclosure |
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| CN104766934B (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2018-08-21 | 中山大学 | A kind of preparation method of sandwich structure for lightweight battery case |
| CN107195812A (en) * | 2016-03-15 | 2017-09-22 | 深圳市沃特玛电池有限公司 | A kind of battery case and its manufacture method |
| CN109565010B (en) * | 2016-08-11 | 2021-10-01 | 蒂森克虏伯钢铁欧洲股份公司 | Battery case |
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| GB2553537A (en) * | 2016-09-07 | 2018-03-14 | Arrival Ltd | Battery box |
| GB2553537B (en) * | 2016-09-07 | 2021-12-08 | Arrival Ltd | Battery box |
| CN106784490B (en) * | 2017-01-23 | 2023-04-07 | 湖北汽车工业学院 | Lightweight battery box based on lattice structure |
| CN106784490A (en) * | 2017-01-23 | 2017-05-31 | 湖北汽车工业学院 | A kind of lightweight battery case based on lattice structure |
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| US11760182B2 (en) | 2017-02-17 | 2023-09-19 | Mubea Carbo Tech Gmbh | Battery structure and protector |
| CN115312943A (en) * | 2017-02-17 | 2022-11-08 | 慕贝尔碳纤维技术有限公司 | Battery structure and protector |
| CN107933005A (en) * | 2017-11-16 | 2018-04-20 | 北京航空航天大学 | A kind of composite material battery case with surge guard and preparation process |
| CN108878727A (en) * | 2018-07-14 | 2018-11-23 | 苏州源欣江碳纤维科技有限公司 | Carbon fiber battery case |
| CN110217090A (en) * | 2019-04-30 | 2019-09-10 | 江苏恒义汽配制造有限公司 | A kind of battery case subiculum disc assembly and its processing method |
| CN110391373A (en) * | 2019-07-15 | 2019-10-29 | 华侨大学 | A kind of novel energy-absorbing protection battery case |
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| DE102020124595B3 (en) | 2020-09-22 | 2021-11-18 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Battery case for a motor vehicle battery |
| CN114512755A (en) * | 2020-11-17 | 2022-05-17 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Battery package and vehicle |
| CN114512755B (en) * | 2020-11-17 | 2023-03-14 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | Battery package and vehicle |
| DE102022002632A1 (en) | 2021-07-19 | 2023-01-19 | Mercedes-Benz Group AG | Energy absorbing device for electric vehicles |
| CN113915205B (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2022-12-06 | 北华航天工业学院 | Composite material dot matrix battenboard connection structure |
| CN113915205A (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2022-01-11 | 北华航天工业学院 | Composite material dot matrix battenboard connection structure |
| CN114976421B (en) * | 2022-06-24 | 2023-07-04 | 厦门金龙联合汽车工业有限公司 | Battery box, slide plate type chassis and electric automobile |
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Application publication date: 20140416 |