CN103688810B - A kind of method improving frost prevention effect of plant frost prevention machine - Google Patents
A kind of method improving frost prevention effect of plant frost prevention machine Download PDFInfo
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- CN103688810B CN103688810B CN201310700227.2A CN201310700227A CN103688810B CN 103688810 B CN103688810 B CN 103688810B CN 201310700227 A CN201310700227 A CN 201310700227A CN 103688810 B CN103688810 B CN 103688810B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of method improving frost prevention effect of plant frost prevention machine, belong to plant protection art.Opportunity is opened and closed to improve antifrost effect by design frost preventing machine Different time scales, there is the tea place of late frost, be specially: before tea tree rudiment different number of days, fall frost before and sunrise after different time, setting starts the process enabling and open and close frost preventing machine respectively, measures its impact on growth of tea plant, canopy surface temperature and frost prevention scope; 7-20 days before tea tree rudiment start to enable frost preventing machine, and new-tip length, bud density and hundred bud quality are increased; Frost preventing machine is started in 1-2 hour before enabling frost preventing machine and falling frost the same day; Frost preventing machine is closed after 1-2 hour after sunrise.The present invention substantially increases frost prevention area and antifrost effect, can be applicable to the Operating Guideline of frost prevention machine for plant.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to plant protection art, be specifically related to the frost prevention control technology of plant.
Background technology
Spring frost took place frequently and caused the Famous High-quality Tea significantly underproduction, quality decline early spring, caused the tremendous economic of Tea Production to lose.Develop the frost prevention equipment based on flow perturbation and technology abroad, as the tower blower fan of the overhead frost prevention machine of Japan, the U.S., the helicopter of Australia and uruguayan suction-discharge type frost prevention air duct.The independent developments such as domestic Hu Yongguang tea place frost preventing machine and control system thereof, and carry out the performance test of antifrost effect.But the operation of above frost prevention equipment is all adopt crop low critical temperature bound simply to control.Snyder proposes wind speed and can be used as one of condition judging whether frost preventing machine starts, namely when wind speed is greater than 2.5m/s, and the shutdown system because inversion disappears.Ribeiro etc. evaluate the temperature rise effect after frost preventing machine startup based on energy balance, open and close opportunity, when the temperature of ground 1.5m eminence can start lower than critical temperature according to inversion strength determination system.Other researchs then by the prediction minimum air temperature, dew-point temperature or canopy/leaf temperature etc., are determined the generation of frost, thus are started practice of frost protection.But these methods all need a large amount of history and real-time meteorological data, realize difficulty large, and the concrete keying moment cannot be determined.Hu Yongguang proposes the inversion difference control strategy based on low critical temperature, makes frost preventing machine energy-saving run, and thinks in inversion disappearance (regurgitation temperature) the defrosting stage, should with temperature and period for restrictive condition, control its time-delay closing, to alleviate frost melting process, avoid frost damage to aggravate further.But this research does not provide concrete controling parameters, lack the checking of test.
In existing frost prevention practice, be all just start to enable frost preventing machine in the tea tree budding period, if but tea leaf experience frost before this, chloroplast is impaired, can growing and impact later stage tea shoot.And tea tree budding period precontract 14 days, its Plant water content starts to increase, and freezing resistance reduces gradually.Therefore, in long time scale, the reasonable chance that frost preventing machine is enabled need be determined.On the other hand, when late frost occurs, if pre-cooling frost preventing machine, can use cost be increased, if start after falling frost, then can there is the risk of freeze injury; After frost inversion in morning next day at night disappears, because after sunrise, temperature is gone up fast, may tea tree be caused and stress be injured.So, on frost short-term time scale at night, still need to determine reasonably to open and close opportunity.Pre-stage test research finds, the difference on frost preventing machine pre-cooling opportunity, also can make its frost prevention sphere of action different.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method improving frost prevention effect of plant frost prevention machine, on the one hand new-tip length, bud density and hundred bud quality are increased, avoid the injury to plant caused in frost prevention process; On the other hand, the frost prevention sphere of action of same anti-frosting equipment is increased, improve antifrost effect.
In order to solve above technical problem, the present invention utilizes and enables under Different time scales and open and close the impact of frost preventing machine on tea tree canopy surface temperature, photosynthesis and growth traits etc., thus determines operation and closedown opportunity of frost preventing machine, and concrete technical scheme is as follows:
Improve a method for frost prevention effect of plant frost prevention machine, to it is characterized in that by the keying of design frost preventing machine Different time scales, to improve antifrost effect, being specially:
Step one, determines to enable frost preventing machine at which day: before plant germination, have start to enable frost preventing machine that day in the Frost's Descent, in order that make new-tip length, bud density and hundred bud quality increase in N days; N is integer, and 0<N<20;
Step 2, determines the concrete opening time of frost preventing machine in that day of enabling: before falling frost, start frost preventing machine in M hour, 0<M<2;
Step 3, determines the frost preventing machine shut-in time: frost preventing machine is held open open state until close frost preventing machine, 0<Q<2 after Q hour after sunrise in second day.
Described plant is any one in tea tree, apple tree, cherry tree, pear tree, peach, tangerine tree or Chinese pricklyash.
When described plant is tea tree, the optimal value of the optimal value of described N to be the optimal value of 7, M be 1, Q is 1.
Operation principle of the present invention: the Spring frost in tea place causes primarily of radiation inversion, is formed with the cooling of landing ground intense radiation.In tea place, soil and tea tree absorb a large amount of solar shortwave radiation daytime, night heat with the radiation of long wave form continuous heavenwards.At sunny, calm, cloudless or partly cloudy night, ground and tea tree cool very soon because of strong Net long wave radiation, the gas-bearing formation of ground proximity is also lowered the temperature thereupon, because the gas-bearing formation near ground is faster than the gas-bearing formation cooling away from ground, so form the temperature inversion that on air themperature field, height bends down.The tea place near-earth air temperature field change tread on March 20th ~ 21,2013, in the 12m altitude range of distance ground, temperature declines on the contrary with highly increasing, and the maximum temperature difference of temperature inversion layer upper and lower can reach 4.9 DEG C.Therefore, utilize above-mentioned inversion thermo parameters method feature, by frost preventing machine disturbance near-earth temperature inversion layer air, by top warm air forced convertion to tea tree canopy, can effectively improve its temperature, thus avoid or alleviate frostbite.In 6:00 ~ 7:00 period, namely sunrise is after 0.5 hour, is respectively highly tending towards identical temperature, and inversion disappears, and forms regurgitation temperature.Canopy place temperature increases rapidly about 7 DEG C after sunrise in 1.0 hours.The plant of freezing is when temperature slowly gos up, not too large on the impact of cell; If but temperature gos up suddenly, ice crystal thaws rapidly, cell wall is easy to Quick-return, and protoplasm has little time imbibition, and the possibility of result tears damage.For this reason, in frost prevention practice, normal sootiness operation being prolonged to stop to sunrise 1.5 ~ 2.0 hours, maybe water spray operation is prolonged and to stop to sunrise wet-bulb temperature higher than more than its critical freeze injury temperature.Similarly, prolong after sunrise and stop frost preventing machine, continue disturbance near-earth temperature inversion layer air, by top cold air forced convertion to tea tree canopy, the quick rise of its temperature can be delayed, thus prevent the injury of thawing of secondary.
The present invention has beneficial effect.The present invention has white that day by suitable before being set in plant germination, starts to enable frost preventing machine, new-tip length, bud density and hundred bud quality are all increased; By the setting concrete start-up time of frost preventing machine before falling frost, frost prevention operating radius is increased greatly; Prolonged in regular hour after sunrise by setting frost preventing machine and stop, can on average slow down canopy temperature rise 45.76%, and subtract the range of decrease of Leaf Photosynthetic, thus finally strengthen antifrost effect.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the tea tree canopy surface temperature variation diagram that the present invention respectively starts opportunity;
Fig. 2 is the frost prevention operating radius comparison diagram that short-term time scale of the present invention starts;
Fig. 3 is the tea tree canopy surface temperature variation diagram that the present invention respectively prolongs stopping time machine.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, technical scheme of the present invention is described in further details.
For the tea tree frost prevention in tea place.
Facilities and equipments condition: this is tested and steps spring tea field 2 ~ March in 2013 in Danyang, Jiangsu Province, namely north latitude 32 ° 01 ' 37 ", east longitude 119 ° 40 ' 17 ", height above sea level 18m, belong on level land, hills and carrying out.Examination tea tree breed is supplied to be Dragon Well tea 43, the age of tree about 7 years.Use the DFC1030-3K type frost preventing machine of Japanese Fulta company, its technical parameter is in table 1.Other tester and and equipment have: Hangzhou pool major company ZDR-3WIS type automatic temperature recorder, certainty of measurement ± 0.1 DEG C, measurement category-50 ~ 100 DEG C; The portable anemometer of NK4000 type of Nielsen-Kellerman company of the U.S., measuring wind speed precision ± 0.1m/s, measurement category 0.4 ~ 40m/s; The WatchDog2900ET type meteorological station of Spectrum company of the U.S., measurement parameter comprises aerial temperature and humidity, radiation, wind speed and direction and rainfall; The portable photosynthetic analyzer of Li-6400XT type of LI-COR company of the U.S.; Tape measure etc.
Frost preventing machine technical parameter is used in table 1 test
Test method
For determining that frost preventing machine reasonably runs opportunity, in whole late frost season, carrying out frost preventing machine in long and short time scale respectively and enabled and start, and frost preventing machine time-delay closing after sunrise, the impact of antifrost effect is tested.Intend by measuring tea leaf photosynthetic intensity, canopy surface temperature, growth traits index and frost prevention scope, the antifrost effect on more different operation opportunity.
Long time scale enables test
(1) enable the setting of process on opportunity: 4 frost preventing machines selecting to be positioned at different plot, within 20,15,7 and 0 days, start 4 process of enabling before the rudiment of setting tea tree, use to a bud one leaf phase.
(2) the photosynthetic mensuration of tea leaf: 15m chooses 3 strain tea trees before each process frost preventing machine, selected the 3rd, branch upper end blade also marks, and in the tea tree rudiment 9:00 ~ 11:00 in the morning of first 20 days, measures its Net Photosynthetic Rate P
n, repeat to be averaged as a control group for 3 times.Then in the budding period same period, the P of each process index blade is measured
n, repeat to be averaged as processed group for 3 times.
(3) observation of tea growth proterties and mensuration: the bud head that each process random selecting 20 is not sprouted, and mark, observe its budding period.In a bud one leaf phase, add up the new-tip length of each process, bud density and hundred bud quality respectively.
Short-term time scale firing test
(1) start the setting of process on opportunity: 5 frost preventing machines selecting to be positioned at different plot, 5 process that frost starts startup optimization for first 2.0,1.5,1.0,0.5 and 0 hours fall in setting, move to and close morning next day simultaneously.The process that 1 does not start frost preventing machine is set in addition, in contrast.
(2) tea tree canopy surface temperature measures: start frost preventing machine the opportunity of frost day according to each process falling, and before 0.5 hour measures frost preventing machine 15m tea tree canopy temperature at a distance.
(3) the photosynthetic mensuration of tea leaf: 15m chooses 3 strain tea trees before each process frost preventing machine, selected the 3rd, branch upper end blade also marks, and in falling frost 9:00 ~ 11:00 in the morning on the same day, measures its P
n, repeat to be averaged for 3 times as falling the front group of frost; Then after falling frost, measure the P of each process index blade the same period in the morning next day
n, repeat to be averaged for 3 times as falling the rear group of frost.
(4) frost prevention sphere of action measures: the 1st white night, and 5 frost preventing machines selected all are falling frost startup in first 0 hour; The 2nd white night, set each frost preventing machine respectively in 5 process of falling frost startup in first 2.0,1.5,1.0,0.5 and 0 hours.At twice frost 6:00 in rear morning next day falls, with the radius of the fan-shaped sphere of action of each process of tape measure.Opened as a control group with 0 hour in advance.
Prolong after sunrise and stop test
(1) setting of stopping time machine process is prolonged: 5 frost preventing machines selecting to be positioned at different plot, at sunrise moment startup optimization simultaneously, 5 process that after setting sunrise, 0,0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 little time delays are stopped, and the process 0 little time delay stopped is in contrast.
(2) tea tree canopy surface temperature measures: stop frost preventing machine falling to prolong the opportunity of frost day according to each process, and before 0.5 hour measures frost preventing machine 15m tea tree canopy temperature at a distance.
(3) the photosynthetic mensuration of tea leaf: 15m chooses 3 strain tea trees before each process frost preventing machine, selected the 3rd, branch upper end blade also marks, and in test 9:00 ~ 11:00 in the first 1 day morning, measures its P
n, repeat to be averaged for 3 times as falling the front group of frost; Then in test, measure the P of each process index blade the same period in the morning on the same day
n, repeat to be averaged for 3 times as falling the rear group of frost.
Experimental result and analysis
(1) long time scale enables result
1. the impact of opportunity on Photosynthesis Researches on Tea Plants is enabled
Before and after enforcement 4 process, measure the Net Photosynthetic Rate of control group and processed group respectively, result is as shown in table 2.Processed group compared with control group, P
nand rate of descent along with frost preventing machine enable opportunity in advance, reduce all gradually; The rate of descent of process in 0 day is maximum, is 31.54%, but the rate of descent of process in 20,15 and 7 days is all less, and difference is less.So frost preventing machine should be no less than 7 days before tea tree rudiment to start to enable.
The tea leaf Net Photosynthetic Rate that table 2 long time scale is enabled
μmol/（m
2·s）
2. the impact of opportunity on growth of tea plant proterties is enabled
Manage throughout in implementation process, the phenophase of observation growth of tea plant, and measure the growth traits of a bud one leaf phase, result is as shown in table 3.Compared with contrasting with 0 day, other process can make budding period and a bud one leaf phase shift to an earlier date 2 ~ 3 days; And the growth traits indexs such as the new-tip length of tea tree, bud density and hundred bud quality, all having than contrast significantly increases, and average amplification is respectively 27.63%, 34.42% and 24.21%.This illustrates the use frost preventing machine when falling frost, is more conducive to sprouting and survives.The hundred bud quality characterizations output of tea fresh leaves, compared with the control, hundred bud quality of process in 20,15 and 7 days add 27.26%, 23.68%, 21.70% respectively.For the amplification making above each growth indexes keep more than 20%, the opportunity of enabling of frost preventing machine should be no less than 7 days before tea tree rudiment.
The impact of opportunity on growth of tea plant proterties enabled by table 3
(2) short-term time scale starts result
1. the opportunity that starts is on the impact of tea tree canopy surface temperature
March 3 ~ 4,0:00 started to fall frost, implemented 5 process starting frost preventing machine at 2.0,1.5,1.0,0.5 and 0 hours before this respectively, measured above process and the corresponding tea tree canopy surface temperature change of control treatment (frost preventing machine does not start always), as shown in Figure 1.In 23:00 ~ 6:00 period, the tea tree canopy surface temperature of control treatment, is in minimum always, and actual observation is the most serious to the frost damage of this process.As shown in Figure 1, when falling frost, on the opportunity of pre-cooling frost preventing machine, produce important impact to tea tree canopy surface temperature.Wherein, 2.0 with 1.5 hours process temperature and change substantially identical, in 23:00 ~ 2:00 period, its temperature is all higher than other process, but start to the 23:00 period at it, temperature processes substantially identical with other, shows that it fails to affect the temperature of tea tree canopy in the operation of this period.
From early spring, the freezing resistance of the tea tree that survives the winter reduces gradually, and under budding period about-3 DEG C, 1 ~ 2 leaf phase low temperature stress of about-2 DEG C, leaf and bud can suffer freeze injury.In this test, within 1.0 hours, process is after 23:00 starts, and tea tree canopy surface temperature can be made to remain on its critical freeze injury temperature (-2 DEG C) always, but process in 0.5 or 0 hour can not make canopy surface temperature always higher than critical freeze injury temperature.
2. the opportunity that starts is on the impact of Photosynthesis Researches on Tea Plants
In enforcement 5 process front and back, measure the Net Photosynthetic Rate of falling the front group of frost and falling the rear group of frost respectively, result is as shown in table 4.Before falling frost group with fall after frost compared with group, P
nand rate of descent starts shifting to an earlier date of opportunity along with frost preventing machine, reduces all gradually except process in 2.0 hours; The situation rate of descent that contrast frost preventing machine does not start always is maximum, is 49.77%; 2.0, the rate of descent of process in 1.5 and 1.0 hours is all less than 20%, and difference is less, and the rate of descent of process in 0.5 and 0 hour is all more than 30%.So frost preventing machine should start to enable falling frost for first 1.0 hours.
The tea leaf Net Photosynthetic Rate that table 4 short-term time scale starts
μmol/（m
2·s）
3. the opportunity that starts is on the impact of frost prevention sphere of action
When falling frost for the 1st time on February 15 ~ 16 and fell frost the 2nd time March 3 ~ 4, after starting each process frost preventing machine, measure the operating radius of twice frost prevention respectively, result as shown in Figure 2.To test the relative amplification of twice frost prevention operating radius of process for index, be treated to contrast with 0 hour, analysis is compared to each result.Known, the operating radius of process in 0 hour increase only 3.2%, and the operating radius amplification of process in 2.0,1.5,1.0 hours is remarkable, is respectively 65.8%, 62.4%, 60.2%, and difference is less mutually; And the operating radius of process in 0.5 hour still increases by 16.1%.It can thus be appreciated that pre-cooling frost preventing machine, has remarkable impact to the scope of frost prevention effect when falling frost, within first 1.0 hours, start frost preventing machine falling frost in actual production, frost prevention scope can be increased preferably.(3) prolong after sunrise and stop frost prevention result
1. the impact of stopping time machine on tea tree canopy surface temperature is prolonged
There is frost in morning March 21, is 6:05 at sunrise, 5 process of 0,0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 hour frost preventing machine out of service after enforcement sunrise, measures the corresponding tea tree canopy surface temperature change of above process, as shown in Figure 3.Known, after sunrise in 2 hours, tea tree canopy surface temperature is increased to 8.6 DEG C fast from-2.3 DEG C, and amplification reaches 10.9 DEG C; 0 hour process (contrast CK) go up in the front and back 0.5 hour of 0 DEG C at corresponding canopy surface temperature, its temperature rise rate of change, up to 5.9 DEG C/h, very easily causes stress injuring of tea leaf; After sunrise in 1 hour, 1.0,1.5 with the canopy surface temperature of the process of 2.0 hours and change substantially identical, and temperature rise rate of change is all less than process in 0 and 0.5 hour, shows that these 3 process can prevent injury of thawing better.
2. the impact of stopping time machine on Photosynthesis Researches on Tea Plants is prolonged
Before and after enforcement 5 processes, measure the Net Photosynthetic Rate of mark tea leaf respectively, as falling the front group of frost and group after falling frost, result is as shown in table 5.Before falling frost group with fall after frost compared with group, P
nand rate of descent prolongs postponing of stopping time machine along with frost preventing machine, reduces all gradually; 0 hour process (contrast CK) rate of descent maximum, be 50.98%, if show, frost preventing machine stops without prolonging, and tea tree can affect its growth because of stress injuring of causing of fast temperature rising; 2.0, the rate of descent of process in 1.5 and 1.0 hours is all less than 30%, and difference is less, and the rate of descent of process in 0.5 hour is more than 40%.So frost preventing machine should start to enable falling frost for first 1.0 hours.
Table 5 difference prolongs the tea leaf Net Photosynthetic Rate of stopping time machine
μmol/（m
2·s）
Claims (3)
1. improve a method for frost prevention effect of plant frost prevention machine, to it is characterized in that by keying opportunity of design frost preventing machine Different time scales, to improve antifrost effect, being specially:
Step one, determines to enable frost preventing machine at which day: before plant germination, have start to enable frost preventing machine that day in the Frost's Descent, in order that make new-tip length, bud density and hundred bud quality increase in N days; N is integer, and 0<N<20;
Step 2, determines the concrete opening time of frost preventing machine in that day of enabling: before falling frost, start frost preventing machine in M hour; 0<M<2;
Step 3, determines the frost preventing machine shut-in time: frost preventing machine is held open open state until close frost preventing machine, 0<Q<2 after Q hour after sunrise in second day.
2. a kind of method improving frost prevention effect of plant frost prevention machine as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: described plant is any one in tea tree, apple tree, cherry tree, pear tree, peach, tangerine tree or Chinese pricklyash.
3. a kind of method improving frost prevention effect of plant frost prevention machine as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: when described plant is tea tree, and the optimal value of the optimal value of described N to be the optimal value of 7, M be 1, Q is 1.
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| JP2007129978A (en) * | 2005-11-11 | 2007-05-31 | Fulta Electric Machinery Co Ltd | Method for blowing crop using frost protection fan which effectively uses warm air of inversion layer and continuous air blowing |
| JP2008118863A (en) * | 2006-11-08 | 2008-05-29 | Fulta Electric Machinery Co Ltd | Blowing method to crop using frost protection fan |
| WO2010006473A1 (en) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-01-21 | 江苏大学 | Control method and apparatus of wind machine for plant frost protection |
| CN101999300A (en) * | 2010-10-22 | 2011-04-06 | 江苏大学 | Suction-type tea orchard frost preventing method and device |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007129978A (en) * | 2005-11-11 | 2007-05-31 | Fulta Electric Machinery Co Ltd | Method for blowing crop using frost protection fan which effectively uses warm air of inversion layer and continuous air blowing |
| JP2008118863A (en) * | 2006-11-08 | 2008-05-29 | Fulta Electric Machinery Co Ltd | Blowing method to crop using frost protection fan |
| WO2010006473A1 (en) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-01-21 | 江苏大学 | Control method and apparatus of wind machine for plant frost protection |
| CN101999300A (en) * | 2010-10-22 | 2011-04-06 | 江苏大学 | Suction-type tea orchard frost preventing method and device |
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