CN103681933B - 可涂敷式太阳能电池及其制作方法 - Google Patents

可涂敷式太阳能电池及其制作方法 Download PDF

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CN103681933B
CN103681933B CN201210322471.5A CN201210322471A CN103681933B CN 103681933 B CN103681933 B CN 103681933B CN 201210322471 A CN201210322471 A CN 201210322471A CN 103681933 B CN103681933 B CN 103681933B
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刘静
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Beijing Dream Ink Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明属于太阳能技术领域,特别是涉及一种可直接印刷或涂敷在衣物、房屋墙壁等基底表面的可涂敷式太阳能电池及其制作方法,该太阳能电池包括基底,基底上自下而上依次设有金属背电极、太阳能电池薄膜、透光电极和透明衬底,金属背电极和透光电极通过导线连接形成闭合回路,闭合回路中接入蓄电设备。其中,金属背电极采用低熔点金属油墨在基底上印刷或涂覆而成;太阳能电池薄膜采用光伏活性液态金属油墨或有机聚合物半导体溶液在金属背电极上印刷或涂覆后经蒸发而成。本发明利用低熔点金属油墨、光伏活性液态金属油墨或聚合物半导体油墨、透明导电电极油墨与各表面间的亲和特性,可按一定工序直接印制或涂覆于基底上形成光伏性太阳能电池。

Description

可涂敷式太阳能电池及其制作方法
技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能技术领域,特别是涉及一种可直接印刷或涂敷在衣物、房屋墙壁、门窗、广告牌等基底表面的可涂敷式太阳能电池及其制作方法。
背景技术
能源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要资源。随着全球经济的蓬勃发展以及人类物质文化生活水平的不断提高,能源供需之间存在的矛盾日趋显现。由于石油、煤炭、天然气等自然资源的日益匮乏,以及传统能源利用技术所面临的困境,今后在相当长一段时间内,要实现能源应用技术的突破,很大程度上必须从超越传统理念的思路中寻求可能。在诸多新兴能源利用方案中,太阳能这一亘古以来就以各种形式为人类社会的繁荣昌盛提供动力的能源无疑是最佳选择之一。随着材料科学与微电子生产所带来的新技术的不断涌现,越来越多的研究逐步着手探索通过太阳能解决各类电子设备供电的难题。然而,受光电转化材料高成本、低转化效率这两大瓶颈的制约,太阳能惊人的能量潜力被大大削弱。这是因为,在实际的产业链条甚至政府和消费者的购买决策中,成本往往占据首要地位。价格低廉的太阳能电池材料不仅是商业问题,与之相关的研究水平、生产制造流程乃至应用环节等也都是研究中亟待解决的问题。
当前在太阳能光伏发电产业中,制约其大规模普及应用的障碍之一在于,硅材料由于生产中的高能耗、高污染处理会导致最终用户使用成本过高,因此采用远低于其成本的材料如塑料、染料敏化材料等实现光伏发电,正成为科学界与工业界共同努力的方向,一些纳米材料技术的引入还促成了光电转换效率的大幅提升。特别是,工业界正在尝试在制造环节中降低成本及工艺的复杂性,由此提出了印刷式有机薄膜太阳能电池技术,其中的有机光活性层可以溶液方式涂覆于电极,从而形成的电池较之传统硅基太阳能电池制备大大降低了成本。然而,这种印刷的革新远未达到彻底,最关键的问题之一在于其中的金属背电极乃至透明电极等均仍需要借助传统的蒸镀方式实现,因而仍不能免除由此涉及的一系列复杂工艺过程和设备,在应用面也就受到很大限制,如已有技术很难直接将太阳能电池直接喷涂到房屋墙壁等表面,以实现太阳能发电的家庭化及规模化普及应用。
发明内容
(一)要解决的技术问题
本发明要解决的技术问题是如何将太阳能电池直接印刷或涂敷在衣物、房屋墙壁、门窗、广告牌等基底表面,以实现太阳能发电规模化普及应用。
(二)技术方案
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明提供一种可涂敷式太阳能电池,包括基底,所述基底上自下而上依次设有金属背电极、太阳能电池薄膜、透光电极和透明衬底,所述金属背电极和透光电极通过导线形成闭合回路,所述闭合回路中接入蓄电设备。
其中,所述金属背电极采用低熔点金属油墨在基底上印刷或涂覆而成。
其中,所述太阳能电池薄膜采用光伏活性液态金属油墨或有机聚合物半导体溶液在所述金属背电极上印刷或涂覆后经蒸发而成。
其中,所述有机聚合物半导体溶液为:含有0.1wt%~80wt%纳米光伏半导体颗粒的有机聚合物溶液,或含有0.1wt%~80wt%铜、铟、镓、硒四种导电性纳米颗粒的CIGS光伏活性油墨,或含有0.1wt%~80wt%硫化镉和碲化镉导电性纳米颗粒的聚合物油墨,或含有0.1wt%~80wt%二氧化钛纳米颗粒的光敏剂染料。
其中,所述透光电极为:采用低熔点金属油墨或导电聚合物以丝网方式在所述太阳能电池薄膜上印刷或涂覆而成的栅格式,或采用低熔点金属油墨在所述太阳能电池薄膜上印刷或涂覆成薄膜后经氧化处理而成。
其中,所述低熔点金属油墨为:采用含有0.1wt%~10wt%氧化物的低熔点金属或合金制成,或采用含有0.1wt%~10wt%氧化物并添加有0.01wt%~80wt%纳米光伏半导体颗粒和/或导电性纳米颗粒的低熔点金属或合金制成。
其中,所述低熔点金属包括镓、锌、钠、钾和汞中的至少一种;所述低熔点合金包括镓锌合金、镓铟合金、镓锡合金、铟锡合金、镓铟锡合金、镓铟锡锌合金、镓铟锡锌铋合金、铜镓铟合金、铝镓铟合金或钠钾合金中的至少一种。
其中,所述透明衬底采用玻璃或塑料制成。
其中,所述基底用于接受太阳光,可为衣物、屋顶、玻璃、门窗、墙壁、广告牌、车辆外壁、轮船外壁、飞机外壁或路面。
本发明还提供一种可涂敷式太阳能电池制作方法,包括以下步骤:S1、以一种或多种低熔点金属配制成流动性满足喷涂要求的金属溶液,并对之予以搅拌确保金属部分氧化而形成低熔点金属油墨;S2、确定待喷涂的基底,将低熔点金属油墨印刷或涂覆在基底上,形成金属背电极;S3、在金属背电极上进一步印刷或涂覆有机聚合物半导体溶液或光伏活性液态金属油墨,使其形成用于转化太阳能的太阳能电池薄膜;S4、在太阳能电池薄膜上以丝网方式进一步印刷或涂覆有低熔点金属油墨,形成栅格式透光电极;或直接在太阳能电池薄膜上印刷或涂覆低熔点金属油墨形成薄膜后经氧化处理形成透光电极;S5、在透光电极上覆盖一层透明材料形成起到封装功能的透明衬底;S6、金属背电极和透光电极通过导线连接形成闭合回路,并在所述闭合回路中接入蓄电设备。
(三)有益效果
上述技术方案提供的一种可涂敷式太阳能电池及其制作方法,用于捕获太阳能,该制作方法利用低熔点金属油墨、有机半导体油墨、透明导电电极油墨与各表面间的亲和特性,可按一定工序直接印制于基底上形成光伏太阳能电池,在常规条件下即可完成其制备过程,降低了对环境的要求,进而显著简化了太阳能电池制备工艺,提高其生产和应用效率,实现太阳能发电规模化普及应用。使用该方法得到的太阳能电池,可广泛用于回收太阳能,尤其可以简便地直接喷涂于各种基底如衣物、屋顶、玻璃、门窗、墙壁、广告牌、车辆/轮船/飞机外壁、路面上,可用于大量的太阳能发电环节,有助于推动太阳能发电的规模化普及应用。
附图说明
图1是本发明可涂敷式太阳能电池的结构示意图。
其中,1、基底;2、金属背电极;3、太阳能电池薄膜;4、透光电极;5、透明衬底;6、导线;7、电表;8、蓄电设备。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例,对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细描述。以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的范围。
如图1,本发明的一种可涂覆式太阳能电池,包括基底1,该基底1上自下而上依次设有金属背电极2、太阳能电池薄膜3、透光电极4和透明衬底5,金属背电极2和透光电极4通过导线6形成闭合回路,该闭合回路中接入蓄电设备8或电器设备。金属背电极2、太阳能电池薄膜3、透光电极4和透明衬底5可依次印刷或涂覆在基底1的表面。在闭合回路中还可以接入电表7,以显示电量。导线6采用铜导线。
蓄电设备8可为蓄电池或充电电池。
低熔点金属可同时实现降低熔点及透光性的显著功能。这是由于低熔点金属如Zn、Ga、In、Sn等在氧化后均具有一定的透光性,且一旦将这些低熔点金属按一定比例融合成合金后,其熔点大大降低,因而易于配制成可印刷或涂覆金属油墨,而其氧化物仍具有一定透光性。
金属背电极2采用低熔点金属油墨在基底1上直接印刷或涂覆而成。该低熔点金属油墨为:含有0.1wt%~10wt%氧化物的低熔点金属或合金,或含有0.1wt%~10wt%氧化物并添加有0.01wt%~80wt%纳米光伏半导体颗粒和/或导电性纳米颗粒的低熔点金属或合金。该低熔点金属包括镓、锌、钠、钾和汞中的至少一种;低熔点合金包括镓锌合金、镓铟合金、镓锡合金、铟锡合金、镓铟锡合金、镓铟锡锌合金、镓铟锡锌铋合金、铜镓铟合金、铝镓铟合金或钠钾合金中的至少一种。
太阳能电池薄膜3采用光伏活性液态金属油膜或有机聚合物半导体溶液在金属背电极2上印刷或涂覆后经蒸发而成。其中,有机聚合物半导体溶液为:含有0.1wt%~80wt%纳米光伏半导体颗粒的溶液,或含有0.1wt%~80wt%纳米铜、铟、镓、硒四种纳米颗粒的CIGS(全称:太阳能薄膜电池CuInxGa(1-x)Se2)光伏活性油墨,或含有0.1wt%~80wt%硫化镉、碲化镉纳米颗粒的聚合物油墨,或含有0.1wt%~80wt%二氧化钛纳米颗粒的光敏剂染料。其中,光伏活性液态金属油膜包括具有光伏活性的含有0.1wt%~80wt%铜、铟、镓、硒四种纳米颗粒的液态金属油墨。
上述印刷或涂覆低熔点金属油墨或有机聚合物溶液借助笔型装置、印刷或涂覆设备或蘸有该低熔点金属油墨的刷子分别按图1中层叠顺序印刷或涂覆,形成了本发明可印刷式太阳能电池。充填有低熔点金属油墨的笔型装置包括:钢笔式笔型装置、圆珠笔式笔型装置、印刷或涂覆设备或喷头式笔型装置。刷子包括毛笔、油画笔或油漆刷。
透光电极4为:采用低熔点金属油墨或导电聚合物以丝网方式在太阳能电池薄膜3上印刷或涂覆而成的栅格式,或采用金属油墨在太阳能电池薄膜3上印刷或涂覆成薄膜后经氧化处理而成。
透明衬底5采用玻璃或塑料制成。
基底1用于接受太阳光,其可为衣物、屋顶、玻璃、门窗、墙壁、广告牌、车辆外壁、轮船外壁、飞机外壁或路面。
其中,纳米光伏半导体颗粒添加物可为粒径1nm~900nm的硒化镉、硒化铅、二氧化钛、硫化锗颗粒、硒化锗颗粒、碲化锗颗粒、铋化铟颗粒、砷化铟颗粒、锑化铟颗粒、氧化铟颗粒、磷化铟颗粒、砷化镓颗粒、磷化镓颗粒、硫化铟颗粒、硒化铟颗粒、氧化铟锡颗粒、碲化铟颗粒、氧化铅颗粒、硫化铅颗粒、硒化铅颗粒、碲化铅颗粒、硅化镁颗粒、氧化锡颗粒、氯化锡颗粒、硫化锡颗粒、硒化锡颗粒、碲化锡颗粒、硫化银颗粒、硒化银颗粒、碲化银颗粒、氧化碲颗粒、氧化锌颗粒、砷化锌颗粒、锑化锌颗粒、磷化锌颗粒、硫化锌颗粒、硫化镉颗粒、氧化硼颗粒、硒化锌颗粒或碲化锌颗粒。
其中,导电性纳米颗粒可为粒径1nm~900nm的铂、金、银、铜、铁、铝、锑、铋、镉、锗、镍、铑、钽、铅、钨、铼、康铜、钨铼合金或镍镉合金、碳纳米管、石墨烯。
本发明还提供一种可印刷式太阳能电池制作方法,该方法为上述技术方案中所述的可印刷式太阳能电池的制作方法,其包括以下步骤:
S1、以一种或多种低熔点金属配制成流动性满足喷涂要求的金属溶液,并对之予以搅拌确保金属部分氧化而形成低熔点金属油墨;
S2、确定待喷涂的基底1,将低熔点金属油墨印刷或涂覆在基底1上,形成金属背电极2;
S3、在金属背电极2上进一步印刷或涂覆有机聚合物半导体溶液或光伏活性液态金属油墨,使其形成用于转化太阳能的太阳能电池薄膜3;该有机聚合物半导体溶液或光伏活性液态金属油墨可在空气中缓慢蒸发或借助一定加热手段使之迅速蒸发;
S4、在太阳能电池薄膜3上以丝网方式进一步印刷或涂覆有低熔点金属油墨,形成栅格式透光电极4;或直接在太阳能电池薄膜3上印刷或涂覆低熔点金属油墨形成薄膜后氧化后处理形成透光电极4;
S5、在透光电极4上覆盖一层透明材料形成起到封装功能的透明衬底;
S6、金属背电极2和透光电极4通过导线6形成闭合回路,并在闭合回路中接入蓄电设备8或电器设备。
基底1用于接受太阳光,其可为衣物、屋顶、玻璃、门窗、墙壁、广告牌、车辆/轮船/飞机外壁或路面。
视需要,可在步骤S1中的低熔点金属油墨和步骤S3中有机聚合物半导体溶液中掺杂导电性纳米颗粒和/或纳米光伏半导体颗粒,以提升相应的金属背电极2和太阳能电池薄膜3的导电特性和光伏特性。
上述的太阳能电池制作方法的具体过程为(本实施例以基底1为1cm厚的玻璃板为例):
1、在室温下将直径为200nm的纳米铜颗粒按重量比20%添加到含有0.25wt%镓氧化物的液态镓中,制成有一定流动性的低熔点金属油墨,之后将此油墨以线的形式印刷或涂覆在基底1表面上,形成金属背电极2;
2、在有机聚合物半导体溶液即聚苯撑乙烯衍生物(MEH-PPV)与富勒烯衍生物[6,6]-苯基-丁酸甲脂衍生物C60(PC60BM)共混物溶液中按重量比20%添加直径为200nm的硒化铅纳米颗粒,制成有机聚合物光伏活性油墨;将此油墨进一步印刷或涂覆于金属背电极上,使其在空气中缓慢蒸发或借助一定加热手段使之迅速蒸发,形成用于转化太阳能的光伏活性太阳能电池薄膜3;
3、将含有0.25wt%镓氧化物的液态镓与纯锌加热混合成重量比为Ga0.2Zn0.8的低熔点合金,制成有一定流动性的低熔点金属油墨,之后将该低熔点金属油墨印刷或涂覆在太阳能电池薄膜3的表面上,形成合金薄膜(由于是中间产物,图1中未标出),并对该合金薄膜喷射提前升温至50°C的纯氧,保持半小时,合金薄膜即被氧化,由此形成透光电极4;同时,该透光电极4也可以采用丝网印刷或涂覆技术将金属油墨直接印刷或涂覆于太阳能电池薄膜3上形成栅格式电极,也能具备透光性;除此之外,还可采用导电聚合物涂料如导电聚苯胺共混溶液印刷或涂覆成透明电极;
4、在透光电极4上再覆盖一层透明材料如有机聚合物塑料,形成起到一定封装功能的透明衬底5,用于接受阳光。
5、通过导线6连接金属背电极2与透光电极4,并在其中接入电表7及蓄电设备8,便完成了本实施例的可印刷式太阳能电池的制作。
上述技术方案所提供的一种可印刷式太阳能电池及其制作方法,用于捕获太阳能,利用低熔点金属油墨、光伏活性液态金属油墨或有机半导体油墨、透明导电电极油墨与各表面间的亲和特性,可按一定工序直接印制于基底上形成光伏发电器件,在常规条件下即可完成其制备过程,降低了对环境的要求,进而显著简化了太阳能电池制备工艺,提高其生产和应用效率,大大降低了成本,实现太阳能发电规模化普及应用。使用该方法得到的太阳能电池,可广泛用于回收太阳能,尤其可以简便地直接喷涂于各种基底如衣物、屋顶、玻璃、门窗、墙壁、广告牌、车辆/轮船/飞机外壁、路面上,可用于大量的太阳能发电环节,有助于推动太阳能发电的规模化普及应用。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明技术原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和替换,这些改进和替换也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (8)

1.一种可涂敷式太阳能电池,其特征在于,包括基底,所述基底上自下而上依次设有金属背电极、太阳能电池薄膜、透光电极和透明衬底,所述金属背电极和透光电极通过导线形成闭合回路,所述闭合回路中接入蓄电设备;
所述金属背电极采用低熔点金属油墨在基底上印刷或涂覆而成;所述低熔点金属包括镓、锌、钠、钾和汞中的至少一种。
2.如权利要求1所述的可涂敷式太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述太阳能电池薄膜采用光伏活性液态金属油墨或有机聚合物半导体溶液在所述金属背电极上印刷或涂覆后经蒸发而成。
3.如权利要求2所述的可涂敷式太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述有机聚合物半导体溶液为:含有0.1wt%~80wt%纳米光伏半导体颗粒的有机聚合物溶液,或含有0.1wt%~80wt%铜、铟、镓、硒四种导电性纳米颗粒的CIGS光伏活性油墨,或含有0.1wt%~80wt%硫化镉和碲化镉导电性纳米颗粒的聚合物油墨,或含有0.1wt%~80wt%二氧化钛纳米颗粒的光敏剂染料。
4.如权利要求1所述的可涂敷式太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述透光电极为:采用低熔点金属油墨或导电聚合物以丝网方式在所述太阳能电池薄膜上印刷或涂覆而成的栅格式,或采用低熔点金属油墨在所述太阳能电池薄膜上印刷或涂覆成薄膜后经氧化处理而成。
5.如权利要求4所述的可涂敷式太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述低熔点金属油墨为:采用含有0.1wt%~10wt%氧化物的低熔点金属或合金制成,或采用含有0.1wt%~10wt%氧化物并添加有0.01wt%~80wt%纳米光伏半导体颗粒和/或导电性纳米颗粒的低熔点金属或合金制成;所述低熔点合金包括镓锌合金、镓铟合金、镓锡合金、铟锡合金、镓铟锡合金、镓铟锡锌合金、镓铟锡锌铋合金、铜镓铟合金、铝镓铟合金或钠钾合金中的至少一种。
6.如权利要求1所述的可涂敷式太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述透明衬底采用玻璃或塑料制成。
7.如权利要求1所述的可涂敷式太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述基底用于接受太阳光,可为衣物、屋顶、玻璃、门窗、墙壁、广告牌、车辆外壁、轮船外壁、飞机外壁或路面。
8.一种可涂敷式太阳能电池制作方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1、以一种或多种低熔点金属配制成流动性满足喷涂要求的金属溶液,并对之予以搅拌确保金属部分氧化而形成低熔点金属油墨;
所述低熔点金属包括镓、锌、钠、钾和汞中的至少一种;
S2、确定待喷涂的基底,将低熔点金属油墨印刷或涂覆在基底上,形成金属背电极;
S3、在金属背电极上进一步印刷或涂覆有机聚合物半导体溶液或光伏活性液态金属油墨,使其形成用于转化太阳能的太阳能电池薄膜;
S4、在太阳能电池薄膜上以丝网方式进一步印刷或涂覆有低熔点金属油墨,形成栅格式透光电极;或直接在太阳能电池薄膜上印刷或涂覆低熔点金属油墨形成薄膜后经氧化处理形成透光电极;
S5、在透光电极上覆盖一层透明材料形成起到封装功能的透明衬底;
S6、金属背电极和透光电极通过导线连接形成闭合回路,并在所述闭合回路中接入蓄电设备。
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