CN103670964A - Earthquake prevention geothermal power generation device - Google Patents
Earthquake prevention geothermal power generation device Download PDFInfo
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- CN103670964A CN103670964A CN201210378517.5A CN201210378517A CN103670964A CN 103670964 A CN103670964 A CN 103670964A CN 201210378517 A CN201210378517 A CN 201210378517A CN 103670964 A CN103670964 A CN 103670964A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy
Abstract
The invention relates to an earthquake prevention geothermal power generation device which comprises a drilled well, a testing device, a thermoelectric conversion extraction electrode, a water pump, a water conveying pipe, a thermoelectric conversion cable, a reinforced concrete poured deep well wall, a protecting device connecting steel sleeve, a thermoelectric conversion pipe and a protecting device steel sleeve head. If heat energy accumulated in earthcrust magmas is continuously released in a small-amount mode, continuously-released geothermal energy is converted into electric energy, the heat energy in the earthcrust magmas cannot be accumulated to reach the earthquake and volcanic eruption degree, and therefore the earthquake and volcanic eruption can be avoided. The earthquake prevention geothermal power generation device provides an elastic support and a cooling layer for earthcrust, the strength of the earthcrust is reinforced, the temperature of the earthcrust is lowered, the electric energy without pollution can be achieved by people through the earthquake prevention geothermal power generation device, stratum sedimentations and immersion earthquakes are fundamentally avoided, long-time use of buildings is achieved, and the earthquake prevention geothermal power generation device is economical, safe, environmentally friendly and free of pollution, and has profound significances on the development of the national economy.
Description
1. technical field
The present invention relates to the control of earthquake and utilize the device of geothermal power generation, belong to geophysics's technical field.
2. background technique
Owing to beating phreatic water with stratum is declined, cause surface subsidence, cause building cracks and inclination, due to Japanese core effluent discharge nautical mile, make seawater pollution, the impact that fish are polluted, destroy the ecological balance, make Dead Sea district area change, ocean is the source of 70% oxygen on the earth, if marine pollution, on the earth, the mankind have impact.
3. summary of the invention
In order to prevent and treat earthquake, design earthquake and prevented and treated geothermal power generation plant, the principle of this device is described below: the earth is consisted of material, all materials are all comprised of molecule, molecule is comprised of atom, in atom, there are atomic nucleus and electronics, in atomic nucleus, there are proton and neutron, proton belt positive electricity, an electron is negatively charged, neutron is not charged, atomic nucleus is in the central authorities of atom, electronics ceaselessly rotates at the certain track in the peripheral edge of atomic nucleus, electronics is ceaselessly rotating round atomic nucleus, why not revolve and more approach atomic nucleus, the circle of rotation revolves less and less, finally by atomic nucleus adhesive? this explanation electronics is also in rotation, the rotation power of electronics and nuclear gravitation form makes a concerted effort, electronics rotates in resultant direction, form electronics around the track of atomic nucleus rotation, why does the rotation power of electronics produce? electronics is subject to nuclear attraction, also be subject to the nuclear gravitation near other molecule, exactly, electronics is subject to the nuclear gravitation from each side, from its nearest atomic nucleus, it is had the greatest impact, electronics to from its nearest atomic nucleus near time, be subject to again other nuclear graviational interactions, this just makes electron production so-called " rotation ", electronics moves and makes a concerted effort from its nearest nuclear motion in so-called " rotation ", form the track of electron motion, this track is that electronics is round rotating from its nearest atomic nucleus, with so-called " rotation ".The nuclear gravitation of each side when electronics is subject to, reaches while approaching, and electrons runs off in sense of rotation, becomes liberty electronics.Material inside always exists free electron and ion, but because structure is different, free electron in various materials and amount of ions are different, therefore, various materials institute is electrically charged how many not identical yet, when the electrified body with electric charge of different nature adjacent to each other, between they are mutual, just have active force, be that same sex electrified body is mutually exclusive, opposite sex electrified body is attracted each other, this power is to transmit by being present in electric charge a kind of particular matter around, thisly be present in electric charge surrounding space electric charge is had to the particular matter of active force is electromagnetic field, electric charge and its electromagnetic field are around a unified integral body.The earth rotates round the sun, and the earth is also in ceaselessly rotation, and just as electronics ceaselessly rotates at the certain track in atomic nucleus outer, the rotation of the earth, overcomes the gravitational attraction of the sun, makes more and more near the sun, and is sucked by the sun.The earth ceaselessly rotates along certain track round the sun, just as electronics ceaselessly rotates at the certain track in the peripheral edge of atomic nucleus, the earth rotatablely moves and so-called " rotation " motion around the sun, in the earth's crust, be subject to the power of both direction, the attraction force F1 of a sun, the what is called of One Earth One Family " rotation " power F2, F1 and F2 form the F that makes a concerted effort, the earth rotatablely moves around the sun along the direction of the F that makes a concerted effort, forms the circumsolar movement locus of the earth.The spinning motion direction of the sun is that the sun each major planets is around made a concerted effort to a plurality of of solar gravitation to the Galaxy celestial body in the gravitation of the sun and universe, so the sun is along this resultant direction rotation, making the earth is ellipse around the track of sun rotation, intracrustal electronics is under the effect of gravitation, form mobile electronic current, hereinafter to be referred as electric current in the earth's crust, the moving direction of electric current in the earth's crust, gravitate towards the sun and the impact of the earth " rotation " power, in the earth's crust, electronic current is the most concentrated in the direction of the F that makes a concerted effort, in the earth's crust, the Vertical direction of electric current running forms the terrestrial magnetic field N.S utmost point of the earth, be the arctic, the South Pole, because the track of F is becoming, also there is certain skew in the terrestrial magnetic field N.S utmost point, terrestrial magnetic field shows the feature of " law of universal gravitation ".The rotational flow of electric current in the earth's crust, just as " eddy current " rotational flow in the silicon steel plate of transformer iron core, to generate heat, the lithosphere of the earth's crust is silicon matter, rotatablely moving of electric current will form " eddy current " as in Transformer Silicon Steel Sheet in the earth's crust, that this phenomenon is called for short is intracrustal " eddy current effect ".The earth ceaselessly rotates, and due to intracrustal " eddy current effect ", makes the temperature at earth's crust center more and more higher, and this phenomenon is equivalent to " eddy current " effect in high-frequency electromagnetic oven, produces high temperature, and metal is melted.Intracrustal " eddy current " ceaselessly turns round, produce more and more higher temperature, make the rock at earth's crust center be fused into magma, magma is along with the earth rotates around the sun, also in rotation, earth surface is constantly absorbing the photo-thermal of the sun again, gather for a long time, the heat energy gathering makes intracrustal magma temperature more and more higher and expand, thermal expansion force carrys out the lithosphere jack-up of the earth's crust, other earth's crust is thinner relatively for the lithosphere of protuberance, if the thermal expansion force of magma continues to increase, the lithosphere jack-up of the earth's crust is come, to a certain extent, lithosphere splits, magma ejection, i.e. " volcano eruption ", the low temperature that the magma of ejection is met in atmosphere is just cooling rapidly, solidify, form lava stone, if lava stone also leaves some crackles, magma continues ejection in a small amount, i.e. so-called " active volcano ", after ejection magma, the lithosphere solidifying leaves slight crack, due to intracrustal " eddy current effect ", the effect of terrestrial magnetic field, intracrustal magma is along with the rotation of the earth, the heat energy gathering for a long time can make again intracrustal magma temperature raise and expand, when expanding into a certain degree, vulnerable area at the earth's crust, former crackled place, magma easily sprays, volcano is broken out again, over 1 years, often the place of volcano eruption forms a rule spot, the region forming between several spots, i.e. so-called " plate ", slight crack between " plate " is the multiple area of earthquake, so-called " seismic belt ", " eddy current effect " due to the earth's crust, increase along with the time, it is more and more that heat energy can gather again, to a certain extent, volcano can be broken out again, volcano eruption is " periodically ", now also do not prevent in the world the way of earthquake volcano eruption.
Intracrustal " eddy current effect " constantly gathers intracrustal heat energy, test intracrustal " eddy current ", it is magma electric current, frequency, field intensity, the variation of terrestrial magnetic field, the microseism of the earth's crust, the gravitation variation of the earth and the sun etc., need to make earth's surface thermometric instrument by oneself, deep-well thermometric instrument, field intensity meter, terrestrial magnetic field changes testing instrument, Frequency tester, vibroscope etc., these test indexs all keep approaching state at ordinary times, once generation ANOMALOUS VARIATIONS, just mean that earthquake will occur, the variation of terrestrial magnetic field, can make " warm current " flow direction skew in the sea, can make sound wave change, the shoal of fish is got lost, mislead into neritic area, Deng at ebb tide, a large amount of stranded and collective is dead, the variation of terrestrial magnetic field, make birds generation illusion, get lost, the ground thermal change of the earth's crust and the noise of frequency, the toy that causes underground sensitivity is had the fidgets, the migration that crawls toward ground and gather in groups band together, and the piping of chicken dog abnormality on the ground, common people's well, change of water quality, what the water yield was unexpected increases or reduces, and these phenomenons occur, and, to a certain extent, just there is earthquake and volcano eruption in the inherent violent motion of the indication earth's crust.
If we make the heat energy of earth's crust magma gather the degree that does not reach earthquake, volcano eruption, i.e. the transition point of earthquake, volcano eruption, we just can make earthquake, volcano eruption not occur." earthquake prevents and treats geothermal power generation plant " is the heat energy that magma is gathered, it is geothermal power, constantly discharge, convert the geothermal power constantly discharging to electric energy, intracrustal heat energy is gathered and do not reach the degree that causes volcano eruption, this device is given flexible support of the earth's crust and cooling layer simultaneously, and the intensity of reinforcing the earth's crust has reduced the temperature of the earth's crust.This device allows the mankind obtain not having the electric energy of pollution, and once investment is benefited forever, economy, safety, environmental protection.
Earthquake prevents and treats geothermal power generation plant and is achieved through the following technical solutions,
The present invention includes 1 drilling well and testing apparatus, 2, 3 thermoelectricity conversion extraction electrodes, 4 deep-well thermometric instruments, 5 water pumps, 6 test points, 7 thermoelectricity conversion cable extraction electrode series wirings, wiring is drawn in 8 tests, 9 conduit pipes, 10 stratum, 11 thermoelectricity conversion cables, 12 ground levels, the deep-well wall of 13 reinforced concrete cast, 14 protective gears connect steel bushing, 15 earth's crust rock stratum, 16 injected water permeable formations, 17 thermoelectricity crossover connections, 18 protective gear steel bushing heads, 19 spherical solder joints, 20, the wire of 21 two unlike materials, 22 quartz glass sleeves, 23 draw electromotive force contact, 24 sealing silica gel, the potential electrode that the wire series connection of 25 unlike materials is drawn, 26 draw thermometric electrode, the silica glass disc of 27 thermoelectricity crossover connection contact water, 28 exothermal infrared coatings.
Wherein: by the wire of unlike material 20, 21 two-end-point electric welding together, glomeration solder joint 19, the exothermal infrared coating 28 of outer painting, this coating self also can be generated heat in the time of 31 ℃, can increase the heat-collecting capacity of spherical solder joint 19, spherical solder joint 19 claims hot junction, two wire cover spaghetti mutual insulatings, Outlet claims cold junction, pack a lot of spherical solder joints 19 into quartz glass sleeve 22, this cold junction is connected mutually, the potential electrode 25 of drawing and draw thermometric electrode 26 and stay outside quartz glass sleeve 22, with sealing silica gel 24 by quartz glass sleeve vacuum package, thermoelectricity crossover connection 17.As shown in Figure 1, by 25 of thermoelectricity crossover connection 17, the corresponding lead of 26 lighting outlets and thermoelectricity conversion cable 11 is connected and is connected into sealing, with protection loading amount steel bushing head 18, be contained in the head of thermoelectricity crossover connection 17, in order to avoid broken during deep-well under elastic cable paper, these protective gear steel bushing head 18 front portions are round end shape, middle part is porose, water can enter, can fully contact with the head of thermoelectricity crossover connection 17, protective gear connects steel bushing 14 by thermoelectricity crossover connection 17 and protection loading amount steel bushing head 18, elastic cable paper 11 is tightly fixed together, water can not be immersed, by drilling well and testing apparatus 1, bore deep-well, pour the deep-well wall 13 of reinforced concrete, with water pump 5 to the interior water filling of deep-well wall 13, utilize the weight power of water to make water infiltration approach the deep layer of earth's crust lithosphere underground, form injected water permeable formation 16, by the band protective gear steel bushing head 18 filling on cable 11, thermoelectricity crossover connection 17 is slowly put into deep-well, arrive shaft bottom water layer, the underground heat of water layer under thermoelectricity crossover connection 17 absorption wells, at the aboveground thermoelectricity conversion extraction electrode that is connected into series connection, 2, 3 output thermoelectricity switching currents, thermometric electrode 26 drawn by thermoelectricity crossover connection 17 and deep-well thermometric instrument 4 joins, by the direct current bridge of thermometric instrument 4, test dark downhole temperature.
It is more expensive that this earthquake prevents and treats the cost that geothermal power generation plant is mainly out a deep-well, cable and temperature instrumentation cost with thermoelectricity conversion head are very low, trepan and testing apparatus can be general, dug after a bite well, trepan can move on to other places and dig a well, at the prone district of earthquake some wells of beating more, injected water, form underground deep layer water layer, give elasticity water pocket of the earth's crust, utilize geothermal power generation, its generated energy is very considerable, drawing of geothermal power makes the continuous heat energy that discharges in the earth's crust, as long as intracrustal magma temperature can not accumulate to the degree of volcano eruption, just can prevent earthquake, dig earth deep layer well and can inject domestic sewage and nuclear pollution water, because the heavy metal in water is that precipitation is underwater, can not pollute water and the surface water of earth shallow-layer, can make like this waste water not be discharged in the sea, the sea that the mankind that preserve our planet depend on for existence, be emitted on domestic sewage and nuclear pollution water under deep-well, after 20 years, this water is due to the precipitation of polluting, also can become useful water, the traditional Chinese medical science of motherland has a traditional prescription, child's ight soil is packed in ceramic pot, use brick press seal above, ight soil after 20 years in ceramic pot has all become refrigerant transparent water, be used for the treatment of the large haematemesis of lung, can stop blooding at once, effect is fine, so, domestic sewage in deep-well and nuclear pollution water, after 20 years, also can become available water, may have people to ask can or can not germ contamination, modern medicine has the method for means of testing and the eliminating bacteria of pair germ contamination, in any case, always than sewage and nuclear pollution water are emitted in the sea, destroying whole ecotope will get well, hydraulic department forbids digging phreatic water at present, in case the sinking on stratum, this is very wise decision-making, we can inject domestic sewage in original deep-well, can supplement the underground water being extracted in original stratum like this, also fundamentally prevented the sedimentation on stratum, protected our building project of vital and lasting importance, also prevented the being absorbed in property earthquake of the earth.This device once drops into, and is forever benefited, and can obtain electric energy endlessly, and this install long service life, environmental protection, and zero pollution, has good Economy and Security, for the development of national economy has profound significance.
4. accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram that earthquake prevents and treats geothermal power generation plant
In figure: 1 drilling well and testing apparatus, 2,3 thermoelectricity conversion extraction electrodes, 4 deep-well thermometric instruments; 5 water pumps, 6 test points, 7 thermoelectricity conversion cable extraction electrode series wirings; 8 tests are drawn wiring, 9 conduit pipes, 10 stratum; 11 thermoelectricity conversion cables, 12 ground levels, the deep-well wall of 13 reinforced concrete cast; 14 protective gears connect steel bushing, 15 earth's crust rock stratum, 16 injected water permeable formations; 17 thermoelectricity crossover connections, 18 protective gear steel bushing heads.
Fig. 2 is the internal anatomy of thermoelectricity crossover connection
In figure: 19 spherical solder joints, 20, the wire of 21 two unlike materials, 22 quartz glass sleeves, 23 draw electromotive force contact, 24 sealing silica gel, the potential electrode that the wire series connection of 25 unlike materials is drawn, 26 draw thermometric electrode, the silica glass disc of 27 thermoelectricity crossover connection contact water, 28 exothermal infrared coatings.
5. embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, specific embodiment of the invention is further described:
As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2,
The present invention includes 1 drilling well and testing apparatus, 2, 3 thermoelectricity conversion extraction electrodes, 4 deep-well thermometric instruments, 5 water pumps, 6 test points, 7 thermoelectricity conversion cable extraction electrode series wirings, wiring is drawn in 8 tests, 9 conduit pipes, 10 stratum, 11 thermoelectricity conversion cables, 12 ground levels, the deep-well wall of 13 reinforced concrete cast, 14 protective gears connect steel bushing, 15 earth's crust rock stratum, 16 injected water permeable formations, 17 thermoelectricity crossover connections, 18 protective gear steel bushing heads, 19 spherical solder joints, 20, the wire of 21 two unlike materials, 22 quartz glass sleeves, 23 draw electromotive force contact, 24 sealing silica gel, the potential electrode that the wire series connection of 25 unlike materials is drawn, 26 draw thermometric electrode, the silica glass disc of 27 thermoelectricity crossover connection contact water, 28 exothermal infrared coatings.
Wherein: by the wire of unlike material 20, 21 two-end-point electric welding together, glomeration solder joint 19, the exothermal infrared coating 28 of outer painting, this coating self also can be generated heat in the time of 31 ℃, can increase the heat-collecting capacity of spherical solder joint 19, spherical solder joint 19 claims hot junction, two wire cover spaghetti mutual insulatings, Outlet claims cold junction, pack a lot of spherical solder joints 19 into quartz glass sleeve 22, this cold junction is connected mutually, the potential electrode 25 of drawing and draw thermometric electrode 26 and stay outside quartz glass sleeve 22, with sealing silica gel 24 by quartz glass sleeve vacuum package, thermoelectricity crossover connection 17, as shown in Figure 1, by 25 of thermoelectricity crossover connection 17, the corresponding lead of 26 lighting outlets and thermoelectricity conversion cable 11 is connected and is connected into sealing, with protective gear steel bushing head 18, be contained in the head of thermoelectricity crossover connection 17, in order to avoid broken during deep-well under elastic cable paper, these protective gear steel bushing head 18 front portions are round end shape, middle part is porose, water can enter, can fully contact with the head of thermoelectricity crossover connection 17, protective gear connects steel bushing 14 by thermoelectricity crossover connection 17 and protective gear steel bushing head 18, elastic cable paper 11 is tightly fixed together, water can not be immersed, by drilling well and testing apparatus 1, bore deep-well, pour the deep-well wall 13 of reinforced concrete, with water pump 5 to the interior water filling of deep-well wall 13, utilize the weight power of water to make water infiltration approach the deep layer of earth's crust lithosphere underground, form injected water permeable formation 16, by the band protective gear steel bushing head 18 filling on cable 11, thermoelectricity crossover connection 17 is slowly put into deep-well, arrive shaft bottom water layer, the underground heat of water layer under thermoelectricity crossover connection 17 absorption wells, at the aboveground thermoelectricity conversion extraction electrode that is connected into series connection, 2, 3 output thermoelectricity switching currents, thermometric electrode 26 drawn by thermoelectricity crossover connection 17 and deep-well thermometric instrument 4 joins, by the direct current bridge of thermometric instrument 4, test dark downhole temperature.
Claims (2)
1. earthquake prevents and treats geothermal power generation plant and comprises drilling well and testing apparatus 1, thermoelectricity conversion extraction electrode 2, 3, deep-well thermometric instrument 4, water pump 5, test point 6, thermoelectricity conversion cable extraction electrode series wiring 7, wiring 8 is drawn in test, conduit pipe 9, thermoelectricity conversion cable 11, the deep-well wall 13 of reinforced concrete cast, protective gear connects steel bushing 14, injected water permeable formation 16, thermoelectricity crossover connection 17, protective gear steel bushing head 18, spherical solder joint 19, the wire 20 of two unlike materials, 21, quartz glass sleeve 22, draw electromotive force contact 23, sealing silica gel 24, the potential electrode 25 that the wire series connection of unlike material is drawn, draw thermometric electrode 26, exothermal infrared coating 28, it is characterized in that: drilling well and testing apparatus 1 are bored and dug deep-well, the deep-well wall 13 of reinforced concrete cast forms the Reinforced Concrete Circular Cylinder of hollow, water pump 5 is through conduit pipe 9, to injected water in deep-well, form injected water permeable formation 16, the wire 20 of two unlike materials, 21, end points electric welding glomeration solder joint 19, the exothermal infrared coating 28 of outer painting, the wire 20 of two unlike materials, 21, cover spaghetti mutual insulating is drawn electromotive force contact 23 and is packed a lot of spherical solder joints 19 into quartz glass sleeve 22, lighting outlet is connected mutually, become electrode 25 and draw thermometric electrode 26, stay outside quartz glass sleeve 22, with sealing silica gel 24, quartz glass sleeve vacuum seal is dressed up to thermoelectricity crossover connection 17, the front dress protective gear of thermoelectricity crossover connection 17 steel bushing head 18, with protective gear connection steel bushing 14 and thermoelectricity conversion cable 11, be tightly connected, these protective gear steel bushing head 18 front portions are round end shape, middle part is porose, water can enter, the underground heat of water layer under thermoelectricity crossover connection 17 absorption wells, through thermoelectricity conversion cable extraction electrode series wiring 7, thermoelectricity conversion extraction electrode 2, 3, output thermoelectricity switching current is drawn test point 6, connect test and draw wiring 8, join with deep-well thermometric instrument 4, test dark downhole temperature.
2. intracrustal " eddy current effect " is characterized in that: the rotational flow of electric current in the earth's crust, and make the temperature at earth's crust center more and more higher, produce high temperature, make the rock at earth's crust center be fused into magma, the Vertical direction of electric current running forms the terrestrial magnetic field N.S utmost point of the earth in the earth's crust, i.e. arctic, the South Pole.
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| CN201210378517.5A CN103670964B (en) | 2012-09-22 | 2012-09-22 | Earthquake prevention geothermal power generation device |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110234872A (en) * | 2017-01-17 | 2019-09-13 | 海普赛尔斯公司 | The system of acoustic navigation for drilling |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4047093A (en) * | 1975-09-17 | 1977-09-06 | Larry Levoy | Direct thermal-electric conversion for geothermal energy recovery |
| CN1186543A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-07-01 | 詹姆斯·H·施内尔 | System for geothermal production of electricity |
| US20090217664A1 (en) * | 2008-03-03 | 2009-09-03 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Submerged Geo-Ocean Thermal Energy System |
| JP2009272327A (en) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-19 | Toshiba Corp | Thermoelectric conversion system |
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2012
- 2012-09-22 CN CN201210378517.5A patent/CN103670964B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4047093A (en) * | 1975-09-17 | 1977-09-06 | Larry Levoy | Direct thermal-electric conversion for geothermal energy recovery |
| CN1186543A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-07-01 | 詹姆斯·H·施内尔 | System for geothermal production of electricity |
| US20090217664A1 (en) * | 2008-03-03 | 2009-09-03 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Submerged Geo-Ocean Thermal Energy System |
| JP2009272327A (en) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-19 | Toshiba Corp | Thermoelectric conversion system |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110234872A (en) * | 2017-01-17 | 2019-09-13 | 海普赛尔斯公司 | The system of acoustic navigation for drilling |
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