CN103641963A - Polycarboxylate-type water reducing agent suitable for mud-containing aggregates and preparation method therefor - Google Patents
Polycarboxylate-type water reducing agent suitable for mud-containing aggregates and preparation method therefor Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method for a polycarboxylate-type water reducing agent suitable for mud-containing aggregates and belongs to the water reducing agent field. First, nonsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivatives thereof, and/or nonsaturated dicarboxylic acid and derivatives thereof, phosphorus-containing monomers, and 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) are subjected to copolymerization under action of initiators and a kind of phosphono carboxylic acid copolymers are obtained; then the obtained phosphono carboxylic acid copolymers, isoamyl enol polyethenoxy ether, tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride, nonsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivatives thereof are subjected to free radical copolymerization under action of initiators and chain transferring agents and the polycarboxylate-type water reducing agent is obtained. The adsorption of high valent metal ions to the polycarboxylate-type water reducing agent can be reduced, the adverse influences of the mud content of aggregates in concrete to the polycarboxylate-type water reducing agent can be avoided, and the problems of insufficient water reducing of concrete, low intensity and the like can be solved without raising mixing amount of the polycarboxylate-type water reducing agent.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the technical field of concrete additives in material of construction, be specifically related to a kind of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer being applicable to containing mud aggregate, particularly the preparation method of this kind of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer.
Background technology
Poly carboxylic acid series water reducer, because having high water reducing rate, high slump retaining, high enhancing and the high premium properties such as durable, is applied in concrete works more and more widely.Yet, a large amount of case history and researchs show, compare with water reducers such as naphthalene system, melamine series and amido sulfoacid series, poly carboxylic acid series water reducer is more responsive to the silt content of aggregate, main manifestations be poly carboxylic acid series water reducer diminishing dispersive ability degradation, protect the weak effect that collapses, cause maturing strength decreased etc.In high aggregate silt content situation, the volume that improves merely poly carboxylic acid series water reducer can not solve the problems such as water-reducing rate, slump retaining, and this is also to affect poly carboxylic acid series water reducer in the major reason of ready mixed concrete industry large-scale promotion.
In ready mixed concrete actual production, be above standard regulation and while obviously having influence on concrete quality of silt content in aggregate, general employing rinsed as conventional solution, but rinse the good grating that pollutes the environment, damages sand, be unfavorable for effectively controlling concrete water cement ratio, thereby rinse not economical rationality under many circumstances.National standard JGJ52-2006 has stipulated the authentication method of mud in aggregate and has limited its content.There are some researches show that the side effect that can bring to concrete the high silt content of aggregate by additive complex technology is improved.For example CN101798197A is used composite way to solve the problem that aggregate silt content is high, but the collocation of natural zeolite powder and water reducer can bring the inconvenience in use, and the membership that adds of retardant causes concrete retarding, brings the impact of construction and intensity aspect.CN102358763A has prepared a kind of admixture that suppresses side effect of clay, belongs in essence a kind of small-molecule modulators, and water-reducing rate own is limited, also needs to carry out composite with water reducer in application.But preparation method not only can bring cost significantly to improve while solving aggregate silt content problem, also can there is the problems such as consistency, package stability of organic-inorganic component.CN102617811A discloses the preparation method of the anti-mud agent of a kind of amphoteric ethylene polymer concrete, adopt the method for first esterification post polymerization, in molecular structure, introduced cation group, obtain a kind of anti-mud agent, but the method esterification and polymerization temperature are higher, be unfavorable for industrial applications, more, owing to having introduced the vinyl monomer that contains chlorion, may cause steel bar corrosion.CN102276181A discloses a kind of alkene ether amine, acrylate, alkenyl sulphonate and vinyl ester of adopting and has carried out the method that the agent of concrete resistance mud is prepared in copolymerization, but unclear to alkene ether amine and the statement of DA monomer wherein, and the prepared sample of embodiment does not contrast with like product, effect can not get embodying.
Therefore, from of the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer molecular structure itself, by introducing functional group, develop a kind of be applicable to high containing mud aggregate, reaction process simply, the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of chloride ion-containing not, for poly carboxylic acid series water reducer, in the wideling popularize and applying of ready mixed concrete industry, tool has very important significance.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method who is applicable to containing mud aggregate.When aggregate silt content is higher, adopt this kind of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer, can avoid the detrimentally affect of aggregate silt content to poly carboxylic acid series water reducer in ready mixed concrete, under the prerequisite that does not improve poly carboxylic acid series water reducer volume, solve the problems such as concrete diminishing is inadequate, slump-loss large, low strength.
The above-mentioned preparation method who is applicable to containing the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of mud aggregate of the present invention, comprises the following steps:
The preparation of step 1, copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid: carry out copolymerization with unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivative thereof and/or unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and derivative, phosphorous-containing monomers and 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic (AMPS) under the effect of initiator and obtain a kind of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid;
The preparation of step 2, water reducer: by the copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid making, prenol Soxylat A 25-7, tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride and unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivative thereof under the effect of initiator and chain-transfer agent by free-radical polymerized, obtain poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of the present invention.
While preparing copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid in step 1, the parts by weight of reaction raw materials are as follows:
Unsaturated carboxylic acid wherein and derivative thereof are unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivative and/or unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and derivative thereof.
While preparing water reducer in step 2, the parts by weight of reaction raw materials are as follows:
Described unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and derivative thereof are a kind of in toxilic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid or fumaric acid anhydride.
Described unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivative thereof are one or more the mixture in vinylformic acid, Hydroxyethyl acrylate, Propylene glycol monoacrylate, acrylamide, methyl acrylate.
Described phosphorous-containing monomers is phosphorous acid or sodium hypophosphite.
Initiator described in step 1 is Sodium Persulfate or ammonium persulphate.
The average addition mole number of the ethylene oxide of described prenol Soxylat A 25-7 is 54.
Initiator described in step 2 adopts redox system, and wherein oxygenant is hydrogen peroxide or tertbutyl peroxide, and its consumption is 0.5～1.5% of reaction monomers gross weight; Reductive agent is xitix, and its consumption is 0.2～0.8% of reaction monomers gross weight.
Described chain-transfer agent is to dredge a kind of in base ethanol, Thiovanic acid, thiohydracrylic acid, and its more excellent consumption is 0.1～2.0% of reaction monomers gross weight, and more excellent consumption is 0.2～0.6% of reaction monomers gross weight.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
Owing to containing anti-stick soil matrix group in molecular structure, can effectively shield the absorption of clay to poly carboxylic acid series water reducer, make carboxylic acid ion and polyether lateral chain in molecular structure bring into play respectively the effect of absorption cement and dispersion cement, thereby ensured the diminishing guarantor effect of collapsing of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer;
Due to the existence of anti-mud component, can strengthen the sterically hindered effect of polyether lateral chain, improve water-reducing rate, so product application of the present invention is when containing mud situation, water-reducing rate is higher than general poly carboxylic acid series water reducer;
Production unit of the present invention requires low, and technique is simple, easy to operate, is conducive to suitability for industrialized production, and chloride ion-containing not in product, to the reinforcing bar non-corroding harm in concrete.
Embodiment
With specific embodiment, describe embodiments of the present invention in detail below, to the present invention, how utilisation technology means solve technical problem whereby, and the implementation procedure of reaching technique effect can fully understand and implement according to this.
Embodiment 1:
The preparation of step 1, copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid: 206 kilograms of vinylformic acid and 95 kilograms of AMPS and 150 kg water are made into dropping liquid A, and it is stand-by that 25 kilograms of Sodium Persulfates and 150 kg water are made into dropping liquid B; 112 kilograms of maleic anhydrides, 62 kilograms of sodium hypophosphites and 200 kg water are dropped into the reactor with stirring rake and condensation reflux unit, be warming up to 70 ℃, drip dropping liquid A and dropping liquid B simultaneously, within 2 hours, drip off, after dripping off, be warming up to 90 ℃ and be incubated 3 hours, obtain a kind of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid PPC-1, solid content is 50%;
Step 2, be applicable to the preparation containing the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of mud aggregate: by 27.8 kilograms of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid PPC-1, 425.7 kilograms of prenol Soxylat A 25-7s (the average addition mole number 54 of ethylene oxide), 2.2 kilograms of tetrabutyl ammonium fluorides and 300 kg water drop in reactor, be heated to while stirring 50 ℃, add 3 kilograms of hydrogen peroxide and continue and stir 20 minutes, then drip by 38.3 kilograms of vinylformic acid, 1.5 kilograms of xitix, the mixing solutions that 1.5 kilograms of Thiovanic acids and 200 kg water are made into, in 3 hours, be added dropwise to uniformly in reactor, after adding, remaining on 50 ℃ continues to stir 2 hours, be down to room temperature and obtain a kind of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer being applicable to containing mud aggregate.
Embodiment 2:
The preparation of step 1, copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid: 156 kilograms of vinylformic acid, 113 kilograms of Propylene glycol monoacrylates and 63 kilograms of AMPS and 150 kg water are made into dropping liquid A, and it is stand-by that 33 kilograms of Sodium Persulfates and 150 kg water are made into dropping liquid B; 85 kilograms of fumaric acid anhydrides, 50 kilograms of phosphorous acid and 200 kg water are dropped into the reactor with stirring rake and condensation reflux unit, be warming up to 70 ℃, drip dropping liquid A and dropping liquid B simultaneously, within 2 hours, drip off, after dripping off, be warming up to 90 ℃ and be incubated 3 hours, obtain a kind of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid PPC-2, solid content is 50%;
Step 2, be applicable to the preparation containing the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of mud aggregate: by 32.1 kilograms of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid PPC-2, 416.6 kilograms of prenol Soxylat A 25-7s (the average addition mole number 54 of ethylene oxide), 3.3 kilograms of tetrabutyl ammonium fluorides and 300 kg water drop in reactor, be heated to while stirring 50 ℃, add 3.4 kilograms of tertbutyl peroxides and continue and stir 20 minutes, then drip by 41.2 kilograms of vinylformic acid, 1.9 kilograms of xitix, the mixing solutions that 1.5 kilograms of mercaptoethanols and 200 kg water are made into, in 3 hours, be added dropwise to uniformly in reactor, after adding, remaining on 50 ℃ continues to stir 2 hours, be down to room temperature and obtain a kind of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer being applicable to containing mud aggregate.
Embodiment 3:
The preparation of step 1, copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid: 190 kilograms of Hydroxyethyl acrylates and 51 kilograms of AMPS and 150 kg water are made into dropping liquid A, and it is stand-by that 19 kilograms of ammonium persulphates and 150 kg water are made into dropping liquid B; 160 kilograms of fumaric acid anhydrides, 80 kilograms of sodium hypophosphites and 200 kg water are dropped into the reactor with stirring rake and condensation reflux unit, be warming up to 70 ℃, drip dropping liquid A and dropping liquid B simultaneously, within 2 hours, drip off, after dripping off, be warming up to 90 ℃ and be incubated 3 hours, obtain a kind of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid PPC-3, solid content is 50%;
Step 2, be applicable to the preparation containing the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of mud aggregate: by 36 kilograms of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid PPC-3, 402.5 kilograms of prenol Soxylat A 25-7s (the average addition mole number 54 of ethylene oxide), 4.2 kilograms of tetrabutyl ammonium fluorides and 300 kg water drop in reactor, be heated to while stirring 50 ℃, add 4.9 kilograms of hydrogen peroxide and continue and stir 20 minutes, then drip by 43.4 kilograms of vinylformic acid, 4 kilograms of acrylamides, 2.5 kilograms of xitix, the mixing solutions that 2.5 kilograms of thiohydracrylic acids and 200 kg water are made into, in 3 hours, be added dropwise to uniformly in reactor, after adding, remaining on 50 ℃ continues to stir 2 hours, be down to room temperature and obtain a kind of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer being applicable to containing mud aggregate.
Embodiment 4:
The preparation of step 1, copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid: 265 kilograms of vinylformic acid and 132 kilograms of AMPS and 150 kg water are made into dropping liquid A, and it is stand-by that 40 kilograms of Sodium Persulfates and 150 kg water are made into dropping liquid B; 63 kilograms of sodium hypophosphites and 200 kg water are dropped into the reactor with stirring rake and condensation reflux unit, be warming up to 80 ℃, drip dropping liquid A and dropping liquid B simultaneously, within 2 hours, drip off, after dripping off, be warming up to 90 ℃ and be incubated 3 hours, obtain a kind of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid PPC-4, solid content is 50%;
Step 2, be applicable to the preparation containing the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of mud aggregate: by 23.4 kilograms of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid PPC-4, 416.9 kilograms of prenol Soxylat A 25-7s (the average addition mole number 54 of ethylene oxide), 2.2 kilograms of tetrabutyl ammonium fluorides and 300 kg water drop in reactor, be heated to while stirring 50 ℃, add 3.4 kilograms of hydrogen peroxide and continue and stir 20 minutes, then drip by 45 kilograms of vinylformic acid, 5.6 kilograms of methyl acrylates, 1.5 kilograms of xitix, the mixing solutions that 2 kilograms of thiohydracrylic acids and 200 kg water are made into, in 3 hours, be added dropwise to uniformly in reactor, after adding, remaining on 50 ℃ continues to stir 2 hours, be down to room temperature and obtain a kind of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer being applicable to containing mud aggregate.
Embodiment 5:
The preparation of step 1, copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid: 135 kilograms of AMPS and 150 kg water are made into dropping liquid A, and it is stand-by that 25 kilograms of ammonium persulphates and 150 kg water are made into dropping liquid B; 270 kilograms of maleic anhydrides, 70 kilograms of phosphorous acid and 200 kg water are dropped into the reactor with stirring rake and condensation reflux unit, be warming up to 70 ℃, drip dropping liquid A and dropping liquid B simultaneously, within 2 hours, drip off, after dripping off, be warming up to 90 ℃ and be incubated 3 hours, obtain a kind of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid PPC-5, solid content is 50%;
Step 2, be applicable to the preparation containing the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of mud aggregate: with the water reducer preparation technology in embodiment 2, copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid is used PPC-5 instead.
Application Example 1:
Flowing degree of net paste of cement, with reference to standard GB/T/T8077-2012 < < Methods for testing uniformity of concrete admixture > >, presses with different sodium bentonites the cement that inner blending method replaces respective quality; Sodium bentonite is that Nanjing Tang Shan wilkinite company limited produces, and four kinds of cement are respectively conch P.O42.5 cement, the crane woods P.O42.5 cement of Jiangsu He Lin Cement Co., Ltd product and the peaceful sheep P.II52.5 of the gold cement that Nanjing little Ye Tian Cement Co., Ltd produces that reference cement, Chinese cement Co., Ltd., Factory produce; The poly carboxylic acid series water reducer sample of contrast is selected commercial ester class poly carboxylic acid MPC and ethers poly carboxylic acid TX, the volume of water reducer be 0.2%(take roll over admittedly after the weight of cement be benchmark), test-results is in Table 1.
Clean slurry degree of mobilization and loss contrast (mm) under the different silt contents of table 1
Application Example 2:
Mix the concrete slump of poly carboxylic acid series water reducer and the anti-chamotte mould poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of slump-loss assessment synthesized of the present invention when investigating in fine aggregate different silt content, with reference to the relevant criterion of GB8076-2008, carry out.Test cement adopts crane woods P.O42.5 cement; Test is river sand with sand, and fineness modulus 2.7, cleans and dry; Stone is rubble, and 5～20mm continuous grading is cleaned and dried; With different sodium bentonites, by the river sand of inner blending method replacement respective quality, adjust the silt content of fine aggregate; Concrete mix is in Table 2, and concrete test the results are shown in Table 3.
Table 2 concrete mix (kg/m
3)
| Cement | Sand | Stone | Water | Water reducer |
| 360 | 836 | 1024 | 180 | 1.4 |
The fresh concrete slump and loss contrast (mm) under the different silt contents of table 3
From the contrast of flowing degree of net paste of cement and fresh concrete workability, can find out, poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of the present invention is applicable to containing mud aggregate concrete, can effectively resist bentonitic disadvantageous effect, and containing or do not containing in bentonitic situation, water-reducing property is all higher than commercially available contrast poly carboxylic acid series water reducer sample.
Although the present invention is described by embodiment, embodiment is not used for limiting the present invention.Those skilled in the art can make various distortion and improvement in the scope of spirit of the present invention, for example adjustment of component proportions or time range, and the effect after this adjustment is predictable, so it is equally within protection scope of the present invention.Therefore protection scope of the present invention should be as the criterion by the protection domain that technical characterictic was defined identical with the application's claim or that be equal to.
Claims (10)
1. be applicable to the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method containing mud aggregate, it is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
The preparation of step 1, copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid: carry out copolymerization with unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivative thereof and/or unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and derivative, phosphorous-containing monomers and 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic (AMPS) under the effect of initiator and obtain a kind of copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid;
The preparation of step 2, water reducer: by the copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid making, prenol Soxylat A 25-7, tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride and unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivative thereof under the effect of initiator and chain-transfer agent by free-radical polymerized, obtain poly carboxylic acid series water reducer of the present invention.
2. the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method who is applicable to containing mud aggregate according to claim 1, is characterized in that, while preparing copolymer of phosphono carboxylic acid in step 1, the parts by weight of reaction raw materials are as follows:
Unsaturated carboxylic acid wherein and derivative thereof are unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivative and/or unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and derivative thereof.
3. the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method who is applicable to containing mud aggregate according to claim 1, is characterized in that, while preparing water reducer in step 2, the parts by weight of reaction raw materials are as follows:
4. according to the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method containing mud aggregate that is applicable to described in claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterized in that, described unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and derivative thereof are a kind of in toxilic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid or fumaric acid anhydride.
5. according to the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method containing mud aggregate that is applicable to described in claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterized in that, described unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and derivative thereof are one or more the mixture in vinylformic acid, Hydroxyethyl acrylate, Propylene glycol monoacrylate, acrylamide, methyl acrylate.
6. according to the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method containing mud aggregate that is applicable to described in claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterized in that, described phosphorous-containing monomers is phosphorous acid or sodium hypophosphite.
7. according to the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method containing mud aggregate that is applicable to described in claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterized in that, is Sodium Persulfate or ammonium persulphate at the initiator described in step 1.
8. according to the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method containing mud aggregate that is applicable to described in claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterized in that, the average addition mole number of the ethylene oxide of described prenol Soxylat A 25-7 is 54.
9. according to the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method containing mud aggregate that is applicable to described in claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterized in that, at the initiator described in step 2, adopt redox system, wherein oxygenant is hydrogen peroxide or tertbutyl peroxide, and its consumption is 0.5～1.5% of reaction monomers gross weight; Reductive agent is xitix, and its consumption is 0.2～0.8% of reaction monomers gross weight.
10. according to the poly carboxylic acid series water reducer preparation method containing mud aggregate that is applicable to described in claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterized in that, described chain-transfer agent is to dredge a kind of in base ethanol, Thiovanic acid, thiohydracrylic acid, its more excellent consumption is 0.1～2.0% of reaction monomers gross weight, and more excellent consumption is 0.2～0.6% of reaction monomers gross weight.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN104592445A (en) * | 2015-01-28 | 2015-05-06 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Organic phosphonate concrete plastic retaining agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN104773847A (en) * | 2015-04-24 | 2015-07-15 | 中冶华天工程技术有限公司 | Phosphono maleic anhydride-acrylic acid copolymer, and preparation method and application thereof |
| WO2017113990A1 (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2017-07-06 | 江苏苏博特新材料股份有限公司 | Method for preparing concrete superplasticizer having phosphorous acid group and use thereof |
| WO2018086610A1 (en) * | 2016-11-14 | 2018-05-17 | 清华大学 | Polymer and preparation method and application thereof |
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| CN102815882A (en) * | 2012-08-03 | 2012-12-12 | 山西科腾环保科技有限公司 | High-performance water reducer of polycarboxylic acid, and preparation method thereof |
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| CN101775107A (en) * | 2010-02-03 | 2010-07-14 | 北京冶建特种材料有限公司 | Preparation method of concrete polycarboxylate water-reducer at normal temperature |
| CN102815882A (en) * | 2012-08-03 | 2012-12-12 | 山西科腾环保科技有限公司 | High-performance water reducer of polycarboxylic acid, and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN104592445A (en) * | 2015-01-28 | 2015-05-06 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Organic phosphonate concrete plastic retaining agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN104592445B (en) * | 2015-01-28 | 2017-05-10 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Organic phosphonate concrete plastic retaining agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN104773847A (en) * | 2015-04-24 | 2015-07-15 | 中冶华天工程技术有限公司 | Phosphono maleic anhydride-acrylic acid copolymer, and preparation method and application thereof |
| WO2017113990A1 (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2017-07-06 | 江苏苏博特新材料股份有限公司 | Method for preparing concrete superplasticizer having phosphorous acid group and use thereof |
| US10647803B2 (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2020-05-12 | Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd | Method for preparing concrete superplasticizer having phosphorous acid group and use thereof |
| WO2018086610A1 (en) * | 2016-11-14 | 2018-05-17 | 清华大学 | Polymer and preparation method and application thereof |
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Free format text: CORRECT: INVENTOR; FROM: CHEN GUOXIN ZHU YERAN WANG DONG LIU XINGRONG CAI MING DU ZHIQIN FU DANHUA HUANG GUOHONG SHEN YANPING XU WEIWEI YANG RI TO: CHEN GUOXIN ZHU YERAN WANG DONG LIU XINGRONG CAI MING DU ZHIQIN FU DANHUA HUANG GUOHONG FANG XUSHUN SHEN YANPING XU WEIWEI YANG RI |
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