CN103624482B - A kind of forming method of automobile drive axle integral housing - Google Patents
A kind of forming method of automobile drive axle integral housing Download PDFInfo
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- CN103624482B CN103624482B CN201210298021.7A CN201210298021A CN103624482B CN 103624482 B CN103624482 B CN 103624482B CN 201210298021 A CN201210298021 A CN 201210298021A CN 103624482 B CN103624482 B CN 103624482B
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- steel pipe
- axle housing
- spindle nose
- drive axle
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/25—Hardening, combined with annealing between 300 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius, i.e. heat refining ("Vergüten")
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B35/00—Axle units; Parts thereof ; Arrangements for lubrication of axles
- B60B35/12—Torque-transmitting axles
- B60B35/16—Axle housings
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
A forming method for automobile drive axle integral housing, by steel tube extrusion, jumping-up through the processing of intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating, pull out the size shape requiring to spindle nose; Then at described steel pipe medium position fluting; Described steel pipe is placed in the helical pitch groove of Drive axle housing Chinese lute hole forming equipment, locking, start two hydraulic pumps and apply axial compressive force to the two ends of described steel pipe, make the critical condition of bridge tube middle part (part that cross section is less) in distortion, guide post moves down and has destroyed axially equilibrium of forces of bridge tube middle part, and having produced radial component, radial load makes the material at bridge tube middle part extend to external expansion, to preliminary dimension. Production technology of the present invention is simple, easily operation, and axle housing does not directly connect weld seam does not need spindle nose welding, has solved axle housing distortion and Leakage; Adopt heat treatment quenching and tempering technique, improved the comprehensive mechanical performance of axle housing material, increased the strength and stiffness of axle housing, improved bearing capacity and reliability and the fatigue durability of axle housing.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method of manufacturing technology and equipment of automobile drive axle housing. Exactly, be a kind of automobileThe rolling of the banjo axle of drive axle, extruding, expansion are ground, the processing method of pulling technology, belong to shape substantially without cuttingMachine-shaping technical field.
Technical background
The axle housing of automobile drive axle is one of main bearing carrier of automobile. Drive axle is positioned at the end of power train, its baseThis function is to increase by power transmission shaft or the torque of directly being transmitted by speed changer, and torque distribution, to left and right sidesing driving wheel, and is made to left and rightDriving wheel has the desired differential function of running car kinematics, and meanwhile, drive axle also will bear and act on road surface and vehicle frameOr vertical force, longitudinal force and moment thereof between monocoque body. Therefore, the axle housing of drive axle is to ensure the normal operation of automobileCritical component. There are higher requirement reliability, the economic life of axle housing to its mechanical strength, rigidity and fatigue performance. ?In general vehicle structure, drive axle comprises main reducing gear, differential mechanism, the parts such as transmission device and axle housing (Fig. 1) of drive axle.At present, Drive axle housing both domestic and external is produced, and by the difference of its manufacturing process, can be divided into " casting bridge shell " (Fig. 2) " steel plate punchedWelding axle housing " (Fig. 3) " steel pipe expansion welding spindle nose formula axle housing " (Fig. 4) three kinds. Doing respectively one below simply introduces.
1, cast type axle housing: conventionally adopt spheroidal graphite cast-iron, malleable cast iron or cast steel. Method with casting is manufactured axle housing hairBase, then carry out machining and complete product. For further improving its strength and stiffness, the two ends of cast type axle housing are pressed into longSeamless steel pipe is fixed as axle tube and with pin. The major advantage of casting bridge shell: can be made into complexity and desirable shape, wallThick can variation, can obtain desirable stress distribution, and its intensity and rigidity are better, reliable operation. Therefore, bear load at axle housingIn larger heavy goods vehicles, be suitable for adopting this structure. Especially engineering truck, its driving axle housing load is very heavy, mostly uses cast steelMonolithic construction. Compare with steel plate stamping weldering formula axle housing and steel pipe expansion welding spindle nose formula axle housing, the main of cast type axle housing lacksPoint is: castability is wayward, and percent defective is high; Product weight is large, energy consumption is large, contaminated environment; Machined surface is many, and manufacturing process is multipleAssorted. Therefore, current cast type axle housing is only for load large heavy-duty car engineering truck and offroad vehicle.
2, steel plate punched welded type axle housing: steel plate punched welded type axle case assy as shown in Figure 3: be by mild steel steel plate(16Mn) be raw material, cut out respectively punching press (cold moudling or hot-forming) and become half shell of upper and lower two same structures, by twoHalf shell welds together becomes axle housing main body, burn-ons respectively with the spindle nose of " flange " and spring perch in two ends. ShouldThe feature of process is: from heavy and light, compare with casting bridge shell, weight can reduce 15-22%; Also there is solder side in this axle housingLong-pending large, yielding defect. Although adopt several different methods to eliminate stress, effect is undesirable, automobile heavy-load or rugged and roughWhile travelling on road, axle housing is easily out of shape, leakage of oil, causes axle housing to scrap. Therefore, should not adopt steel plate stamping weldering in heavy goods vehicles fieldAxle housing, and be widely adopted on light-duty, medium truck.
3, steel pipe expansion welding spindle nose formula axle housing: steel pipe expansion welding spindle nose formula axle housing adopts the seamless square tube of 16Mn, 160*Fluting in the middle of 160, and by the process that rolls expansion, make Chinese lute hole forming, square tube two ends cold-extruded is pressed into pipe, then with axleHead welding. Steel pipe expansion welding spindle nose formula axle housing and steel plate stamping weld the axle housing quality of comparing great changes, though weightSo similar with welding axle housing, but intensity and toughness improved a lot, again because the perforation that does not have steel plate stamping to weld axle housing is welded, product planted agentPower is corresponding minimizing also, has improved axle housing integrated carrying ability, reflects well, because of various reasons in the use of medium-duty truckHeavy goods vehicles field adopts not yet. Comprising: boxing spindle nose, stress still exist, and 16Mn material cannot be used heat-treating methodsImprove its rigidity, intensity, cannot reach the technical indicator of heavy goods vehicles.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of production craft step simple, easily operation, axle housing does not directly connect welderingSeam does not need the forming method of the automobile drive axle integral housing of spindle nose welding.
Technical scheme of the present invention is: the method comprises following operation:
Draw materials: getting seamless steel pipe is the base material of preparing automobile drive axle integral housing;
Intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating: above-mentioned steel pipe is put into induction heater, and the induction of equipment intermediate frequency non-oxidation adds1100 DEG C-1250 DEG C of heat, eddy-current heating beat is 3-4 minute;
Spindle nose moulding: will deliver to the axle of automobile drive axle integral housing through the steel pipe of intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating processingIn the main shaft inner chamber of forming machine, by steel pipe location, the clamping of the processing of intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating, with spindle nose forming machine main spindleRotate; Die box inner mold enters the two axial ends through the steel pipe of intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating processing along track (axis), extruding,Jumping-up, pull out to the size shape of spindle nose requirement;
The pipe side of pushing away: two ends are become to square tube with the circular middle body of the steel pipe of spindle nose through rolled by cold rolling machine;
Fluting: at the steel pipe medium position fluting of described two ends band spindle nose;
Chinese lute hole forming: the steel pipe of two ends band spindle nose (being bridge tube) is placed to Drive axle housing Chinese lute hole forming equipmentIn helical pitch groove, locking, starts two hydraulic pumps with the axial precompression 200 ± 20T of oil cylinder, to the two ends of the steel pipe of two ends band spindle noseApply axial compressive force, make the critical condition of bridge tube middle part (part that cross section is less) in distortion, guide pillar moves down and has destroyedAxially equilibrium of forces of bridge tube middle part, and produced radial component, radial load makes the material at bridge tube middle part extend to external expansion, extremelyPreliminary dimension.
Operation of the present inventionIn get hot rolled seamless steel tube 20Mn2, full-length is 2200mm.
Operation of the present invention also comprises integral housing heat treatment step: will be from operationThe steel pipe of two ends band spindle noseHeat-treat modified: part enters quenching heating furnace 60 minutes, temperature rises to 890 DEG C-900 DEG C, is incubated 60 minutes, temperature870 DEG C-880 DEG C. Coming out of the stove quenches heats, and quenches, and temperature is down to 200 DEG C, and the cool time is 2 minutes, and the part after quenching entersTempering heating furnace, within 60 minutes, heating-up temperature rises to 580 DEG C-600 DEG C by 200 DEG C, continues insulation 120 minutes, comes out of the stove extremely air-cooled230℃－210℃。
Heat treatment quenching and tempering method of the present invention is 870 DEG C of quenchings, 590 DEG C of tempering.
The present invention is the institutional framework crystal grain thinning that improves axle housing material, improves the ultimate strength of axle housing, improves bending resistance energyPower, for heavy vehicle axle housing loss of weight lays the first stone. The present invention has adopted first heat treatment step in overall Drive axle housing operation,One of just comprehensive bending resistance, can alleviate axle housing weight 10% left and right with welded bridge comparison, can loss of weight if compare with casting bridge shell25-30%。
The general high temperature and high pressure method that adopts of traditional metal material cutting, such as acetylene cutting, plasma cutting, line cutting(electric spark) etc., the metal material surface after cutting can form quench-hardened case (referring to high-carbon, alloy material) and be unfavorable for metal materialLater stage processing and forming, as take manual polishing cleaning case hardness layer, can cause noise dust pollution. Surface roughness is large, stillAffect product quality. For this reason, the present invention has adopted the water cutter cutting means of latest domestic. Can ensure thus the material of quality adjustment conditionMaterial institutional framework is stable, without surface cutting sclerosis (state) layer, provides the tissue before Material Physics distortion to prepare, when distortion notCan produce because surface has rigidity layer be full of cracks, fried mouth phenomenon. The technique of having cancelled manual polishing cleaning case hardness layer reducesDust, noise, pollution.
Chinese lute hole forming principle of the present invention: the pressure (conclusion (of pressure testing)) that bridge tube two ends apply 200T (cuts bridge tube middle partThe part that face is less) critical condition in distortion, guide pillar moves down and has destroyed axially equilibrium of forces of bridge tube middle part, and producesRadial component, radial load makes the material at bridge tube middle part extend to external expansion, utilizes the spy of metal material resilient plastic distortionPoint and the ability of refresh memory, make bridge tube shape and A-B(A '-B ' in Fig. 9) similar, the square tube outer wall natural torsion of point-to-point transmissionBecome the circular arc that radius is R. And meet the shaped position requirement on drawing. Bridge casing lute holes forming process is square tube cold extrusion expansionProcess, the metallographic structure of material is corresponding in distortion also there is displacement, organizes relatively closelyr, and after ultimate deformation, material produces againGive birth to work hardening, impelled the raising of comprehensive mechanical performance. Guiding technique processing method, only has mould bases, wedge module and nothingExternal mold, has reduced manufacturing cost, facilitates easy to operate.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the advantages that:Production craft step is simple, easily operation, and axle housing does not haveDirectly connecting weld seam does not need and spindle nose welding, has solved axle housing distortion and Leakage.Production process is not polluted, is savedEnergy, material-saving, low-carbon emission reduction.In the manufacture of driving axle housing, adopt first heat treatment quenching and tempering technique, improved axle housing materialComprehensive mechanical performance, lays a good foundation for automobile loss of weight is energy-conservation.The strength and stiffness that increased axle housing, effectively raise bridgeThe bearing capacity of shell and the reliability of travelling on crankcase ventilaton and fatigue durability, having broken through Driving Axle On Heavy-duty shell must useThe limitation of casting technique.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the drive axle of prior art.
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the cast type axle housing of prior art.
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of the steel plate punched welded type axle housing of prior art.
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the steel pipe expansion welding spindle nose formula axle housing of prior art.
Fig. 5 is automobile drive axle integral housing schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is the spindle nose shaping machine structure schematic diagram of integral housing moulding.
Fig. 7 is the structural representation of Drive axle housing Chinese lute hole forming machine.
Fig. 8 is the preparation sketch of Drive axle housing Chinese lute hole forming machine.
Fig. 9 is the duty sketch of Drive axle housing Chinese lute hole forming machine.
Figure 10 is inclined disc type constant speed mold mechanism schematic diagram.
Detailed description of the invention
Figure 1 shows that the drive axle structure schematic diagram of prior art.
Figure 2 shows that the cast type axle housing structure schematic diagram of prior art.
Figure 3 shows that the steel plate punched welded type axle housing structure schematic diagram of prior art.
Figure 4 shows that the structural representation of the steel pipe expansion welding spindle nose formula axle housing of prior art.
Figure 5 shows that automobile drive axle integral housing schematic diagram of the present invention.
The spindle nose forming machine that Figure 6 shows that forming method of the present invention integral housing moulding used, has Large Diameter Pipeline in main spindle box 5Main shaft 4, main shaft 4, for inserting steel pipe to be processed 3, has slide rail on the lathe bed 6 at main shaft 5 two ends, two hydraulic thrust case 1 and mouldsOn case 2 dresses and slide rail, the axis of two die box 2 is coaxial with steel pipe to be processed 3. Main shaft 4 and transmission system in main spindle box 5End gear wheel connects firmly, and is useful on the clamping device that clamps steel pipe 3 to be processed in main shaft 4 holes.
Fig. 7 is driving axle housing Chinese lute hole forming machine. On lathe bed, there are three operating cylinders Chinese character pin-shaped distribution, wherein sameOn the same axis of level, have two relatively left axial force oil cylinder 9, the right axial force oil cylinders 10 of work, with the central authorities of same axisThere is a guide post oil cylinder 7 working alone vertical 90 ° of tops, and helical pitch device 8 is housed on lathe bed workbench, helical pitch device 8 waterFlat length direction has helical pitch groove. The effect of helical pitch groove: control steel pipe to be processed at left axial force oil cylinder 9, right axial force oil cylinderUnder 10 effect, can only move axially along helical pitch groove, on helical pitch device 8, have 12, two left sides of relatively working of locking device axialPower cylinder 9, right axial force oil cylinder 10 are loaded on helical pitch device 8 two ends, left axial force oil cylinder 9, the axis of right axial force oil cylinder 10With the helical pitch groove center line of helical pitch device 8 on same straight line. There is a square three-way groove in the central authorities of helical pitch device 8, and guide post 11 is loaded onGuide post oil cylinder 7 and in square three-way groove correspondence.
In Fig. 8, on helical pitch device 8, having locking device 12,11 is guide post. 3 is steel pipe to be processed.
In Fig. 9,8 is helical pitch device, and 11 is guide post. 3 is steel pipe to be processed.
In Figure 10, die box 13 is arranged on the guide shaft of lathe body, and die box 13 1 sides are equipped with and promote die box along guide shaftThe oil cylinder 17 moving horizontally, die box 13 bottoms are provided with circular cone type swash plate 14 by oil cylinder side, and circular cone type swash plate 14 is provided with etc.Apart from the swash plate bearing of annular spread, die box 13 opposite sides have casing bearing, and cone-shaped roll 15 one end are radiation and are placed in tiltedlyOn dish bearing, the other end is placed in casing bearing, and forms conical cavity in die box 13 casings. In conical cavity, can supplyInsert steel pipe 3 to be processed.
Method of the present invention comprises following operation.
1, bridge tube rolling spindle nose
1. prepare hot rolled seamless steel tube 20Mn2 full-length.
2. 1500 DEG C of intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating, thermograde is distributed control.
3. self-feeding is to main shaft inner chamber, and location, clamping rotate with main shaft.
4. mould enters hot rolled seamless steel tube two axial ends along track (axis), to hot rolled seamless steel tube push, jumping-up,Pulling is to determining size shape (spindle nose).
5. mould is retracted into starting point.
6. main shaft stops operating, and unclamps clamping device, and steel pipe discharging device is the steel with spindle nose by two ends complete rollingPipe is pushed into hopper.
2, the pipe side of pushing away
The circular middle body of the steel pipe of two ends band spindle nose is become to square tube by rolled by cold rolling machine, square tube size 160*160.
3, integral housing heat treatment step: the continous way chain planker of 1. artificial loading-2. by workpiece send into machining area-The soak zones of 900 DEG C of heating in 60 minutes-be 3. heated to 870 DEG C of times be 60 minutes-4. quench and enter quenching tank-be 5. pushed intoContinous way melt down put into be heated to 600 DEG C-be 6. incubated to 580 DEG C, temperature retention time be 120 minutes-be 7. quickly cooled to 230 DEG CTime be 60 minutes-8. discharge pedestal operation finishes.
4, square tube fluting working procedure: it is special that 1. square tube alignment (straightener)-2. square tube is manually placed water cutter workbenchOn fixture-3. water cutter is opened 100mm ∕ minute-5. manual of standardization program-4. cut, square tube Rotate 180 °-6. repeatWater cutter program cutting speed is complete, the manual cleaning of square tube fluting 7..
5, Chinese lute hole forming
For achieving the above object, the invention provides a kind of process and equipment of Drive axle housing Chinese lute hole forming, " drawThe cold expansion moulding process in conduction Chinese lute hole " as shown in Figure 7.
Working procedure: artificial loading to-hoistable platform-by steel pipe to be processed 3-be placed in helical pitch groove-artificialPenetrate in groove-axial compressive force of the axial precompression 200T-startup of locking-primer fluid press pump-oil cylinder lead-lead existsUnder lead effect, be radially flared to along pipe outer wall that preliminary dimension-shift out lead-opening locking device-hoistable platform willThe axle housing of moulding ejects helical pitch device-manual cleaning.
6, welding set square reinforcing ring
After this operation is identical with press welding axle housing, welding auxiliary, processing Chinese lute hole tapping.
Claims (4)
1. a forming method for automobile drive axle integral housing, is characterized in that: the method comprises following operation
Draw materials: getting seamless steel pipe is the base material of preparing automobile drive axle integral housing;
Intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating: above-mentioned steel pipe is put into induction heater, equipment intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating1100 DEG C-1250 DEG C, eddy-current heating beat is 3-4 minute;
Spindle nose moulding: the spindle nose of delivering to automobile drive axle integral housing through the steel pipe of intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating processing is becomeIn the main shaft inner chamber of type machine, by steel pipe location, the clamping of the processing of intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating, turn with spindle nose forming machine main spindleMoving; Die box inner mold enters the two axial ends through the steel pipe of intermediate frequency non-oxidation eddy-current heating processing along track, extruding, jumping-up, pulls outGrow to the size shape of spindle nose requirement;
The pipe side of pushing away: two ends are become to square tube with the circular middle body of the steel pipe of spindle nose through rolled by cold rolling machine;
Fluting: at the steel pipe medium position fluting of described two ends band spindle nose;
Chinese lute hole forming: the steel pipe of described two ends band spindle nose is placed in the helical pitch groove of Drive axle housing Chinese lute hole forming equipment,Locking, starts two hydraulic pumps with the axial precompression 200 ± 20T of oil cylinder, applies axially to the two ends of the steel pipe of two ends band spindle nosePressure, makes the critical condition of bridge tube middle part in distortion, and guide pillar moves down, and enters steel pipe middle part slotting position, has destroyed bridgeAxially equilibrium of forces of pipe middle part, and produced radial component, radial component makes the material at bridge tube middle part extend to external expansion, extremelyPreliminary dimension shape.
2. according to the forming method of automobile drive axle integral housing described in claims 1, it is characterized in that: described operationInGetting seamless steel pipe is hot rolled seamless steel tube 20Mn2, and full-length is 2200mm.
3. according to the forming method of automobile drive axle integral housing described in claims 1, it is characterized in that: also comprise overall bridgeShell heat treatment step: will be from operationThe steel pipe of two ends band spindle nose heat-treat modified: part enters quenching heating furnace60 minutes, temperature rose to 890 DEG C-900 DEG C, is incubated 60 minutes, 870 DEG C-880 DEG C of temperature; Coming out of the stove quenches heats, quench, and temperatureDegree is down to 200 DEG C, and the cool time is 2 minutes, and the part after quenching enters tempering heating furnace, and within 60 minutes, heating-up temperature is by 200 DEG CRise to 580 DEG C-600 DEG C, continue insulation 120 minutes, come out of the stove air-cooled to 230 DEG C-210 DEG C.
4. according to the forming method of automobile drive axle integral housing described in claims 3, it is characterized in that: described heat treatmentHardening and tempering method is 870 DEG C of quenchings, 590 DEG C of tempering.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201210298021.7A CN103624482B (en) | 2012-08-21 | 2012-08-21 | A kind of forming method of automobile drive axle integral housing |
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| CN201210298021.7A CN103624482B (en) | 2012-08-21 | 2012-08-21 | A kind of forming method of automobile drive axle integral housing |
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| CN103624482A CN103624482A (en) | 2014-03-12 |
| CN103624482B true CN103624482B (en) | 2016-05-11 |
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Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105563052B (en) * | 2016-03-23 | 2018-06-26 | 江苏福坛车桥科技有限公司 | A kind of driving axle housing integral forming method |
| CN106424528B (en) * | 2016-10-14 | 2018-01-16 | 北京机电研究所 | The former of driving axle housing spindle nose |
| CN107009147A (en) * | 2017-05-15 | 2017-08-04 | 江苏福坛车桥科技有限公司 | A kind of Drive axle housing is integrally formed equipment |
| CN108160857A (en) * | 2017-11-29 | 2018-06-15 | 闫永东 | A kind of automobile axle housing |
| CN111992982A (en) * | 2019-05-27 | 2020-11-27 | 孙振会 | Automatic method for forming integral drive axle |
| CN111992983A (en) * | 2019-05-27 | 2020-11-27 | 孙振会 | Trailer axle forming automation method |
| CN110802374B (en) * | 2019-11-18 | 2022-01-21 | 吉林大学 | Manufacturing method of variable cross-section automobile driving axle housing |
| CN111745355A (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2020-10-09 | 丁海英 | Integrated axle body machining process |
| CN112643301A (en) * | 2020-12-03 | 2021-04-13 | 河南凤宝重工科技有限公司 | Driving axle housing blank and manufacturing method thereof |
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| CN103624482A (en) | 2014-03-12 |
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