CN103583179A - Method for managing spartina alterniflora - Google Patents
Method for managing spartina alterniflora Download PDFInfo
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- CN103583179A CN103583179A CN201310483660.5A CN201310483660A CN103583179A CN 103583179 A CN103583179 A CN 103583179A CN 201310483660 A CN201310483660 A CN 201310483660A CN 103583179 A CN103583179 A CN 103583179A
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for managing spartina alterniflora. The method comprises the following steps of cutting off the spartina alterniflora; turning over intertidal zones; and planting embryonal axes of kandelia candel. Management on soil, with the depth of 0-20cm, for the spartina alterniflora is replaced by cutting off the spartina alterniflora, turning over the intertidal zones and planting the kandelia candel; the organic matter content and the N (nitrogen) content of the soil are obviously increased; the salinity of the soil is obviously improved by the high-density kandelia candel; pH (potential of hydrogen) of the soil is reduced, and is continuously reduced along with increasing of the density of the kandelia candel; influence on the P (phosphorus) content of the soil is quite low; the organic matter content of the soil with the depth of 20-40cm is increased, and is positively correlated with the density of the kandelia candel; the N content, the P content and the pH of the soil are reduced; and the pH is continuously reduced along with increasing of the density of the kandelia candel. After the kandelia candel is planted for one year, the density and the biomass of large benthonic animals are increased; and the density and the biomass of polychaetes animals, crustacean animals and other animals and the biomass of mollusk are improved. The method can be effectively used for managing the spartina alterniflora.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to ecological environmental protection field.Be specifically related to a kind of spartina alterniflora loisel of improvement method.
Background technology
China from 1979 Nian You Nanjing University from the U.S. introduce spartina alterniflora loisel (
spartina altermiflora, originate in the Atlantic Ocean, North America bank, be a kind of perennial gramineous plants of Tideland resources growth), with the beach bank protection of going bail for, in Jiangsu, planted experimentally successfully before this, within 1980, introduce again Fujian, within 1982, expanding species arrives the ground such as Jiangsu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang and Shandong.Because wide adaptability, strong stress resistance, reproduction speed are fast, lack again natural enemy simultaneously, in the whole nation, coastal various places spread rapidly, offshore environment, bio-diversity and culture fishery etc. are worked the mischief, in many places Large-scale intrusion, arrive primary mangrove area, cause the decline of the Coast Mangrove ecosystem, therefore, in 2003, list first Alien invasive species list of 16 kinds of China in.
In recent years, people, for controlling spartina alterniflora loisel's invasion, successively adopt chemical control (Du Wenqin etc., 2006; Permitted
Magnificent etc., 2006; Wang Wei etc., 2003), physical control (Li Hepeng etc., 2007; Huang Li, 2007) and the method such as biological control (Silliman & Zieman, 2001) spartina alterniflora loisel is controlled, but effect is very undesirable, main manifestations is for to control spartina alterniflora loisel with physical method, and efficiency is low, cost is high, is difficult to eradicate; By chemical method, easily bring environmental pollution; Utilize the biological control method of Feeding behavior, may bring ecological risk.
Researcher utilizes biological substitution method afterwards, such as Bonilla etc. once studies with grassland net thatch, has substituted wetland instruction plant
phalaris arundinacea, and obtain successfully.The current most study of China be to utilize indigenous plant reed and Mangrove Sonneratia apetala Buch. Ham to replace spartina alterniflora loisel, although spartina alterniflora loisel compares the advantage in competition with reed, this advantage is not absolute.Under high physical coercion and low nutrient environment, the competitive ability of reed is larger, test is found, under Low-salinity and low water logging habitat, reed growth has more advantage, substituted plant reed shows very high survival rate, also by spartina alterniflora loisel, is not surpassed, and spartina alterniflora loisel's regrowth has been played to certain inhibitory action after two growth seasons.And reed and mangrove forest are adhered to Different ecosystems separately, be mainly regional difference, mangrove forest is in southeastern coast, and reed Jiangsu and to the north of application.
Although pagatpat growth is rapidly, but spartina alterniflora loisel effectively controlled, but after planting in a large number, cause the South China coastal to form large area pagatpat Artificial Pure, this stand structure is single, is subject to the harm of disease worm, and after certain time limit of growing, has the trend of degeneration; Pagatpat belongs to alien species simultaneously, when in the face of extreme meteorological condition, does not possess the such tolerance of indigenous tree species, the potential possibility that has large area to be injured.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of effective improvement spartina alterniflora loisel method.
For achieving the above object, the invention provides a kind of spartina alterniflora loisel of improvement method, it is characterized in that, first cut off spartina alterniflora loisel, then beach is turned over; Then plant autumn eggplant plumular axis or the autumn eggplant seedling.
The described spartina alterniflora loisel of cutting off is artificial or machine cuts off spartina alterniflora loisel together.
The about 20cm of the described degree of depth of turning over, adopts carpet type to turn over.
The spacing in the rows of described plantation autumn eggplant plumular axis is 25cm*25cm, 50cm*50cm, 75cm*75cm or 100cm*100cm.
The spacing in the rows of described plantation autumn eggplant plumular axis is 50cm*50cm.
The plumular axis of described autumn eggplant plumular axis is about 17-20cm.
Autumn eggplant plumular axis of the present invention can be planted any season, preferably plants May.
Autumn eggplant (
kadelia obovatasheue) be subordinate to Angiospermae (Magnoliophyta), Dicotyledoneae (Magnoliopsida), Malpighia coccigera order (Malpighiales), Rhizophoraceae (Rhizophoraeeae), autumn Solanum (
kandelia), having another name called water-color paintbrush son, eggplant row tree, perennial evergreen shrub or dungarunga, reach as high as 8-10m, has very inflourishing half root or prop root.Leaf is to life, keratin ellipse or obovate.Tree stem is sturdy, has and expands joint.Dichasium armpit is raw, floral white.Plumular axis is elongated, about 12-20cm when ripe.
Autumn, eggplant was widely distributed, was mainly distributed in India, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, south, Japanese sulphur ball archipelago.Autumn, eggplant was the dispersed species in Chinese red woods kind, in all places that has mangrove forest to distribute of China, all there is autumn eggplant, according to the variation of minimum monthly temperature in research China mangrove forest area such as Lin Peng, marking off China's mangrove forest cold resistance rate sequence shows, the strongest mangrove of Qiu Qieshi China cold resistance, natural distribution latitude is the highest, reach Fuding, Fujian Province, manually introduce a fine variety to the From Yueqing County, Zhejiang of 28 ° of 25 ' N.Belong to succession prometaphase species, be distributed in group's outer rim more, under certain geographical conditions, can form single sociales fruticeta ，Shi China southeastern coast mangrove forest ecological recover engineering in important mangrove kind.
As only taked, cradling this simple physical method of turning over administers, after 2 years, 80% area grows spartina alterniflora loisel again, and growing state is as good as with contrasting, also proved that cradling spartina alterniflora loisel can not control its regrowth at all, because spartina alterniflora loisel's rhizome all can carry out clonal propagation, as long as condition is suitable, just can again grow.Comparatively speaking, adopt the Comprehensive Management Model of " cradle+autumn eggplant ", the area that after 2 years, spartina alterniflora loisel covers again accounts for administers 15% of area, and spartina alterniflora loisel's growing state is subject to the interference of autumn eggplant, contemporaneity height is approximately 56% of contrast height, and regulation effect is obviously better than and cradles.
When adopting the Comprehensive Management Model of " cradle+autumn eggplant ", the autumn plantation density of eggplant is undoubtedly the key factor that can an impact improvement obtain ideal effect, if autumn eggplant plantation density is too high, autumn, eggplant relied on high density to be robbed to take up space and the resource such as illumination, and closing rapidly, can effectively suppress spartina alterniflora loisel early stage, but the continued growth along with autumn eggplant, intraspecific competition aggravation, plant can not get sufficient growth resource affects himself growth on the contrary, and controlling effect can not continue; If the autumn, eggplant was planted thinly, autumn eggplant inhibitory action is not obvious, and spartina alterniflora loisel still can grow again.So seek a kind of key point of can effectively administering spartina alterniflora loisel not hinder again the suitable plantation density of self growth be the whole comprehensive regulation.
Applicant of the present invention, through great many of experiments and research, finds a kind of effective Planting pattern finally, for well administering spartina alterniflora loisel.
Planted secret meeting and cause Species Competition aggravation, shade to act on and strengthen, illumination level weakens, and the growth rate, the morphological index that are the most always embodied in autumn eggplant obviously reduce.
Low-density plantation autumn eggplant plumular axis is also unfavorable for the growth of seedling.Because autumn eggplant plant cross growth is not restricted and pushes, coming off of blade will reduce, and there is more mangrove Litter-fall under two other density, it is the important sources of substrate soil nutrient, autumn, eggplant was returned to the Primary Production product of very high part in environment, dry branches and fallen leaves is decomposed to form organic debris and the inorganic matter that is rich in protein gradually, give mollusk, the filter-feedings such as crab class and Polychaeta worm, broken feeding habits and mud feeding habits animal provide sufficient feed source, simultaneously the corpse of these animals and excreta for the autumn eggplant growth a large amount of growth elements is provided, so just formed a growth circulation of mutually promoting.Its nutrition Litter of larger plant spacing in the rows is less, should not improve the soil nutrient of autumn eggplant growth, and therefore high spacing in the rows plantation autumn eggplant plumular axis is also unfavorable for the growth of seedling.
Test material of the present invention is the autumn eggplant seedling after autumn eggplant plumular axis or autumn eggplant plumular axis growth 1-2, whole process of the test does not find that autumn eggplant blooms and grows brood body, seedling grows and accumulates organic period in a nutrition organs, and the starting stage in vegetative period, growth rate is by accelerating slowly.Last occurs that the autumn eggplant Absolute growthiness of 25cm line-spacing is less than 75cm and 100cm spacing in the rows spring and summer time period, according to the above, may be because of the growth along with seedling, the Seedling density depression effect of low spacing in the rows plantation is more obvious, this adverse effect surpasses because the plantation of high line-spacing causes low soil nutrient adverse effect, causes the seedling organic matter accumulation Speed Reduction of low line-spacing.
As for data such as autumn eggplant plant height, root length, hat width, be presented in four seasons, be the fastest-rising time period summer to autumn, thinks, four different temperature and illumination in season may be the principal elements that produces this result.Happiness temperature is thermophilic is the large main feature of mangrove one, China by Hainan Island northwards, along with latitude is gradually high, mangrove forest distribution area and seeds number all reduce gradually, forest form also becomes shrub from arbor, the height of tree reduces, and the fully macro-control effect of displays temperature to mangrove forest composition and structure of community, studies have found that mangrove the suitableeest photosynthetic blade face temperature is generally 28～32 ℃.It is generally acknowledged, as long as variations in temperature is no more than the upper limit, along with the rising of temperature, plant will speed up growth, and the high temperature in spring port autumn eggplant sample ground summer has guaranteed its growth rate fast.
Result from embodiment: the effect that adopts Kandelia candel mangrove to substitute spartina alterniflora loisel's technology governance spartina alterniflora loisel is significantly better than to adopt to cradle to turn over puts down the technology of putting.Various Seasonal and different plantation spacing in the rows all have impact extremely significantly to the plant height of autumn eggplant seedling, root length, hat width, fresh weight and dry weight, plantation spacing in the rows is that plant height, root length, fresh weight, the dry weight of 50cm eggplant of lower autumn seedling is all significantly greater than other plantation spacing in the rows, the fastest from amplification such as autumn in summer to autumn eggplant plant height, root length, hat width, the passing in time and speeding of organic matter accumulation speed, shows that autumn eggplant is in the Fast Growth stage.Various Seasonal blade C, N, P content have utmost point significant difference, and different spacing in the rows are all not obvious to blade C, N, P content influence.It is the highest that blade N, P content and N:P all show autumn, and spring is minimum; Blade C content and C:N all show that spring is the highest, autumn and winter is minimum, and C:N and N:P exist significant negative correlativing relation.
Employing cradles to turn over to put down puts with the alternative spartina alterniflora loisel of improvement of autumn eggplant of different densities after 2 years, result shows: (1) cradles to turn over and puts down the method for putting 0-20cm layer soil is caused to following impact: the N content, the content of organic matter that have improved soil, reduced soil pH, little to P content and Effects of Salinity; The impact that 20-40cm soil is caused is to improve soil organic matter content and pH, has reduced soil salinity, N content and P content.(2) adopt the alternative spartina alterniflora loisel of improvement of autumn eggplant of different densities to cause following impact to 0-20cm layer soil: to significantly improve soil organic matter content and N content and increase rate and be directly proportional to plantation autumn eggplant density, the high density autumn, eggplant significantly improved soil salinity, reduced the higher pH of soil pH and density lower, very micro-to P in soil content influence; The impact that 20-40cm layer soil is caused is to have improved soil organic matter content and become positive correlation with density, has reduced soil N, P content and pH and the higher pH of density lower, to soil salinity irregular seeking.
The medium-and-large-sized zoobenthos density in He Qiuqie habitat, spartina alterniflora loisel habitat is respectively between 217ind/m
2-308ind/m
2and 218.02ind/m
2-352.03ind/m
2between, biomass is respectively between 14g/m
2-28.19g/m
2and 23.02g/m
2-44.58g/m
2, Density and biomass all shows as in spartina alterniflora loisel habitat and declines from winter to summer, and autumn eggplant rises on habitat.Plantation autumn eggplant, after 1 year, has been improved macrobenthos density and biomass, and wherein the density of Polychaeta, shell-fish and other animals and biomass, mollusk biomass are all improved.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is autumn eggplant improvement spartina alterniflora loisel design of experiment;
Fig. 2 cradles and plants autumn eggplant spartina alterniflora loisel is controlled to effect contrast figure;
Fig. 3 is autumn eggplant seedling organic matter accumulation rate diagram;
Fig. 4 is autumn eggplant seedling leaves C, N, P seasonal variation figure;
Fig. 5 is Various Seasonal autumn eggplant seedling leaves C:N and N:P variation diagram;
Fig. 6 is the different improvement method top layers of spartina alterniflora loisel and deep soil content of organic matter figure;
Fig. 7 is different layer depth soil remediations 2011 and soil organic matter content figure in 2012;
Fig. 8 is the different improvement method 0-20cm of spartina alterniflora loisel and 20-40cm deep soil salinity figure;
Fig. 9 is different layer depth soil remediations 2011 and soil salinity figure in 2012;
Figure 10 is the different improvement method 0-20cm of spartina alterniflora loisel and 20-40cm deep soil pH figure;
Figure 11 is different layer depth soil remediations 2011 and soil pH figure in 2012;
Figure 12 be spartina alterniflora loisel's sample with autumn eggplant sample ground macrobenthos density and biological spirogram;
Figure 13 is the main macrobenthos density maps of the different several classes in habitat in summer in winter;
Figure 14 is the biological spirogram of the main macrobenthos of several classes in different habitats in summer in winter.
Embodiment
Describe embodiments of the invention below in detail, the example of described embodiment is shown in the drawings, and wherein same or similar label represents same or similar element or has the element of identical or similar functions from start to finish.Below by the embodiment being described with reference to the drawings, be exemplary, be intended to for explaining the present invention, and can not be interpreted as limitation of the present invention.Unreceipted concrete technology or condition person in embodiment, according to the described technology of the document in this area or condition or carry out according to product description.The unreceipted person of production firm of agents useful for same or instrument, being can be by the conventional products of commercial acquisition.
Key instrument
| BS210S electronic balance | Germany Sartorius company |
| Micropipettor | Germany eppendorf company |
| 9146A air dry oven | Upper Nereid is grand |
| SH220 graphite counteract appearance | Sea, Jinan energy |
| 722S visible spectrophotometer | Upper Nereid section |
| FE20 laboratory pH meter | Shanghai Mettler-Toledo, Inc. |
| The triumphant formula azotometer of K9860 | Sea, Jinan energy |
| DDBJ-350 conductivity gauge | Shanghai thunder magnetic |
Main agents
| nessler reagent | claim HgI 24.5g is dissolved in the KI solution of 500ml 1.2 ﹪, and then standing over night, crosses leaching filtrate |
| protection glue | claim gum Arabic 2g in the beaker of 1000ml, add the distilled water 500ml without ammonium ion, stirring and dissolving, then add |
| chelating agent | take sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate 125g and NaOH (analyzing pure) 2.5g in the beaker of 250ml, adding distil water 125ml, heating, makes it boiling and often stirs, and cooling rear adding distil water is to 250ml |
| 100ppm NH 4-N stocks standard liquid | take (the NH that 0.4717g is dried 4) 2sO 4water-soluble, 1 liter of constant volume, this is 100ppm NH 4-N stocks standard liquid |
| molybdenum antimony is stored liquid | first claim potassium antimonyl tartrate 0.5 g, be dissolved in Ran Hou Molybdenum acid ammonium 10 g in 100 ml water, be dissolved in 450ml water, slowly add the concentrated sulfuric acid (analyzing pure) 153 ml, limit edged stirs.Finally mix, constant volume 1L, brown bottle is stored. |
| the anti-developer of molybdenum antimony | (same day) before use, take ascoltin 1.5g, be dissolved in 100ml Molybdenum antimony and store in liquid, mix, Ci is the anti-reagent of Molybdenum antimony (determining according to working sample number, in this ratio).This liquid need be with using with joining, the term of validity one |
| 100 ppm phosphorus standards are stored liquid | accurately take 105 ℃ of KH of drying 2 hours 2pO 4(analyzing pure) 0.4390g is water-soluble, proceeds to 1 liter of volumetric flask, adds water to about 200ml, enriching H 2sO 45 ml, 4 ℃ of preservations after water constant volume. |
| 0.8molL -1(1/6K 2cr 2o 7) standard liquid | take the potassium bichromate (K that dries 1.5h through 130 ℃ 2cr 2o 7, GB642-77, analyzes pure) and 39.2245g is soluble in water, and constant volume is in 1000ml volumetric flask |
| 0.5molL -1feSO 4solution | take ferrous sulfate (FeSO 47H 2o, GB664-77, analyzes pure) 140.0g is soluble in water, adds concentrated sulfuric acid 5mL, is settled to 1L. |
| o-phenanthrolin indicator | take o-phenanthrolin (GB1293-77 analyzes pure) 1.485g) and FeSO 47H 2o 0.695g, is dissolved in 100mL water. |
Kandelia candel leaf C analytical method
Use potassium bichromate Outside Heating Method, concrete operations are as follows:
1, accurately take dry Kandelia candel leaf powder 0.03g, gently deliver to canalis alimentarius bottom, with pipette, accurately add 0.8molL
-1(1/6K
2cr
2o
7) standard liquid 10mL, add dense H
2sO
45mL fully shakes up, and in mouthpiece cover, the little funnel of curved neck, steams steam with condensation, and every a collection of measurement sample arranges 2 blank;
2, canalis alimentarius is placed in to 180 ℃ of graphite and disappears and boil on instrument, when liquid boiling gassing in vitro, start timing, boil 5min, take out test tube.After liquid cooling but to be mixed, in vitro, in tolerant impouring 250mL triangular flask, wash test tube inside and little funnel, in triangular flask, overall solution volume is 60～70mL, keeps (1/2 H in mixed liquor
2sO
4) concentration is 2-3 molL
-1;
3, then add o-phenanthrolin indicator 3-5 to drip, with 0.5 molL of standard
-1ferrous sulfate titration, constantly shakes content in titration process, in the variable color process of solution by orange → bluish-green → brick-red terminal that is.Keep FeSO in mind
4titration milliliter number
Result is calculated
Blade organic carbon (gkg
-1)=26.4 * (V
0-V)/mV
0
In formula: V
0---blank titration spends FeSO
4volume (mL);
V---sample titration spends FeSO
4volume (mL);
M---dry blade powder quality (g);
Kandelia candel leaf N assay method
Adopt nessler reagent colorimetric method method, concrete operation step is as follows:
1, disappear and boil the plant sample 0.2-0.3 g that takes levigate oven dry, be placed in canalis alimentarius.The moistening sample of first water, then adds the concentrated sulfuric acid 5 ml, shakes up gently, and placement is spent the night, and bottleneck is put a curved neck funnel.First graphite is disappeared and boil instrument and be transferred to 200 ℃, treat dense H
2sO
4after decomposing a large amount of white cigarettes of emerging, be increased to again 380 ℃ of temperature.When solution is all brownish black, extract canalis alimentarius out slightly cold, dropwise add the H of 30 ﹪
2o
26-10 drips, and constantly shakes canalis alimentarius, in order to sufficient reacting, carries out.Heat again 10min left and right, take off the slightly cold H that adds again
2o
25-8 drips.2-3 time so repeatedly, until disappear, boil liquid and be after colourless or limpid look, then heat 5-10min, to eliminate superfluous hydrogen peroxide.Take out subsequently canalis alimentarius cooling, with a small amount of water, rinse little funnel, washing lotion washes in bottle.To disappear and boil liquid and nondestructively wash in 100 ml volumetric flasks, constant volume.Placement is spent the night, and clarification is rear to be measured for N, P;
2, mensuration is got above-mentioned liquid to be measured 1 ml(and can suitably be adjusted the amount of taking), be placed in 50 ml volumetric flasks, add successively chelating agent 1 ml, protection glue 5 ml, NaOH 8 ml and nessler reagent 2.5 ml,, after water constant volume, fully shake up.After half an hour, use spectrophotometer colorimetric, wavelength 460nm.In sample determination, need do blank test, with calibration reagent error;
3,10 ppm NH are drawn respectively in the making of calibration curve
4-N standard liquid 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 ml are placed in 50ml volumetric flask, add respectively for blank solution (with 5 ml diluting concentrated sulfuric acid to 100 ml) 1 ml(identical with liquid consumption to be measured in eight volumetric flasks), the same sample determination of development step.This standard series concentration is respectively 0,0.2,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2,1.4 ppm N(NH
4-N), in 460nm place colorimetric.
4, result clearing
N（﹪）=P.V. ts×10
-4/m (2.2)
In formula: P---from calibration curve, check in nitrite ion N(NH
4-N) mass concentration (μ gml
-1);
V---nitrite ion volume (ml);
Ts---minute get multiple, disappear and boil that liquid long-pending (ml)/drawing disappears boils liquid long-pending (ml);
M---dry-eye disease quality (g)
Kandelia candel leaf P assay method
Adopt the anti-coloration method of molybdenum antimony:
1, disappear and boil: (with nitrogen disappear boil identical)
2, measure: cancel and boil liquid 5ml to be measured, be placed in 50ml volumetric flask, add the about 25ml of water, add 2 of dinitrophenol dinitrophenolate indicator, with the sulfuric acid solution adjust pH of 4N NaOH solution and 2N.Add again the anti-developer 5ml of molybdenum antimony, shake up constant volume.After room temperature is placed about 40 minutes under higher than the condition of 15 ℃, use spectrophotometer colorimetric, wavelength 700nm.Take blank test solution as reference liquid zeroising;
3, the making of calibration curve: accurately draw 5 μ gm L
-1p standard liquid 0,1,2,4,6,8,10mL, put into respectively 50mL volumetric flask, adds water to about 30mL, then add disappearing after blank test constant volume and boil liquid 5mL, and regulator solution pH is 3, then adds the anti-reagent 5mL of molybdenum antimony, and last water is settled to 50mL.After 30min, start to carry out colorimetric.The concentration of each bottle of color solution phosphorus is respectively 0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0 μ g/mL;
4, result is calculated: after calibration curve checks in the phosphorus content of liquid to be measured, can calculate by following formula:
The full phosphorus of blade (P) amount (gkg
-1)=
In formula: ρ---the mass concentration (gkg of phosphorus in liquid to be measured
-1);
The mL number of V---sample preparation solution;
M---dry blade powder quality (g);
V
1---draw filtrate mL number;
V
2---the liquor capacity (mL) of colour developing;
10
-3---the gkg that μ g number is converted into
-1multiplier.
data analysis
Data statistic analysis software is SPSS 16.0, processes significance of difference analysis and adopts relatively (significance level of S-N-K method check
p=0.05).
embodiment 1: autumn eggplant prevention and control spartina alterniflora loisel and growth characteristics thereof and C, N, P research
In May, 2010 spring port spartina alterniflora loisel's sample choose a beach as experiment sample ground, manually cut off spartina alterniflora loisel and to the beach rear plantation autumn eggplant plumular axis of turning over, at 5 subregions of high tidal region set gradually 20m * 20m parallel with embankment, be designated as respectively K
1district, K
2district, K
3district, K
4district, G district, K
1, K
2, K
3, K
4in 4 communities, spacing in the rows is the autumn eggplant plumular axis of 25cm, 50cm, 75cm, 100cm respectively successively, after plumular axis has gathered, chooses sturdy just can directly plant without parasitosis.Also has passed through and has cradled spartina alterniflora loisel in G district, the sludge handling of turning over, but do not plant autumn eggplant plumular axis, puts down and put observation.Opposite side is the original sample of spartina alterniflora loisel ground, is designated as in contrast S district sample, has the embankment of a barnacle, wide about 0.5m, high about 1m (Fig. 1) between S district and K district.The S district of Fig. 1: spartina alterniflora loisel check plot; G district is that spartina alterniflora loisel cradles the Liao Zhi district of turning over; K1, K2, K3, K4 are respectively that autumn eggplant plumular axis plantation spacing in the rows is 25,50,75,100cm region.For avoiding testing sample and make artificial destruction whole experimental field through special messenger's nurse, autumn eggplant seedling normal growth is grown.
When autumn eggplant plumular axis is planted, be with soil plantation, sooner or later water.Plantation need to be mended and plant the plumular axis being washed away by morning and evening tides in earlier stage in each week.
Respectively on July 10th, 2011, on October 30th, 2011, on January 7th, 2012 and on April 24th, 2012 spring port autumn eggplant sample carry out Sampling Survey, the investigation result of each sampling represents respectively the autumn eggplant growth indexes situation in summer, autumn, winter and four seasons of spring.At these four density subregions, with iso-tide-line place, pluck at random 5 strain autumn eggplant samples respectively at every turn, while gathering plant, note protecting root complete.Each gather the autumn when eggplant seedling, choose at random the every strain of 5 strain and get its 2 pairs of climax leaves (top the 3rd pair with lower blade) in each subregion, totally 10 pairs of blades are taken back laboratory for C, N, P determination and analysis.
By each season, the strain autumn eggplant of random harvesting is taken back behind laboratory, with clear water, cleans totally, and while washing root earth, care should be used to slowly rinses, and to reduce the loss that fractures to root as far as possible, it is dried naturally.Plant height, the main root of measuring each eggplant plant long in strain autumn, hat width, and root is heavy, stem is heavy, leaf weight.After having weighed, send in air dry oven 105 ℃ and dry 2 days, 65 ℃ dry to constant weight subsequently, then measure that leaf dry weight, stem are heavy, root dry weight.Organic matter accumulation speed formula is r=△ W/ △ t, and wherein △ W is the poor of successively twice dry weight, and △ t is the time interval between double sampling, and unit is day (d).
Data statistic analysis software is SPSS 16.0, processes significance of difference analysis and adopts the check of S-N-K method relatively, the impact (significance level with two factor alternate analysis different densities, Various Seasonal on autumn eggplant growth characteristics and blade C, N, P content
p=0.05).
) cradle with the autumn eggplant substitute to control spartina alterniflora loisel's effect
For relatively cradle put down put with cradle after on slash, plant two kinds of prevention and control spartina alterniflora loisels' of Kandelia candel mangrove mode effect, two evaluation indexes in this research, have been taked, an area being covered by spartina alterniflora loisel accounts for the Area Ratio in K district and G district, has reflected spartina alterniflora loisel's recovery diffusivity; The plant height that another is grown in K district and G district spartina alterniflora loisel, has reflected spartina alterniflora loisel's growing ability.According to the observation Sampling Survey in April, 2012, put down the G district of putting cradling, be that area that the spartina alterniflora loisel of patch shape growth diffusion captures accounts for that whole G goes 80%, and be equally patch shape, be grown in Qiu Qie district (K district), spartina alterniflora loisel's related scope of growing accounts for greatly 15% of whole K district, and this ratio is significantly less than spartina alterniflora loisel in the coverage rate in G district.From spartina alterniflora loisel's plant height aspect Kan， G district spartina alterniflora loisel's plant height, be 147.56 ± 26.19cm, contrast S district high tidal region spartina alterniflora loisel average plant height 135 ± 21.33cm, t check shows between the two and there was no significant difference (
p=0.56>0.05) ，Er K district spartina alterniflora loisel average height reaches 76.46 ± 10.67cm, this highly significant lower than S district high tidal region and G district spartina alterniflora loisel height, the height of eggplant seedling is basically identical with the autumn.The explanation of above two indexes is being administered in spartina alterniflora loisel's method, and cradling turns over puts down that to put spartina alterniflora loisel slash be not effective way, and in two years, spartina alterniflora loisel still can cover beach and growing way is unaffected again; But, if cradle turn over after and plant mangrove plant, just effectively prevention and control spartina alterniflora loisel's regrowth and diffusion.
The place of Qiu Qie district spartina alterniflora loisel regrowth is substantially in 100cm spacing in the rows and two density regions of 75cm spacing in the rows, and 25cm spacing in the rows and 50cm spacing in the rows region do not have to find the spartina alterniflora loisel who again grows.
) season and density two factors are to autumn eggplant number of modalities feature affects
The autumn growth of eggplant seedling is subject to the impact of season and two factors of density simultaneously, and measurement result adopts two factor variance analyses, and analysis result is as shown in table 1, season and density factor respectively, hat width long on plant height, root, fresh weight and dry weight all have impact extremely significantly (
p<0.01, table 2).
Table 1 season and the impact analysis table of density two factor interactions to autumn eggplant morphological feature
Table 2 autumn eggplant growth of seedling feature about density and seasons two factor variance analysis result table
Compare season and density
pvalue can obtain, and seasonal variation is greater than on the impact of root length, fresh weight, dry weight the impact that density difference is brought.For above-mentioned any index, the interaction of density and seasonal factor on its impact not significantly (
p>0.05), will single factor be affected to situation analysis below.
Spacing in the rows be 50cm level of density eggplant of lower autumn plant height higher than all the other 3 kinds of density autumn eggplant plant heights, the results of analysis of variance shows, under the autumn eggplant plant height that plantation spacing in the rows is 50cm and all the other 3 kinds of density, plant is high difference significantly.Equally, the different densities autumn root length of eggplant seedling also shows identical rule in 4 seasons, root that spacing in the rows is 50cm long the longest and compared with its excess-three kind density significant difference (
p=0.32>0.05, table 3.3), and between these three kinds (25cm, 75cm, 100cm) spacing in the rows without significant difference.
As shown in Table 2, the autumn hat width size of eggplant seedling increases along with the increase of plant distance, the hat amplitude ratio 75cm of 100cm spacing in the rows, the hat width of 50cm, 25cm exceed respectively 1.7%, 14.64%, 32.76%, and assay shows, the hat width difference in size of 75cm spacing in the rows and 100cm spacing in the rows remarkable (
pand these two kinds of spacing in the rows and 50cm spacing in the rows and 25cm spacing in the rows all exist respectively significant difference=0.03<0.05).Show that planting density can affect the size of autumn eggplant hat width significantly, to a certain degree under larger Planting Row Distance be conducive to the cross growth of autumn eggplant.
Autumn fresh weight and the dry weight of eggplant seedling presents identical rule: along with the increase of space between plants, fresh weight and dry weight reduce after first becoming greatly, and spacing in the rows is under 50cm, and autumn dry weight and the fresh weight of eggplant is maximum, and significantly higher than the fresh weight under spacing in the rows 75cm and 100cm and dry weight.Known by calculating water content, it is 71.02% that the autumn eggplant water content under 75cm spacing in the rows is up to the minimum of 72.54%, 50cm.Result shows thus, the excessive or too small accumulation that is all unfavorable for plant organic matter of planting density.
Comprehensive above 5 kinds of autumn eggplant growth characteristics index gained, plantation spacing in the rows is that plant height, root length, fresh weight, the dry weight of 50cm eggplant of lower autumn seedling is all significantly greater than other and plants spacing in the rows, shows autumn eggplant plant that spartina alterniflora loisel the administers district better off of growing up under this density.
The impact analysis to autumn eggplant growth of seedling feature of table 3 Various Seasonal and density
Note: the significance of difference (P<0.05) between different letter representations processing.Lowercase represents the comparison of different densities, and capitalization represents the comparison of same Various Seasonal.
Known by table 3, autumn, eggplant increased 9.46cm in summer and autumn (July-October) in process, this is highly 1.33 times and 3.05 times that autumn and winter and winter-spring season increase, S-N-K checks discovery, the autumn plant height of eggplant seedling assumed a marked difference in twice measurement (P=0.04<0.05) in summer and autumn, between autumn, winter, spring, did not have.Show that the autumn speed that increases of eggplant seedling will be significantly higher than autumn and winter and winter-spring season in summer and autumn.Same rule is also embodied in root is long: summer and autumn, main root growth was higher than all the other two seasons, is approximately their 2 times and 1.5 times, and the measured value difference after testing identity between 3 seasons is not remarkable.
The assay of hat width, fresh weight, dry weight is consistent: between any twice measurement result, all have significant difference, along with delaying of growth time, the size of last sampled measurements hat width is (summer), (autumn), (winter) 2.29 times, 1.36 times, 1.11 times for the third time for the second time for the first time; It is 61% of autumn that fresh weight is measured weight summer, 40% of winter, and 32% of spring, and seedling dry weight accounted for the ratio in autumn, winter, spring and was respectively 65%, 42% and 23% summer.Known by calculating water content, the moisture content in each season is respectively summer 72.45%, autumn 74.18%, winter 73.82%, spring 68.72%, is minimum in 4 seasons.
When plantation spacing in the rows is 50cm, the various growth characteristics indexs of autumn eggplant are all significantly better than color density level, and when spacing in the rows diminishes or become large, autumn plant height, root length, fresh weight and the dry weight of eggplant all can correspondingly reduce.Spacing in the rows is the better of hat width under 75cm and 100cm level growth, and this is that cross growth has enough spaces, can not be subject to extruding and constraint each other because the spacing between plant is larger under these two density of little density of comparing.When spacing in the rows is less than 50cmm, each index reduces the trend that has reduction, illustrate that density is larger to a certain extent, the competition between forest is stronger, mainly to space, the intensified competition of soil nutrient salt, on the other hand, plant is apart from too small, and autumn eggplant seedling enhanced shading degree strengthens, will have influence on the illumination level of autumn eggplant growth, and then affect the growth of autumn eggplant.
) different densities and the impact of season on autumn eggplant seedling organic matter accumulation speed
Absolute growth rate (AGR) refers to the absolute growth amount of plant in the unit interval, can be used in comparison different time sections kindred plant growing height and the size such as organic, because the differences such as species, breeding time and environmental condition have larger difference.In this research, as shown in Figure 3,4 curves raise successively, show that the autumn accumulating rate of eggplant seedling organic matter speeds along with delaying of time over a period to come.In summer and autumn, autumn eggplant organic matter accumulation speed presents a kind of increase along with spacing in the rows with plantation spacing in the rows, the trend that then speed first increases and then decreases increases again, 50cm spacing in the rows speed is 0.111g/d, only low by 0.89% than organic matter accumulation speed under peak 100cm spacing in the rows; Autumn and winter and winter-spring season, each eggplant seedling organic matter accumulation speed of lower autumn of spacing in the rows is the first increases and then decreases along with the increase of spacing in the rows all, this trend is particularly evident performance spring and summer, and has a difference and the feature of other 3 time periods in spring and summer: the AGR of 25cm line-spacing is less than 75cm and 100cm line-spacing.From each time step curve, can find out: when spacing in the rows is 50cm, autumn eggplant organic matter accumulation speed is the fastest.
) autumn eggplant seedling C, N, P content
Statistical analysis, the 2 years raw autumn eggplant seedling mature leaf C content mean value in spring port is 357.27 ± 22.06g/kg, Various Seasonal blade C content have utmost point significant difference (
p<0.01), see Fig. 3 .4, the average C content of each density in spring arrives 397 ± 28.59g/kg, and this numerical value shows the highest in 4 seasons, and it is 339.82 ± 14.20g/kg that minimum appears at autumn, and summer and winter are in the middle of both.Multiple check result shows that autumn in spring eggplant seedling C content is apparently higher than all the other 3 seasons, and autumn, C content was starkly lower than other 3 seasons, and between summer and winter without significant difference.Different planting densities, autumn eggplant seedling mature leaf C content difference is less, and when result of study display line distance is 100cm, blade C content is up to 364 ± 37.4g/kg, than line-spacing, is that 25cm, 50cm, 75cm exceed respectively 2.3%, 3%, 2.6%.Because seasonal factor is very remarkable on blade C content impact, the interaction of season and density on blade C content also have remarkable impact (
p<0.05).
Table 4 autumn eggplant growth of seedling feature about density and seasons two factor variance analysis result table
As shown in Table 4, season and density are basically identical with C content containing the influence degree of N amount to autumn eggplant seedling leaves, all that it is extremely remarkable containing difference between N amount for Various Seasonal, different densities is not remarkable containing difference between N amount, different from C content, the interaction between season and density is to also not obvious containing N amount difference.As shown in Figure 4, summer, Kandelia candel leaf rose to 26.7 ± 1.78g/kg containing N amount by 19.37 ± 1.28g/kg to autumn, amplification 37.8%, and ascensional range is very obvious; Enter after the winter, falling slightly after rise containing N amount of Kandelia candel leaf, still there is no significant difference with the N amount that contains in autumn; Yet, proceeding to after spring, it sharply declines containing N amount, is finally down to minimum in a year, 10.53 ± 0.98g/kg only, this numerical value is significantly lower than all the other 3 seasons.Autumn can the seeking containing there is no obvious rule between N amount and 4 kinds of plant distances of eggplant, between 4 kinds of spacing in the rows nitrogen content of leaves, size is: 25cm>75cm>50cmGreatT.GreaT.G T100cm.A comprehensive annual data can obtain, and the 2 years raw autumn eggplant seedling mature leaf average N content in spring port is 20.46 ± 7.14g/kg.
Equally, autumn eggplant seedling leaves P content also presents similar Changing Pattern, summer is to autumn, P content increases and reaches maximum 1.86 ± 0.2g/kg in a year, and P content transfers downward trend to after entering winter subsequently, yet fall is less, P content between autumn and winter does not have marked difference, Second Year P content in spring declines rapidly until the minimum in a year, and now P content is 1.51 ± 0.14g/kg, be summer P content 90%, autumn 81%, winter 82%.Assay demonstration, between 4 kinds of plantation density Kandelia candel leaf P contents, without significant difference, between different densities, P changes of contents amplitude is less.Spring port autumn eggplant seedling mature leaf P content is within the scope of 1.4g/kg-1.99g/kg, and mean P content is 1.72 ± 0.23g/kg.
) autumn eggplant seedling leaves C:N and N:P analysis
As shown in Table 5, in the autumn eggplant seedling leaves C:N value 1 year of 4 kinds of density, excursion is between 11.46-43.59, mean value is 20.53, and known from the research of spartina alterniflora loisel's blade before, spartina alterniflora loisel's blade C:N average is 29, almost than Kandelia candel leaf, will exceed 50%, as can be seen here, though be similarly seashore wetland plant, its C:N value difference of different species is very not large.
Table 5 different densities 4 last month of autumn eggplant seedling leaves C:N and N:P table
Variance analysis shows, 4 kinds of density to the C:N of Kandelia candel leaf have no significant effect (
p=0.56>0.05), C:N value has small size decline with the reduction of first density, but when spacing in the rows is 100cm, ratio but rises to maximum, from data plane, analyzing reason is that the average C content of 100cm spacing in the rows autumn eggplant seedling leaves is the highest in all density, and in contrast, 100cm spacing in the rows autumn eggplant seedling leaves average N content is the minimum in 4 density, so C:N is that 100cm is maximum in spacing in the rows.Yet Various Seasonal has significant impact to autumn eggplant seedling leaves C:N, as shown in Figure 5, between C:N value spring apparently higher than summer, summer apparently higher than autumn and winter, autumn and winter, difference is not obvious.
Autumn eggplant seedling leaves N:P is Comparatively speaking narrower with the different excursions of density in season, between 5.80-16.24, mean value is 11.7, N:P higher than spring port spartina alterniflora loisel's blade, be spartina alterniflora loisel < autumn eggplant <14, as can be seen here, for same growing environment, spring port beach to spartina alterniflora loisel's N limited degree higher than the limited degree to autumn eggplant.The results of analysis of variance shows, density on the impact of N:P very micro-(
p=0.46), and different seasons, the difference between blade N:P obviously (
p=0.01), autumn and winter apparently higher than summer, summer are apparently higher than spring.From summer to spring, the autumn eggplant seedling C:N and N:P exist significant linear regression relation (R=0.984,
p<0.05), regression equation is Y=-3.195X+57.907.
The effect that adopts Kandelia candel mangrove to substitute spartina alterniflora loisel's technology governance spartina alterniflora loisel is significantly better than to adopt to cradle to turn over puts down the technology of putting.Various Seasonal and different plantation spacing in the rows all have impact extremely significantly to the plant height of autumn eggplant seedling, root length, hat width, fresh weight and dry weight, plantation spacing in the rows is that plant height, root length, fresh weight, the dry weight of 50cm eggplant of lower autumn seedling is all significantly greater than other plantation spacing in the rows, the fastest from amplification such as autumn in summer to autumn eggplant plant height, root length, hat width, the passing in time and speeding of organic matter accumulation speed, shows that autumn eggplant is in the Fast Growth stage.Various Seasonal blade C, N, P content have utmost point significant difference, and different spacing in the rows are all not obvious to blade C, N, P content influence.It is the highest that blade N, P content and N:P all show autumn, and spring is minimum; Blade C content and C:N all show that spring is the highest, autumn and winter is minimum, and C:N and N:P exist significant negative correlativing relation.
embodiment 2: the comparison of autumn eggplant sample ground and spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground soil physico-chemical property
Autumn eggplant sample ground is all positioned at spring port spartina alterniflora loisel's prevention and control engineering Demonstration Base with spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground, autumn eggplant sample ground be summer in 2010 original spartina alterniflora loisel cover and on slash, choose one and cradle spartina alterniflora loisel's plowed soils and then plant autumn eggplant plumular axis and set up and grow, it is existing spartina alterniflora loisel's sample that spartina alterniflora loisel remains overlay area.
In in July, 2011 and July in 2012, gather soil specimen 2 times respectively, there is spartina alterniflora loisel check plot (S district high tidal region) in the region that at every turn gathers soil, cradles check plot (G district) and 4 district (K of autumn eggplant
1-4district, 1,2,3,4 represent that respectively autumn eggplant plantation spacing in the rows is 25cm, 50cm, 75cm, 100cm4 kind), have 6 communities altogether.5 collections are divided by S shape circuit in each community, every soil that gathers 0cm-20cm and two kinds of degree of depth of 20-40cm with bottom sampler, after taking back laboratory, remove after the organisms such as the assorted root of deadwood, spreading nature out dries, after air-dry, pulverized and noted rejecting soil radicula in addition, after grinding, the soil of each same degree of depth in community is fully mixed, adopt 4 point-scores to be divided into 2 parts, a 16 mesh sieves of crossing, for soil salinity and pH analysis, another part crossed 60 mesh sieve, is used for measuring the soil organic matter, full N and full P.
Assay method:
Soil total N assay took 60 mesh sieve soil 0.8g and delivered to canalis alimentarius bottom, after adding digestion catalyzer 2g, with 1ml distilled water, soak, then add the 5ml concentrated sulfuric acid, at canalis alimentarius, put a little funnel for the sulfuric acid of refluxed evaporator, finally be placed on graphite counteract appearance 380 ℃ and clear up into white green, add after cooling 10ml distilled water diluting, upper machine is measured.
Content of soil total P assay method sees above face, example weight and minute get multiple (disappear boil liquid constant volume/experiment draw disappear that to boil liquid long-pending) and slightly make an amendment, and soil quality changes 0.8g into, minute gets multiple to change 20 into, and drawing disappears after 5ml constant volume boils liquid and amasss.
Soil organic matter content is measured the face that sees above, and because soil C content and plant C content have larger difference, therefore the quality measurement of soil is brought up to 0.3g, adds 0.8molL
-1(1/6K
2cr
2o
7) standard liquid volume changes 5ml into by the 10ml that measures plant, FeSO
4solution concentration changes 0.2mol/L into by 0.5mol/L, and all the other steps and dosage are constant.
Soil salinity is measured to take by the heavy air dried soil 10g of 16 mesh sieve hole oven-dried soil and is placed in 50ml beaker in tall form, add ultra-pure water 50ml, a beaker is joined a little glass and is stirred 5 minutes, after standing 30 minutes, with DDBJ-350 conductivity gauge, measures supernatant, 25 ℃ of temperature compensation values.Sample determination is complete uses distilled water flushing electrode in time afterwards, and blots the water droplet adhering on electrode, in order to continue next time, uses.
Soil pH measurement operation step is basic consistent with soil salinity, finally uses the pH value of the FE20 laboratory pH meter measurement soil supension after calibration, and reading is complete, takes out electrode, cleans, with carrying out the mensuration of second sample after filter paper bar suck dry moisture with water.After 10 samples of every survey, need with titer inspection calibration once.
With SPSS16.0, analyze determination data, with One-Way ANOVA, analyze the significance of difference between same index different districts among a year, multiple check adopts S-N-K method; Between the different year of same index same cells, adopt Independent-Sample T Test check whether to have significance.
1) cradle and the alternative impact on soil total N content of autumn eggplant
Employing cradles method can improve topsoil N content, but but reduced the N content of subsurface stratum (20-40cm), this differentiation degree showing for the 3rd year after administering more obvious, analyze reason and may be because cradle and in process, left over the residual body of a large amount of spartina alterniflora loisels, by turning over, the residual body of these spartina alterniflora loisels is buried in the top layer of soil and by morning and evening tides, is not taken away, under the effect of edaphon, spartina alterniflora loisel's Residue decay discharges a large amount of N elements, and at subsurface stratum because spartina alterniflora loisel's aerial growth is destroyed, and then the supply of the root biomass that is affected greatly reduces, thereby cause subsurface stratum soil N content to reduce, by the 3rd year, cradle sample ground and again grow spartina alterniflora loisel rapid diffusion, again growing and substituting along with spartina alterniflora loisel, spartina alterniflora loisel's dry branches and fallen leaves of upper soll layer accumulation is through decomposing, and then raising upper soll layer N element, at the residual body of spartina alterniflora loisel, proceed to subsurface stratum part less, and a large amount of N element of root absorption supplies spartina alterniflora loisel in the Fast Growth diffusion of new habitat, so the full N content of subsurface stratum soil is on the low side.
If plant autumn eggplant on the basis of turning over cradling, soil total N content will present and cradle the different variation of the administration way of turning over, being mainly manifested in topsoil administers latter the 3rd year, employing cradled the 3rd year top layer soil total N content of method lower than the 2nd year, and the 3rd year soil total N content of the alternative method of autumn eggplant maintained an equal level with the 2nd year or is higher, also higher than spartina alterniflora loisel's soil N content before administering.According to the analysis of causes of above-mentioned N changes of contents rule, after adopting mangrove to substitute, can above-mentioned being different from of generation cradle the N Changing Pattern of turning over, reason is that autumn eggplant has entered period of a Fast Growth after the 2nd year in plantation, from table 3 and Fig. 2, in 2-3 after administering the autumn eggplant biomass be 1-2 more than 3 times, 2011-2012 AGR are 2010-2011 more than 2 times, along with autumn eggplant growth rate is accelerated, its nutrition Litter-fall also can increase, and causes soil N content to raise after Decomposition of leaf litter.
2) cradle and the alternative impact on soil total P of autumn eggplant
Employing cradle turn over administer spartina alterniflora loisel with autumn eggplant alternative after soil TP content decline equally, the people such as result and Tong Chuan studies in full accord, but the reason that forms this phenomenon is also inconsistent, and can't help litter amount and determine, but because the P element absorption amount that the administration way difference of sampling causes is relevant, the 3rd year soil TP content of adopting after administering in two ways has significant rise, due to the sample ground spartina alterniflora loisel's coverage being cradled, to have surpassed 80% the area and growing fine turned over that cradles, its litter amount is than being significantly improved upper one year, and then improved soil TP content.Identical therewith, the autumn eggplant biomass of plantation is than also there being significant rising upper one year, and its biological cycle effect starts significantly, and dry branches and fallen leaves quantity obtains raising to a great extent, and after these plant residues are decomposed by microorganism, the TP content of soil also increases.
3) cradle and the alternative impact on the soil organic matter of autumn eggplant
The vertical distribution that compares control sample ground and administer sample ground soil organic matter content, can find that control sample ground soil organic matter content shows 20-40cm floor height in 0-20cm, and administering sample ground, within 2011, remove 50cm spacing in the rows autumn eggplant sample extraterrestrial, all the other each processed group also all show 20-40cm soil organic matter content higher than 0-20cm, but by 2012, each is administered sample ground content of organic matter vertical distribution and has but become 0-20cm higher than 20-40cm, this explanation is administered the 2nd year the-the 3rd year afterwards, and 0-20cm layer soil organic matter content recruitment is higher than the organic recruitment of 20-40cm.
As shown in Figure 6, spartina alterniflora loisel's control sample ground 0-20cm layer soil organic matter content mean value is 22.06 ± 1.06g/kg, administering sample ground 0-20cm layer soil organic matter content mean value is 22.17 ± 1.28g/kg-26.87 ± 1.07g/kg, wherein peak appears at 25cm spacing in the rows autumn eggplant sample ground, and be significantly higher than control group and other improvement groups, except 25cm spacing in the rows autumn eggplant sample ground, control group and other improvement groups 0-20cm soil organic matter are without significant difference; By 2012, improvement group soil 0-20cm soil organism content raises to some extent, between 28.01 ± 1.07g/kg-35.29 ± 0.78g/kg, be significantly higher than control group 21.1 ± 2.52g/kg, and between different improvement method samples ground, soil organic matter content difference is also more obvious, cradle sample ground significantly lower than the alternative sample of autumn eggplant ground, high spacing in the rows autumn eggplant sample ground is significantly lower than low line-spacing autumn eggplant sample ground.At subsurface stratum 20-40cm layer soil, sample ground through administering soil organic matter content 22.76 ± 1.91g/kg-27.17 ± 2.49g/kg after 1 year, also all higher than spartina alterniflora loisel's control sample ground 22.48 ± 1.5g/kg, same 50cm line-spacing autumn eggplant sample ground is organic higher than control group and other improvement groups, except 25cm line-spacing autumn eggplant sample ground, between the 20-40cm soil organic matter, there is no significant difference.After 2 years, improvement sample ground soil organic matter content is compared 2011 and is raise to some extent, be significantly higher than spartina alterniflora loisel's control sample ground, and the difference between various improvement methods has remarkable impact to its substrate soil organic matter content, the content of organic matter substantially presents low line-spacing autumn eggplant > eggplant > of high line-spacing autumn and cradles > improvement contrast, illustrate to adopt to cradle with the alternative two kinds of modes of autumn eggplant and administer the content of organic matter rising that spartina alterniflora loisel makes soil, and compare the method for cradling, it is faster that the alternative method of autumn eggplant raises the soil organic matter.
The data that compare 2 years by analysis show, as shown in Figure 7, spartina alterniflora loisel's control sample ground 2 years content of the 0-40cm soil organic matter is substantially consistent, and by cradling that method was administered the 3rd year content of organic matter in spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground higher than the 2nd year but between difference not obvious; Autumn eggplant sample ground soil organic matter content is except the dark soil of 25cm spacing in the rows 20-40cm, the 3rd year content was all cashed out higher than the 2nd year in two each line-spacing autumn eggplant sample ground of section, show within a certain period of time, adopt to cradle make passing in time of soil organic matter content with mangrove alternative energy and increase
4) cradle and the alternative impact on soil salinity of autumn eggplant
See Fig. 8, experiment sample ground, spring port soil salinity is 0.34%-0.54%, belongs to generally Low-salinity type.From the vertical distribution of soil salinity, to remove 100cm line-spacing autumn eggplant sample ground in 2012 and be 0-20cm layer salinity lower than 20-40cm, all the other comprise that the various kinds ground on spartina alterniflora loisel's control sample ground all shows 0-20cm layer salinity higher than 20-40cm layer over 2 years.
Along with spartina alterniflora loisel's sample administer the prolongation of the time limit, compare the soil salinity value of 2011, within 2012, soil all shows downward trend in 0-40cm layer integral body, and control sample ground remains unchanged substantially, as shown in Figure 9.Cradle sample ground soil salinity pass in time decline particularly evident, the autumn eggplant substitute the sample ground deep soil salinity range of decrease and have the trend of dwindling with the increase of spacing in the rows.
After 1 year, than spartina alterniflora loisel's control sample ground, the sample ground soil salinity of improvement all rises to some extent, and wherein 0-20cm layer soil salinity raises obviously, and it is little to sample ground soil Effects of Salinity that each organizes administration way.20-40cm layer 50cm line-spacing autumn eggplant sample ground soil salinity is significantly higher than contrast and higher than other improvement groups, and between all the other each groups salinity all without significant difference.Administer after 2 years, owing to cradling, the sample ground soil salinity range of decrease is larger, 0-20cm layer soil salinity by 2011 be significantly higher than contrast become and contrast between without obvious difference, 20-40cm soil salinity by 2011 with contrast indifference and become significantly lower than control group.Autumn, eggplant substituted 25-75cm spacing in the rows sample ground soil salinity with also there being decline, but still higher than control group; And alternative each spacing in the rows sample ground soil salinity of autumn eggplant shows low spacing in the rows lower than control group at 20-40cm layer, high line-spacing is still significantly higher than control sample ground soil salinity.
In brief, employing cradles tillage improvement spartina alterniflora loisel and can bring following impact to soil salinity: administer the salinity that can significantly improve soil after a year, to top layer soil salt degree, promote more obvious; But after 2 years, level before soil salinity falls back to and administers, deep soil salinity is even than lower before administering.Adopt the alternative method of different spacing in the rows autumn eggplant administer spartina alterniflora loisel on the impact of soil salinity substantially with cradle tillage and be as good as, but while starting, salinity ascensional range cradles improvement and wants high, and after 2 years, salinity falling amplitude is also less than the mode that cradles improvement that adopts.Different spacing in the rows autumn eggplant to guarantor's salt ability of deep soil along with the rising of line-spacing is risen to some extent.
5) cradle and the alternative impact on soil pH of autumn eggplant
See Figure 10, spartina alterniflora loisel's control sample ground soil pH higher between 7.99-8.32 the result of study such as ，Yu Zhou army basically identical, show alkalescent, cradling the 2 years soil pH scopes in sample ground is: 7.80-8.17, and the alternative sample of autumn eggplant ground soil pH is 6.77-7.78, is neutral.The different section soil pHs in observation control sample ground and improvement sample ground, can find all to show identical rule: 0-20cm layer soil pH, higher than 20-40cm layer, compares and shine and the alternative sample of autumn eggplant ground, and the soil pH that cradles sample is comparatively stable in different sections performances.
The impact of time on soil pH from administering, spartina alterniflora loisel's control sample ground 0-40cm soil pH remains unchanged between 2 years substantially, be greater than 2011, but difference is not remarkable and cradle sample ground 0-20cm layer soil pH in 2012 between the two; At 20-40cm layer, cradle sample ground soil pH in 2012 and be significantly higher than 2011.Eggplant substituted 0-40cm sample ground, sample ground and all showed 2012 lower than 2011 autumn, but the speed that low spacing in the rows sample ground soil pH declines is in the same period less than high line-spacing sample ground, sees Figure 11.
Experimental result shows, except within 2012, cradling sample ground 20-40cm soil pH a little more than the control sample identical section soil pH ground same period, cradle sample with the soil pH on the alternative sample of autumn eggplant ground all significantly lower than control sample ground, wherein low line-spacing autumn eggplant sample ground the biggest drop, it is minimum that high line-spacing sample ground takes second place, cradles sample ground soil pH fall, shows higher density autumn eggplant sample more obvious on the impact of soil pH.
Employing cradles to turn over to put down puts with the alternative spartina alterniflora loisel of improvement of autumn eggplant of different densities after 2 years, result shows: (1) cradles to turn over and puts down the method for putting 0-20cm layer soil is caused to following impact: the N content, the content of organic matter that have improved soil, reduced soil pH, little to P content and Effects of Salinity; The impact that 20-40cm soil is caused is to improve soil organic matter content and pH, has reduced soil salinity, N content and P content.(2) adopt the alternative spartina alterniflora loisel of improvement of autumn eggplant of different densities to cause following impact to 0-20cm layer soil: to significantly improve soil organic matter content and N content and increase rate and be directly proportional to plantation autumn eggplant density, the high density autumn, eggplant significantly improved soil salinity, reduced the higher pH of soil pH and density lower, very micro-to P in soil content influence; The impact that 20-40cm layer soil is caused is to have improved soil organic matter content and become positive correlation with density, has reduced soil N, P content and pH and the higher pH of density lower, to soil salinity irregular seeking.
Real
execute example 3: the comparison of autumn eggplant sample ground and spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground zoobenthos
Be chosen in Meizhou Bay spring Gang Quan port spartina alterniflora loisel's prevention and control engineering Demonstration Base research sample, autumn eggplant sample ground be in May, 2010 spartina alterniflora loisel's sample plant plumular axis after plowed soils after cradling spartina alterniflora loisel and form, to autumn in July, 2011 eggplant sample there is few fragmentary spartina alterniflora loisel, after artificial treatment, without spartina alterniflora loisel, again grow autumn eggplant sample.Be positioned to spartina alterniflora loisel's control sample about 10m place, the left side, autumn eggplant sample ground, between different ground, have clitter to be separated by.Demonstration Base natural environment is the same
Sampling time and method
In February, 2011 and in July, 2011, Demonstration Base spartina alterniflora loisel sample respectively choose 5-8 sampling point with autumn eggplant sample ground, adopt the sampler of 25cm * 25cm to gather earth, the degree of depth is 20cm, twice of each sampling point collection.Sample is after the sorting of " WSB1 " type benthon vortex sorter, with minute sample bushing screen of 1 mm and 0.5 mm mesh, eluriate again, obtained macrobenthos is packed in specimen bottle, carry out mark, adding 7% neutral formalin solution fixes, take back laboratory classify evaluation, counting, then with blotting paper, blot surperficial fixer and weigh.
1) spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground and autumn eggplant sample ground macrobenthos density and biomass
As shown in Figure 12, spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground macrobenthos averag density is 308 ± 352.03ind/m in the winter time
2, autumn eggplant sample ground macrobenthos averag density is 200 ± 278.45 ind/m
2, be 0.64 times of spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground; To summer, spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground and autumn eggplant sample ground macrobenthos density are respectively 271 ± 218.02 ind/m
2with 368 ± 170.74 ind/m
2, the underground zoobenthos density of autumn eggplant sample is 1.36 times of spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground; From winter to summer, spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground macrobenthos variable density is little, but the density of dwelling at the large-scale end, autumn eggplant sample ground significantly improves.
Sample ground macrobenthos average biomass is at 14 ± 8.64g/m
2-44.58 ± 28.224g/m
2, wherein minimum of a value appears at spartina alterniflora loisel's sample in July ground, and maximum appears at autumn in July eggplant sample ground.Under two kinds of habitats, the biomass of macrobenthos has also showed spartina alterniflora loisel's sample in winter higher than autumn eggplant sample ground, and autumn in summer eggplant sample ground is higher than spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground; Spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground zoobenthos density has declined 50.3% from winter to summer, and autumn eggplant sample ground macrobenthos biomass has risen 93%.
Because survey data result between each sample prescription is very inhomogeneous, cause Various types of data standard deviation bigger than normal, between different habitats and Various Seasonal, density and biological variability are all not remarkable.Macrobenthos averag density under summer in winter different habitats and average biomass are carried out to two-way analysis of variance known, Various Seasonal, habitat and both interactions are not remarkable to zoobenthos Effects of Density, illustrate they neither be the main cause that causes variable density; Equally, the factor in season and habitat neither cause the main cause of benthon quantitative change, and both interactions can affect significantly benthic biomass (
p=0.037<0.05).
2) season and the habitat impact on several large class zoobenthos density
As seen from Figure 13, spartina alterniflora loisel's sample in winter ground and autumn eggplant sample ground macrobenthos density mainly be take mollusk as main, account for respectively 78.3% and 75.1% of gross density, and to summer, spartina alterniflora loisel's sample with autumn eggplant sample what account for zoobenthos gross density ratio maximum is Polychaeta, be respectively 55.3% and 63.6%.Quantitatively, mollusk in the density of spartina alterniflora loisel and Qiu eggplant 240 ± 349.73ind/m by winter
2with 178 ± 302.83ind/m
2drop to respectively the 101 ± 78.03ind/m in summer
2with 92.8 ± 59.49ind/m
2, Polychaeta is 52 ± 21.32ind/m by winter in the density of spartina alterniflora loisel and Qiu eggplant
2with 43 ± 18.41ind/m
2rise to respectively 150 ± 153.27ind/m
2with 238 ± 167.18ind/m
2, shell-fish is little with other animals variable density in the different habitats of Various Seasonal.From winter to summer, Polychaeta density raises to some extent, and mollusk density is tending towards declining.
Under more different habitats, several large class density can be found, institute's density is higher than autumn eggplant sylvan life in spartina alterniflora loisel for mollusk and Polychaeta in the winter time, and shell-fish and other animals differ very little two kinds of habitat lower densities; In summer, Polychaeta will exceed 37% in the density ratio spartina alterniflora loisel habitat of autumn eggplant sylvan life lower density, and same density compares shell-fish and other animals in addition high under spartina alterniflora loisel habitat in autumn eggplant habitat; Mollusk is in the density of autumn eggplant sylvan life will be lower than spartina alterniflora loisel, but two kinds of habitat lower densities are more or less the same.
3) season and the habitat impact on several large class zoobenthos biomasss
As shown in Figure 14, winter, 4 large class zoobenthos biomasss in spartina alterniflora loisel habitat were other animal > Polychaetas of mollusk > > shell-fish successively, under autumn eggplant habitat, a few class zoobenthos quality are the highest in other animal > Polychaetas of mollusk > crustacean > successively, are all that mollusk quality is preponderated under two kinds of habitats.In summer, in spartina alterniflora loisel habitat, 4 large class zoobenthos biomasss are other animals of Polychaeta > mollusk > shell-fish > successively, under autumn eggplant habitat, a few class zoobenthos quality are other animal > mollusks of Polychaeta > shell-fish > successively, in spartina alterniflora loisel and Qiu eggplant, in zoobenthos biomass, be all to take Polychaeta as main, account for respectively 41% and 36% of the whole weight in habitat separately, as shown in figure 14, winter, all the other class zoobenthos biomasss except mollusk all showed as autumn eggplant sample higher than spartina alterniflora loisel's sample ground, and summers 4 class zoobenthos biomass all show as autumn eggplant sample higher than spartina alterniflora loisel.Explanation thus, causes macrobenthos biomass to increase after employing autumn eggplant method substitutes spartina alterniflora loisel.
All the other all kinds of in habitat separately the percentage of shared whole quality in Table 6
A few class macrobenthos biomass schedules of proportion (%) under table 6 habitats different from summer in winter
The medium-and-large-sized zoobenthos density in He Qiuqie habitat, spartina alterniflora loisel habitat is respectively between 217ind/m
2-308ind/m
2and 218.02ind/m
2-352.03ind/m
2between, biomass is respectively between 14g/m
2-28.19g/m
2and 23.02g/m
2-44.58g/m
2, Density and biomass all shows as in spartina alterniflora loisel habitat and declines from winter to summer, and autumn eggplant rises on habitat.Plantation autumn eggplant, after 1 year, has been improved macrobenthos density and biomass, and wherein the density of Polychaeta, shell-fish and other animals and biomass, mollusk biomass are all improved.
Although illustrated and described embodiments of the invention above, be understandable that, above-described embodiment is exemplary, can not be interpreted as limitation of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art can change above-described embodiment within the scope of the invention in the situation that not departing from principle of the present invention and aim, modification, replacement and modification.
Claims (7)
1. a method of administering spartina alterniflora loisel, is characterized in that, first cuts off spartina alterniflora loisel, then beach is turned over; Then plant autumn eggplant plumular axis or the autumn eggplant seedling.
2. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, described in to cut off spartina alterniflora loisel be artificial or machine cuts off spartina alterniflora loisel together.
3. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, described in the about 20cm of the degree of depth that turns over, adopt carpet type to turn over.
4. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, the spacing in the rows of described plantation autumn eggplant plumular axis is 25cm*25cm, 50cm*50cm, 75cm*75cm or 100cm*100cm.
5. the method for claim 4, is characterized in that, the spacing in the rows of described plantation autumn eggplant plumular axis is 50cm*50cm.
6. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, the plumular axis of described autumn eggplant plumular axis is about 17-20cm.
7. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, the time of described plantation autumn eggplant plumular axis is May.
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