CN103574287A - 用于控制氢罐中的压力的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于控制氢罐中的压力的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN103574287A
CN103574287A CN201310325011.2A CN201310325011A CN103574287A CN 103574287 A CN103574287 A CN 103574287A CN 201310325011 A CN201310325011 A CN 201310325011A CN 103574287 A CN103574287 A CN 103574287A
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H·巴特勒米
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于控制氢罐中的压力的方法和装置。一种用于控制可运输的低温罐（1）、特别是被安装在能够通过卡车被移动的可运输平台（2）上的罐（1）中的压力的方法，所述罐（1）由钢制成并容纳有加压的液态氢，所述方法包括下列中的至少一者：持续地或周期性地测量罐（1）中的温度和持续地或周期性地测量罐中液体的液位，并且当测得的温度超出一介于-140℃和-160℃之间的设定的上限温度阈值（Ts）且罐中的液位下降至低于一设定的液位阈值时，将罐（1）中的压力限制为低于或等于一介于1.5bar和3bar之间的设定的压力阈值（Pmax）的值。

Description

用于控制氢罐中的压力的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于控制氢罐中的压力的方法和装置。
本发明具体涉及一种用于控制氢罐中的压力以便消除氢罐由于氢而变脆/脆化和破裂的风险的方法和装置。
本发明更具体地涉及一种用于控制可运输的低温罐、特别是被安装在能够通过卡车被移动的可运输平台上的罐中的压力的方法，该罐由钢制成并容纳有加压的液态氢。
背景技术
氢气可以使处于某一温度范围内的受压材料变脆（参见例如由Barthelemy,H.和Pressouyre,G.M.撰写的文章“Hydrogen gasembrittlement of steels”，Synthesis of the CEC hydrogen energy program(1975-1983)），更具体地使不锈钢脆化（参见由Barthelemy,H.撰写的文章“Hydrogen gas embrittlement of some austenitic stainless steels（一些奥氏体不锈钢的氢致脆化）”，Hydrogen and Materials（氢与材料），北京，5月9-13日，1988）。
特别地，许多不锈钢被氢弱化。
液态氢通常在（真空隔离的）低温罐中被运输。这些低温罐例如被安装在半挂车上。这种罐通常由不锈钢制成。因此，为了消除罐的钢脆化的风险，优选使用较不容易脆化的钢（例如316L不锈钢）。
另一解决方案在于使用其它构成材料生产罐，例如304L钢或304N钢。尽管这些解决方案得到较轻和/或较便宜的罐，但是它们不可接受，因为相应半挂车的罐的操作条件意味着存在罐由于氢而变脆和破裂的风险（参见上面引用的第二篇文章）。
另外，当氢罐被排空时，由于液态氢的液位下降，罐中的压力趋于增加。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是克服现有技术的所有或一些上述缺点。
为此，根据本发明、以及根据在上述前序部分给出的本发明的一般定义的方法的主要特征在于，所述方法包括下列中的至少一者：持续地或周期性地测量罐中的温度和持续地或周期性地测量罐中液体的液位，并且当测得的温度超过一介于-140℃和-160℃之间的设定的上限温度阈值时，和分别地当罐中的液位下降至低于一设定的液位阈值时，将罐中的压力限制为一低于或等于一介于1.5bar和3bar之间的设定的压力阈值（Pmax）的值。
另外，本发明的实施例可包括下列特征中的一个或多个：
-设定的液位阈值介于罐中的最大液位的3%和15%之间；
-所述方法包括持续地或周期性地测量罐中的温度和持续地或周期性地测量罐中液体的液位，并且当测得的温度超出一介于-140℃和-160℃之间的设定的上限温度阈值且罐中的液位下降至低于一设定的液位阈值时，将罐中的压力限制为一低于或等于一介于1.5bar和3bar之间的设定的压力阈值的值；
-在将液体从罐输送至一个或多个储罐之后自动地将罐中的压力限制为一低于或等于所述设定的压力阈值的值；
-所述设定的压力阈值等于2bar；
-所述上限温度阈值等于-150℃；和/或
-所述罐由下列钢中的至少一种制成：321、204、302、304和304L钢或者诸如204N、302N和304N钢的氮稳定钢（nitrogen-stabilized steel）。
本发明还可涉及一种用于输送液态氢的装置，其包括被安装在能够通过卡车被移动的可运输平台上的罐，所述罐由钢制成并容纳有加压的液态氢，所述罐包括一位于罐的上部中的温度传感器，一压力传感器，一用于选择性地向罐外部排放气体的构件，以及一连接至温度传感器、压力传感器和用于选择性地排放气体的构件的电子控制系统，所述电子控制系统配置成一旦测得的温度超过一介于-140℃和-160℃之间的设定的上限温度阈值就自动地向罐外部排放气体，并将罐中的压力限制为一介于1.5bar和3bar之间的设定的压力阈值。
根据其它可能的特征：
-所述选择性地排放气体的构件包括下列构件中的至少一者：溢流系统，阀；
-所述罐包括位于罐中的液位传感器，所述液位传感器连接至所述电子控制系统；和/或
-所述罐由下列钢中的至少一种制成：321、204、302、304和304L钢或者诸如204N、302N和304N钢的氮稳定钢。
本发明还可涉及包括上述或以下特征的任意组合的任何替代装置或方法。
附图说明
通过阅读下面参考附图给出的说明，其它特征和优点将变得显而易见。
-图1示出用于实施本发明的装置的示例的局部示意图；
-图2示出可在本发明中实施的示例性步骤的局部示意图。
具体实施方式
图1中示出的用于输送液态氢的装置包括罐1，其被安装在能够通过卡车被移动的可运输平台2上。罐1由不锈钢制成，并容纳有加压的液态氢。更准确地，罐1可由当与氢气接触时容易脆化的钢制成，例如诸如304N钢之类的钢，或者其它不稳定的不锈钢（例如321、204、302、304或304L钢）或氮稳定钢（如204N、302N或304N钢等）。
为了防止可能导致罐1破裂及严重事故的脆化，该装置包括用于调节罐1中的压力的系统。
因此，罐1包括优选位于罐1的上部部分中的温度传感器3。温度传感器3例如是热电偶或任何其它合适的构件。
罐1还包括用于选择性地向罐外部排放气体的构件4，例如阀、溢流系统、或允许选择性地降低罐1中的压力的任何其它合适的等同构件。罐还可包括压力传感器6。
罐1另外包括电子控制系统5，其连接至温度传感器3、压力传感器6和用于选择性地排放气体的构件4。该电子控制系统5配置成一旦由传感器4测得的温度T超出一设定的上限温度阈值Ts（其介于-140℃和-160℃之间，优选等于-150℃）就自动地向罐1外部排放气体，以便将罐1中的压力降低至一设定的压力阈值Pmax（其介于1.5bar和3bar之间，优选等于2bar）（参见图2）。
该方法允许非常显著地减小罐1变脆的风险。
本发明特别是使得可以确保罐的构成钢处于这样的压力范围，即，其较不容易由于暴露在氢中而变脆。
这允许使用较便宜的钢制造罐，另外允许罐重量减小，并被用于运输氢而不会发生罐的脆化。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于控制可运输的低温罐、特别是被安装在能够通过卡车被移动的可运输平台（2）上的罐（1）中的压力的方法，所述罐（1）由钢制成并容纳有加压的液态氢，所述方法包括：持续地或周期性地测量罐（1）中的温度，并且当测得的温度超出一介于-140℃和-160℃之间的设定的上限温度阈值（Ts）时，将罐（1）中的压力限制为低于或等于一介于1.5bar和3bar之间的设定的压力阈值（Pmax）的值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括持续地或周期性地测量罐中液体的液位，并且当罐中的液位下降至低于一设定的液位阈值时，将罐（1）中的压力限制为低于或等于一介于1.5bar和3bar之间的设定的压力阈值（Pmax）的值。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述设定的液位阈值介于罐（1）中的最大液位的3%和15%之间。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括持续地或周期性地测量罐（1）中的温度和持续地或周期性地测量罐中液体的液位，并且当测得的温度超出一介于-140℃和-160℃之间的设定的上限温度阈值（Ts）且罐中的液位下降至低于一设定的液位阈值时，将罐（1）中的压力限制为低于或等于一介于1.5bar和3bar之间的设定的压力阈值（Pmax）的值。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在将液体从罐（1）输送至一个或多个储罐之后自动地将罐（1）中的压力限制为低于或等于所述设定的压力阈值（Pmax）的值。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述设定的压力阈值（Pmax）等于2bar。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述上限温度阈值（Ts）等于-150℃。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述罐（1）由下列钢中的至少一种制成：321、204、302、304和304L钢或者诸如204N、302N和304N钢的氮稳定钢。
9.一种用于输送液态氢的装置，其包括被安装在能够通过卡车被移动的可运输平台（2）上的罐（1），所述罐（1）由钢制成并容纳有加压的液态氢，所述罐（1）包括一位于罐（1）的上部中的温度传感器（3）；一压力传感器（6）；一用于选择性地向罐外部排放气体的构件（4）；以及一连接至温度传感器（3）、压力传感器（6）和用于选择性地排放气体的构件（4）的电子控制系统（5），所述电子控制系统（5）配置成一旦测得的温度超出一介于-140℃和-160℃之间的设定的上限温度阈值（Ts）就自动地向罐（1）外部排放气体，以便将罐（1）中的压力限制为一介于1.5bar和3bar之间的设定的压力阈值（Pmax）。
10.根据权利要求9所述的装置，其特征在于，所述选择性地排放气体的构件（4）包括下列构件中的至少一者：溢流系统，阀。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的装置，其特征在于，所述罐（1）包括位于罐（1）中的液位传感器（7），所述液位传感器（7）连接至所述电子控制系统（5）。
12.根据权利要求9-11中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，所述罐（1）由下列钢中的至少一种制成：321、204、302、304和304L钢或者诸如204N、302N和304N钢的氮稳定钢。
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