CN103571544A - Systems for preheating feedstock - Google Patents

Systems for preheating feedstock Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103571544A
CN103571544A CN201310325410.9A CN201310325410A CN103571544A CN 103571544 A CN103571544 A CN 103571544A CN 201310325410 A CN201310325410 A CN 201310325410A CN 103571544 A CN103571544 A CN 103571544A
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China
Prior art keywords
raw material
gasifier
energy
solid material
upstream
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CN201310325410.9A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
S.R.米什拉
A.马宗达
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/30—Fuel charging devices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/50—Fuel charging devices
    • C10J3/506—Fuel charging devices for entrained flow gasifiers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/067—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle the combustion heat coming from a gasification or pyrolysis process, e.g. coal gasification
    • F01K23/068—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle the combustion heat coming from a gasification or pyrolysis process, e.g. coal gasification in combination with an oxygen producing plant, e.g. an air separation plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B23/00—Heating arrangements
    • F26B23/10—Heating arrangements using tubes or passages containing heated fluids, e.g. acting as radiative elements; Closed-loop systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
    • F26B3/02—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by convection, i.e. heat being conveyed from a heat source to the materials or objects to be dried by a gas or vapour, e.g. air
    • F26B3/06—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by convection, i.e. heat being conveyed from a heat source to the materials or objects to be dried by a gas or vapour, e.g. air the gas or vapour flowing through the materials or objects to be dried
    • F26B3/08—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by convection, i.e. heat being conveyed from a heat source to the materials or objects to be dried by a gas or vapour, e.g. air the gas or vapour flowing through the materials or objects to be dried so as to loosen them, e.g. to form a fluidised bed
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0903—Feed preparation
    • C10J2300/0909—Drying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0959—Oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0973—Water
    • C10J2300/0976—Water as steam
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
    • C10J2300/1643—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy
    • C10J2300/1653—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy integrated in a gasification combined cycle [IGCC]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/1678—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with air separation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/169—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with water treatments
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/1693—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with storage facilities for intermediate, feed and/or product
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
    • C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
    • C10K1/002—Removal of contaminants
    • C10K1/003—Removal of contaminants of acid contaminants, e.g. acid gas removal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B2200/00—Drying processes and machines for solid materials characterised by the specific requirements of the drying good
    • F26B2200/02—Biomass, e.g. waste vegetative matter, straw
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
    • Y02E20/18—Integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC], e.g. combined with carbon capture and storage [CCS]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/129—Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines

Abstract

Systems for preheating feedstock are provided. The system includes at least one energy source disposed in a gasification plant and configured to provide an energy, and a feedstock supply configured to deliver a solid feedstock. The system further includes a feed bin disposed downstream of the feedstock supply, wherein the feed bin is configured to receive the solid feedstock and to provide a dry feedstock. The system additionally includes a gasifier disposed downstream from the feed bin, wherein the gasifier is configured to produce a syngas from the dry feedstock. The system further includes a heating system configured to use the energy to heat the solid feedstock directly, heat the solid feedstock indirectly, or a combination thereof, to remove moisture from the solid feedstock in the feed bin.

Description

System for preheating material
Technical field
The disclosed in this manual raw material that the present invention relates to is processed.Exactly, embodiment disclosed by the invention relates to raw material preheating.
Background technology
As the fossil oils such as coal or oil can be for the production of electric power, chemical substance, synthol, or for various other application.In some applications, fossil oil can gasify.Gasification relates to carbonaceous fuel for example, with generation synthetic gas (, the fuel that comprises carbon monoxide and hydrogen), compared with the fuel in its virgin state, can make that efficiency is higher and discharge is more clean like this by limited oxygen incomplete combustion under excessive temperature.
Different carbonaceous fuels can be in successfully gasification in varying degrees.That is to say, compared with low moisture content value, conventionally show that fuel can more easily burn and more effectively gasification.The moisture content value of material is for weighing the amount of the water that is present in described material.For example, the refinery coke producing by oil explosion has relatively low moisture content, is therefore easy to gasification.On the contrary, low-quality coal and biofuel may have high moisture content, are therefore difficult to gasification.In some instances, as the biofuels such as corn stalk and switchgrass may comprise too many moisture, so that fuel gasification efficiency is extremely low.In addition, during processing and transporting, mobility is reduced and causes stopping up frequent generation compared with high-moisture in fuel.The infringement that may cause comprises and makes particle collector incrustation and bridge joint fuel oil atomizer.Unfortunately, comparatively difficulty and high cost of moisture removal.
Summary of the invention
Below be summarized in some embodiment in initial scope of the present invention.These embodiment are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, may form and only intention general introduction is of the present invention.In fact, can contain may be similar or be different from the various forms of following embodiment in the present invention.
In the first embodiment, a kind of system comprises: at least one energy source, and it is arranged in equipment for gasification and is configured for provides energy; And raw material supply source, it is configured for conveying solid substance raw material.Described system further comprises the feed bin that is arranged on downstream, described raw material supply source, and wherein said feed bin is configured for and receives described solid material and dried feed is provided.Described system comprises the gasifier that is arranged on described feed bin downstream in addition, and wherein said gasifier is configured for from described dried feed and produces synthetic gas.Described system further comprises heating system, described heating system is configured for described energy comes described in solid material described in direct heating, indirect heating solid material or above-mentioned two situations combination to carry out, so that moisture is removed in the described solid material from described feed bin.
In a second embodiment, a kind of system comprises at least one energy source, and described energy source is configured for provides energy.Described system further comprises raw material supply source, and described raw material supply source is configured for conveying solid substance raw material.Described system also comprises the fluidization system that is arranged on downstream, described raw material supply source, and wherein said fluidization system is configured for and receives described solid material and dry fluidisation raw material is provided.Described system comprises heating system in addition, and described heating system is configured for described energy and heats the described solid material in described fluidization system, so that moisture is removed from described solid material.
In the 3rd embodiment, a kind of system comprises fluidization system, and described fluidization system is configured for and makes solid material fluidisation.Described fluidization system comprises: feed bin, and it is configured for dry described solid material; Transveyer; Cyclone; Particle collector; And hopper.At least one energy source is arranged in equipment for gasification and is configured for energy is offered to described feed bin, so that dry described solid material.
Accompanying drawing explanation
After reading following illustrating with reference to accompanying drawing, will be better understood these and other features of the present invention, aspect and advantage, in the accompanying drawings, same-sign represents the same section in institute's drawings attached, wherein:
Fig. 1 illustrates the skeleton diagram of an embodiment of gasification system;
Fig. 2 illustrates the schematic illustration of an embodiment of the fluidization system that gasification system comprises described in Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 describes to be suitable for transferring energy to the skeleton diagram of an embodiment of the energy source of fluidization system shown in Fig. 2; And
Fig. 4 describes the skeleton diagram of an embodiment of the process for moisture is removed from raw material.
Embodiment
One or more specific embodiment of the present invention below will be described.For concise and to the point these embodiment that describe, may not can in specification sheets introduce all features of actual embodiment.Should be appreciated that, while developing any this type of actual embodiment in any engineering or design item, all should make with a plurality of decision-makings of embodiment certain relevant to realize developer's specific objective, described specific objective for example, whether observe relevant to system and with the restriction of traffic aided, these restrictions may be different because of embodiment difference.In addition, should be appreciated that, this type of exploitation is complicated and time consumption very, yet, for benefiting from those skilled in the art of the present invention, in any case this type of exploitation still designs routinely, builds and manufactures.
When introducing the element of various embodiment of the present invention, " one (a) ", " one (an) ", " described (the) " and " described (said) " intention represent to exist one or more this elements.Term " comprises (comprising) ", " comprising (including) " and " having " intention represents comprising property implication, and represents, except listed element, may also have other elements.
The disclosed embodiments comprise the system and method for drying fuel raw material, and described fuel feedstocks comprises the raw material that moisture content is high, for example, as low-quality coal (, PRB coal) and/or biofuel.By applying heat, fuel feedstocks can be by evaporation by self moisture removal.Unfortunately, fuel feedstocks is dry may be used, for example, approximately 50,000,000 to 100,000,000btu/ hour, specifically depends on raw material flow rate and the dry amount of needs.In addition, the raw material that dry moisture content is high is used additional energy, because energy input is proportional with amount that need to be dry.The disclosed embodiments can be used for being dried more efficiently raw material, and comprising the high raw material of moisture content, method is the energy source of using again from existing installation parts.For example, in equipment for gasification, energy source can comprise stack gas that rudimentary steam (for example, lower than 75PSIG steam), the hot type generating in dry type feed circuit give vent to anger, catch in heat recovery steam generator system, from source as (ASU) system or chilled(cooling) water return (CWR) through the water coolant of heating, from the extracting air of gas turbine system, other heat of " giving up " that evoke the hot water of locking-type magazine-less system and generated by equipment for gasification.In fact, can be again with rudimentary steam " give up " heat, discharge fluid, flue/chimney fluid and/or boiler material flow.By using again in this way energy, can increase in fact plant efficiency.
Conventionally, the energy of regaining in slave unit can be used for by various system dried feed.For example, some embodiment can be used coil and/or the pipeline that embeds or be otherwise attached to feed bin.These coils and/or pipe can deliver hot fluid (for example, steam, water), so just transfer heat to raw material, to remove moisture.Other embodiment can be used the fluid sleeve (for example, steam sleeve) being arranged on feed bin.In other embodiments, for example, if raw material is arranged in feedstock bed (, coal bed), hot gas can be purged in feedstock bed so that described raw material is dried so.Advantageously, these aforementioned system can also be retrofitted to existing installation.In addition, the method of describing in this manual improves plant efficiency in the following manner: based on current device operation, state of affairs and/or predicted events (for example, market forecast, weather forecast), (for example select energy source, rudimentary steam " gives up " heat, discharge fluid, flue/chimney fluid and/or boiler material flow) by selecting the combined energy source for dried feed based on operation of equipment, state of affairs and/or predicted events, the system and method for describing in this manual can increase efficiency and Cost optimization.
Consider aforementioned content and go to now Fig. 1, accompanying drawing describes to contain the embodiment of the equipment for gasification of disclosed technology in this manual.More exactly, Fig. 1 is the diagram of embodiment that carbonaceous fuel gasifying can be become to the Integrated gasification combined cycle generating set system 10 of synthetic gas.The parts of IGCC system 10 comprise raw material preparation and fluidization system 11.Fluidization system 11 can provide the fluidisation (for example, mobile as fluid) that is suitable for using in gasifier raw material.Be included in raw material prepare with fluidization system 11 in be source material delivery system 12, source material delivery system 12 can be used for as IGCC system 10 transfer the fuels.Source material delivery system 12 can be carried concrete fuel, as coal, refinery coke, biofuel, tar, pitch, biofuel or other carbonaceous materials.Before being transported to downstream fluidization enclosure 14, fuel can be dried in dehumidification system 13.Controller 15 can also be used to the conveying of the fuel carried by fluidization system 11, dry and fluidisation, and can guide subsequently fluidization enclosure 14 that fluidisation fuel is provided to gasifier 16.Gasifier 16 can comprise fluidized-bed gasifier, updraft type gasifier, downdraft gasification device, crossdraft gasifier, two combustion vaporizer, fluid injected bed gasifier, molten bath gasifier, moving-bed gasification device or above-mentioned combination.
As described in greater detail below, dehumidification system 13 can be used various for removing the energy source 17 of moisture from IGCC system 10, thereby the moisture content of the raw material being provided by source material delivery system 12 is provided.Energy source 17 for example can include, but is not limited to used heat 19, steam 21(, rudimentary steam), gas 23(for example, sweep gas, discharge gas, stack gas), liquid 25(for example, hot water) and electric power 27(for example, standby power).The example of energy source 17 for example can comprise used heat 19(, steam 21, gas 23 and/or liquid 25), described used heat from compressor (for example, 40,42), air gas separation unit (for example, 38), gasifier (for example, 16), air processing unit (for example, 20), turbine are (for example, 36,52), heat recovery steam generator (for example, 54) or above-mentioned any combination.Controller 15 can be used for improving raw material drying efficiency, and the whole efficiency by providing flow process to improve IGCC system 10 can be provided in addition, As described in detail below, provides and is suitable for using for removing the flow process of the energy source 17 of moisture.
Gasifier 16 can change into synthetic gas by fluidisation fuel, for example, and the combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.This conversion can realize in the following manner: without water slurry at the pressure raising (for example make, from about 600psi to 1200psi) and temperature is (for example, approximately 2200 °F to 2700 °F) lower steam and the oxygen that meets with the amount of controlling, specifically depends on the type of gasifier 16 used.In pyrolytic process, heating can produce solid (for example, coke thing) and residual gas (for example, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen) without water slurry.By pyrolytic process from approximately 30% of the original raw material weight that can only weigh of the coke thing without remaining water slurry.
Combustion reactions in gasifier 16 can comprise to be introduced oxygen in coke thing and residual gas.Coke thing and residual gas can react to form carbonic acid gas and carbon monoxide with oxygen, thereby provide heat for follow-up gasification reaction.During combustion processes, temperature range can be approximately 2200 °F to approximately 2700 °F.In addition, steam can be introduced in gasifier 16.In essence, gasifier with steam and oxygen allow part without water slurry, burn to produce carbon monoxide and energy, thereby can order about by raw material further change into hydrogen and additional carbon dioxide second reaction carry out.
In this way, gained gas can be made by gasifier 16.Gained gas can comprise approximately 85% carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and comprises CH 4, HCl, HF, COS, NH 3, HCN and H 2the sulphur content of S(based on raw material).This gained gas can use term " untreated synthetic gas " to represent.In described embodiment, the used heat 19 that gasifier 16 generates and/or steam 21 can be provided as energy source 17 and can be used for dried feed.Gasifier 16 can also generate waste, and as slag 18, described slag can be wet putty material.As described in greater detail below, air processing unit 20 can be used for processing untreated synthetic gas.Air processing unit 20 can purify untreated synthetic gas, with by HCl, HF, COS, HCN and H 2s removes from described untreated synthetic gas, wherein can comprise by, for example, the sour gas removal process in sulphuring treatment device 24 realizes the separation of the sulphur 22 in sulphuring treatment device 24.In addition, air processing unit 20 can be removed salt 26 via unit for treating water 28 from untreated synthetic gas, and described unit for treating water can generate useful salt 26 from untreated synthetic gas with water treatment technology.Subsequently, can generate treated synthetic gas from air processing unit 20.Energy 17 from air processing unit 20, sulphuring treatment device 24 and unit for treating water 28 can also be used to dried feed, and energy 17 is as used heat 19, steam 21, hot gas 23, hot liquid 25 and electric power 27.
Gas processer 30 can be used for residual gas composition 32 to remove from treated synthetic gas, and described residual gas composition is as ammonia and methane and methyl alcohol or other residue chemistry materials.Yet, residual gas composition 32 is removed from treated synthetic gas to optional carrying out, even because described treated synthetic gas is for example comprising described residual gas composition 32(, tail gas) situation under also can be used as fuel.Now, treated synthetic gas can comprise about 3%CO, about 55%H 2and about 40%CO 2, and described treated synthetic gas may be removed in fact H 2s.Gas processer 30 also can be provided for the energy 17 of dried feed, comprising used heat 19, steam 21, hot gas 23, hot liquid 25 and electric power 27.The burner 34(that the synthetic gas of processing can be directed into gas turbine engine 36 for example, combustion chamber) in as ignitable fuel.
IGCC system 10 may further include air gas separation unit 38.For example, ASU38 can be with distillation technique by air separation composition gas.ASU38 can be separated and isolated oxygen is transported to gasifier 16 from air by oxygen, and wherein said air is fed to described ASU from supplementing air compressor 40.In addition, ASU38 can be directed to isolated nitrogen dilution nitrogen (DGAN) compressor 42.DGAN compressor 42 nitrogen that is received from ASU38 at least can be compressed into burner 34 in the suitable pressure rank of pressure rank, with the suitable burning of anti-tampering synthetic gas.Therefore,, when DGAN compressor 42 is compressed to appropriate level by nitrogen, described DGAN compressor 42 can be directed to the nitrogen of compression the burner 34 of gas turbine engine 36.ASU38, air compressor 40 and DGAN compressor 42 can provide energy 17.For example, ASU38 side cooler can provide the water coolant through heating, and compressor 40 and 42 can provide hot gas (for example, air, nitrogen).
As mentioned above, the nitrogen of compression can be transported to from DGAN compressor 42 burner 34 of gas turbine engine 36.Gas turbine engine 36 can comprise turbine 44, drive shaft 46 and compressor 48, and comprises burner 34.Burner 34 receives fuel, and as synthetic gas, described fuel can inject from fuel oil atomizer under pressure.This fuel can mix with pressurized air and from the nitrogen of the compression of DGAN compressor 42, then in burner 34 internal combustion.This burning can form hot pressure exhaust.
Burner 34 can be towards the exhaust outlet guiding emission gases of turbine 44.In the emission gases from burner 34, when the turbine 44, emission gases can promote the turbine vane in turbine 44, thereby along the axis rotating driveshaft 46 of gas turbine engine 36.As shown in the figure, drive shaft 46 can be connected to the various parts of gas turbine engine 36, comprises compressor 48.
Drive shaft 46 can be connected to turbine 44 compressor 48 to form rotor.Compressor 48 can comprise the blade that is connected to drive shaft 46.Therefore, the rotation of the turbine vane in turbine 44 can cause drive shaft 46 rotations that turbine 44 is connected to compressor 48 with the blade in rotary compressor 48.The rotation of the blade in compressor 48 causes described compressor 48 compressions via the air of the air intlet reception of described compressor 48.Pressurized air can be supplied to subsequently burner 34 and mix with the nitrogen of fuel and compression, so that burning realizes more high-level efficiency.Drive shaft 46 can also be connected to load 50, and described load can be permanent load, as for produce the generator of electric power in generating set.In fact, load 50 can be any suitable device by the rotation output driving of gas turbine engine 36.In addition, engine 36 can be provided for the energy 17 of dried feed.For example, from the extracting air of turbine 44 can with dilution nitrogen heat-shift, and can be provided as energy 17.
IGCC system 10 can also comprise steam turbine engines 52 and heat recovery steam generator system (HRSG) 54.Steam turbine engines 52 can drive the second load 56, as the generator for generating electricity.Yet both can be all the load of the other types that can be driven by gas turbine engine 36 and steam turbine engines 52 respectively for the first and second loads 50,56.In addition, although gas turbine engine 36 and steam turbine engines 52 can drive independent load 50,56, shown in embodiment, gas turbine engine 36 and steam turbine engines 52 also can be connected for drive single load via single shaft as shown.The customized configuration of steam turbine engines 52 and gas turbine engine 36 can particular implementation, and can comprise any part combination.In addition, steam turbine 52 can be provided for the energy 17 of dried feed, and described energy comprises input steam, bleed steam and " expending " steam.
The exhaust through heating from gas turbine engine 36 can be directed into HRSG54, and can be used for heating water and generation and be used for providing for steam turbine engines 52 steam of power.Exhaust from steam turbine engines 52 can be directed in condenser 58.Condenser 58 can be exchanged into water coolant by the water through heating with cooling tower 60.Specifically, cooling tower 60 can be provided to cold water condenser 58 assistance condensations and from steam turbine engines 52, be directed to the steam of described condenser 58.From the condensation product of condenser 58 then can be directed in HRSG54.Equally, from the exhaust of gas turbine engine 36, also can be directed into HRSG54, in order to heating from the water of condenser 58 and produce steam.In addition, condenser 58 and/or cooling tower 60 can, by energy 17, as hot water, be directed to raw material and prepare and fluidization system 11, in order to remove moisture from raw material.
Thus, in as combined cycle systems such as IGCC systems 10, thermal exhaust can flow to HRSG54 from gas turbine engine 36, and in HRSG, thermal exhaust can be used for generating high-pressure and high-temperature steam.The steam being produced by HRSG54 can pass through steam turbine engines 52 subsequently, to generate electricity.In addition, stack gas and/or the steam from HRSG54 can be used as energy 17.In addition, can also be by produced steam supply for using any other process of steam, as be fed to gasifier 16.Gas turbine engine 36 power generation cycle so-called " to top circulation (topping cycle) ", and steam turbine engines 52 power generation cycle so-called " to end circulation (bottoming cycle) ".By combination these two kinds of circulations as shown in Figure 1, can be so that IGCC system 10 realizes more high-level efficiency in two kinds of circulations.Specifically, can catch from the used heat to top circulation, and described used heat is circulated to be used in the end of to for generating steam.
Go to Fig. 2, accompanying drawing is described to illustrate raw material and is prepared with fluidization system 11 for dry and fluidisation raw material for the embodiment that is transported to the further details of gasifier shown in Fig. 1 16.By using energy source 17, comprising used heat 19, steam 21, gas 23, liquid 25 and/or electric power 27, raw material is prepared can improve in the following manner equipment 10 efficiency with fluidization system 11: reduce feedstock conversion is become to synthetic gas energy used; The enhanced flow of more dry fuel is provided; Reducing fuel stops up; Prevent that better fuel from freezing and avoiding the wearing and tearing associated problem of resultant; And in general, increase equipment availability.
In described embodiment, raw material can be transported to vibrating screen 62 by source material delivery system 12.For example, vibrating screen 62 can be transported to raw material feed bin 64 by raw material by vibratory drive.Feed bin 64 can comprise metal warehouse or the container that is suitable for storing raw material.Energy source 17 can provide heat subsequently, and described heat is suitable for moisture to remove from be arranged on the raw material feed bin 64.As mentioned above, the origin of heat being provided by energy source 17 can comprise used heat 19, steam 21, gas 23, liquid 25 and electric power 27.Conduit 66 includes, but is not limited to fluid conduit systems and electrical conduit, can be used for energy (for example, used heat 19, steam 21, gas 23, liquid 25 and electric power 27) to be transported to feed bin 64.According to the type of carried energy, can carry out direct or indirect heating raw by some technology, referring below to Fig. 3, describe in more detail.As scheme paint, actuator 68(for example, valve, circuit) can be used for controlling by energy transport to feed bin 64.For example, controller 15 can be connected to actuator 68 by correspondence, to control energy transport.It should be noted that controller 15 can also be connected to other machineries in fluidization system 11 by correspondence, to control fuel fluidisation.
After moisture is removed from raw material, raw material can weigh described raw material and described raw material for example be moved to transveyer 72(, screw rod transveyer by being suitable for) raw material weighing charger 70(for example, vibration weighs charger) weigh.By more dry raw material is provided, energy source 17 can make the fuel transport efficiency can be higher by removing water body and therefore transporting more ignitable fuels but not for example transport, with the fuel that does not fire composition (, water).Subsequently, more dry fuel can be provided to impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator 74.Because more dry fuel package is containing less moisture, therefore, compared with without the predrying fuel that can carry, as long as impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator 74 may be the less energy of use.For example, in impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator 74, may carry out dried feed with the less steam 76 being provided by steam heating system 78.
Cyclonic separator 80 and vibrating screen 82 can be used for further processing raw material and transferring raw material.For example, cyclonic separator 80 can for example be transported to particle collector 84(by raw material, strainer), for filtration.Recirculation fan blower system 85 can help fluid and/or raw material to realize recirculation.Similarly, vibrating screen 82 can originate 88 and raw material is transported to lands raw material storage silo 86 by inert purge gas, and described inert purge gas source as nitrogen originate 88.Rare gas element source 88 also can be provided to sweeping gas particle collector 90.Particle collector 90 also can be transported to raw material and land raw material storage silo 86, and subsequently can be by sweep gas being discharged in atmosphere with atmospheric steam exhaust mouth 92,94,96. Pump 98 and 100 can help sweep gas to be discharged in atmosphere.For example, pump 98 can directly be discharged to atmospheric steam exhaust mouth 92 by sweep gas, and pump 100 can make described sweep gas discharge by mercury guard bed 102, and is discharged to subsequently atmospheric steam exhaust mouth 94.High pressure transports the cyclone 106 that source 104 can fluid be connected to startup.Through the dried feed of heating, can carry by recirculation hopper 108 and enter and land raw material storage silo 86 from the cyclone 106 starting.Raw material can also be carried from one or more dried feed pumps 110.
The raw material storage silo 86 of landing can be carried dried feed, for example, to be further processed and finally gasify by pump raw material hopper 112.Subsequently, gasifier 16(is as shown in Figure 1) can vaporizing and drying raw material, as mentioned above.By providing drying fuel with energy source 17, fluidization system 11 can improve equipment 10 efficiency.For example, efficiency can improve in the following manner: reduce feedstock conversion is become to synthetic gas energy used; The enhanced flow of more dry fuel is provided; Reducing fuel stops up; Prevent that better fuel from freezing and/or minimum wear associated problem.
Should note, in other embodiments, energy source 17 can also be directed to raw material machine 70, transveyer 72, impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator 74, cyclone 80, vibrating screen 82, bag filter 84, raw material storage silo 86, particle collector 90, cyclone 106 and/or hopper 108, and described energy source can be for dried feed.By using described in this manual technology, can remove moisture in raw material about 5%, 6%, 7%, 10%, 15%, 30%, 50%, 90%, more than 95%.The amount of this kind of moisture (for example, 5%, 6%, 7%, 10%, 15%, 30%, 50%, 90%, more than 95%) can be removed in following position: feed bin 64, raw material machine 70, transveyer 72, impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator 74, cyclone 80, vibrating screen 82, particle collector 84, raw material storage silo 86, particle collector 90, cyclone 106, hopper 108 or above-mentioned combine.
Fig. 3 is the skeleton diagram of the embodiment of energy source 17, and described energy source comprises used heat 19, steam 21, gas 23, liquid 25 and electric power 27, and these energy sources are for being provided to some system by conduit 66, as feed bin 64.As noted above, energy source can also be provided to system so that dried feed, and system 11 can comprise raw material machine 70, transveyer 72, impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator 74, cyclone 80, vibrating screen 82, bag filter 84, raw material storage silo 86, particle collector 90, cyclone 106 and/or hopper 108.
As shown in the figure, used heat 19 is used conduit 114, and steam 21 is used conduit 116, and gas 23 is used conduit 118, and liquid 25 is used conduit 120, and electric power 27 is used circuit/conduit 122.Conduit 114,116,118,120 and/or 122 energy that can carry for moisture is removed from raw material.For example, energy can change into heat by various technology, as described in greater detail below.
In described embodiment, can used heat be applied on feed bin 64 with waste heat recovery unit 124.Waste heat recovery unit 124 can comprise recuperator (recuperator), in described recuperator, can make with the waste hot steam of fluid, for example, the metallic conduit that delivers hot conveyance fluid warms, and the conveyance fluid of described heat can be used for moisture to remove from raw material.Waste heat recovery unit 124 can also comprise revivifier, and in described revivifier, waste hot steam recirculation, by raw material, does not remove moisture until leave any available heat.Waste heat recovery unit 124 can comprise tubular heater exchhanger (heat pipe exchanger) in addition, described tubular heater exchhanger combination heat conductivity and phase transformation, thus more effectively manage two heat transmission between solid interface.Waste heat recovery unit 124 may further include thermal wheel, as has the rotary heat exchanger of the circular honeycomb matrix of heat-sink material.Similarly, the heat pump that waste heat recovery unit 124 can also comprise economizer (for example, Green (Green) formula economizer) and can make organic fluid seethe with excitement.Similarly, waste heat recovery unit 124 can comprise winding coil, and described winding coil can comprise two or more many rows formula finned tube coils, and described many rows formula finned tube coil is connected to each other by a circle pump line.As attached or alternative, aforementioned techniques (for example, recuperator, revivifier, tubular heater exchhanger, thermal wheel (thermal heel), economizer, heat pump, winding coil) can be used singly or in combination in steam heat exchanger 126, gaseous heat exchanger 128 and/or liquid heat-exchange gas 130.
Electric power 27 can also be provided to electric heater 132, to remove raw material moisture.Electric heater 132 can comprise conduction-type well heater (for example, radiant heater), and wherein heating occurs by conduction.Electric heater 132 can also comprise by the convection type heater of convective heating raw material.For example, electrical immersion heater, fan-type well heater, electric pole type well heater, storage type well heater, electric heating pump and analogue can be included in electric heater 132.Heating system 124,126,128,130 and 132 can be carried the heat between 66 ℃ to 290 ℃, 50 ℃ to 100 ℃, 75 ℃ to 200 ℃, 100 ℃ to 300 ℃.By use may be the remaining energy source 17 for heating raw otherwise, can higher gasification and the operation of equipment of implementation efficiency.
Fig. 4 is the skeleton diagram of the embodiment of the process 134 that can be used for moisture to remove from raw material, and described raw material comprises inferior coal charcoal and/or biofuel.Process 134 can comprise: nonvolatile machine readable medium stores can for example, be used for implementing code or the computer instruction of disclosed technology in this manual by calculating device (, controller 15).In described embodiment, energy source 17 can be selected (square frame 136).Energy source 17 for example can comprise used heat 19, steam 21(, rudimentary steam), gas 23(for example, sweep gas, discharge gas, stack gas), liquid 25(for example, hot water) and/or electric power 27(for example, standby power).The selection of energy source 17 can comprise uses current device situation, state of affairs and/or predicted time to select.
For example, if equipment 10 just at overproduction electric power, the superfluous electric power of some of them can be provided as electric power 27 so.Similarly, if equipment is being produced untapped steam 21, gas 23, liquid 25, or more broadly, produce used heat 19, can use aforementioned energy so.Subsequently, for example, can be by energy 17 guiding (square frame 138) to feed bin 64, raw material machine 70, transveyer 72, impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator 74, cyclone 80, vibrating screen 82, bag filter 84, raw material storage silo 86, particle collector 90, cyclone 106 and/or hopper 108, so that dried feed.As mentioned above, can be from following guiding energy 17:HRSG54, steam turbine 52, cooling tower 60, air processing unit 20, sulphuring treatment device 24, gasifier 16, ASU38, air compressor 40, DGAN42, turbine 44, compressor 48, load 50, steam turbine 52, HRSG54, load 56, condenser 58 and/or cooling tower 60.By selecting and combining the energy source 17 that may otherwise wait until use, the efficiency of equipment 10 can improve.
Subsequently, energy 17 can be removed moisture (square frame 140) from raw material.As mentioned above, can come applied energy 17 to remove moisture (square frame 140) by various technology, described technology includes, but is not limited to waste heat recovery unit 124, steam heat exchanger 126, gaseous heat exchanger 128, liquid heat exchanger 130 and/or electric heater 132.Subsequently, the raw material that moisture can be reduced is provided to gasifier (square frame 142), for changing into synthetic gas.By apply various energy sources 17 in order to, for example, the raw material in dry feed bin 64, the disclosed embodiments can improve raw material mobility, reduce and stop up, and more broadly, can improve whole plant efficiency.
Technique effect of the present invention comprises that the energy being provided for by recycling from existing installation parts carries out dry system and method to solid material.Specifically, as mentioned above, middle pressure steam can reboot by existing installation parts, and described existing installation parts are as water-gas shift reaction device and/or sulfur recovery unit, and described middle pressure steam can be used for drying solid raw material.The disclosed embodiments can be parts for new facility, or can implement as the other repacking to existing solid fuel preparation system.In addition, the disclosed embodiments can be applied to come with steam any other application of drying solid raw material.
This specification sheets use-case discloses the present invention, and comprising optimal mode, and under making, any technician in field can put into practice the present invention, comprising manufacturing and use any device or system and carrying out any contained method.Scope of patent protection of the present invention is defined by claims, and can comprise other examples that those skilled in the art finds out.If the structural element that these type of other examples have is identical with the letter of claims, if or the equivalent structure element that comprises of these type of other examples and the letter of claims there is no essential difference, these type of other examples intentions are also in the scope of claims so.

Claims (20)

1. a system, it comprises:
Be arranged at least one energy source in equipment for gasification,, wherein said at least one energy source is configured for energy is provided;
Raw material supply source, it is configured for conveying solid substance raw material;
Be arranged on the feed bin in downstream, described raw material supply source, wherein said feed bin is configured for and receives described solid material and dried feed is provided;
Be arranged on the gasifier in described feed bin downstream, wherein said gasifier is configured for from described dried feed and produces synthetic gas; And
Heating system, it is configured for and uses solid material described in solid material described in described energy direct heating, indirect heating, or the combination of above-mentioned two kinds of modes, so that moisture is removed in the described solid material from described feed bin.
2. the system as claimed in claim 1, also comprise and be arranged on described feed bin downstream de raw material weighing charger, wherein said at least one energy source be configured for provide described energy to described raw material weighing charger to be dried described solid material, and wherein said raw material weighing charger is configured for and weighs and move described solid material.
3. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said at least one energy source comprises heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), steam turbine, cooling tower, air processing unit, unit for treating water, sulphuring treatment device, gasifier, air gas separation unit (ASU), compressor, condenser or above-mentioned combination.
4. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said energy comprises discarded energy source, steam, gas, liquid, electric power or above-mentioned combination.
5. system as claimed in claim 4, wherein said heating system comprises waste heat recovery unit, steam heat exchanger, gaseous heat exchanger, liquid heat exchanger, electric heater or above-mentioned combination.
6. system as claimed in claim 4, wherein said heating system comprises waste heat recovery unit, and wherein said waste heat recovery unit comprises recuperator, revivifier, tubular heater exchhanger, thermal wheel, economizer, heat pump, winding coil or above-mentioned combination.
7. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said equipment for gasification comprises Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) generating set.
8. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said solid material comprises low-quality coal, biofuel or above-mentioned combination.
9. the system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said heating system is configured for to be removed at least 10% moisture from described solid material, to produce described dried feed.
10. the system as claimed in claim 1, also comprise raw material weighing charger, transveyer, impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator, cyclone, vibrating screen, particle collector, hopper or above-mentioned combination, above-mentioned every dry described solid material of described energy using from described at least one energy source that is configured for.
11. 1 kinds of systems, described system comprises:
At least one energy source, it is configured for provides energy;
Raw material supply source, it is configured for conveying solid substance raw material;
Be arranged on the fluidization system in downstream, described raw material supply source, wherein said fluidization system is configured for and receives described solid material and dry fluidisation raw material is provided; And
Heating system, it is configured for described energy and heats the described solid material in described fluidization system, so that moisture is removed from described solid material.
12. systems as claimed in claim 11, also comprise gasifier, described gasifier is configured for the described dry fluidisation raw material of gasification, and wherein said gasifier comprises fluidized-bed gasifier, updraft type gasifier, downdraft gasification device, crossdraft gasifier, two combustion vaporizer, fluid injected bed gasifier, molten bath gasifier, moving-bed gasification device or above-mentioned combination.
13. systems as claimed in claim 11, wherein said fluidization system comprises feed bin, raw material weighing charger, transveyer, impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator, cyclone, vibrating screen, particle collector, hopper or above-mentioned combination, above-mentioned every dry described solid material of described energy using from described at least one energy source that is configured for.
14. systems as claimed in claim 13, wherein said feed bin is arranged on described raw material weighing charger upstream, described raw material weighing charger is arranged on described transveyer upstream, described transveyer is arranged on described impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator upstream, described impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator are arranged on described cyclone upstream, described cyclone is arranged on described particle collector upstream, and described particle collector is arranged on described hopper upstream, and described hopper is arranged on described gasifier upstream.
15. systems as claimed in claim 11, wherein said at least one energy source comprises heat recovery steam generator, steam turbine, cooling tower, air processing unit, unit for treating water, sulphuring treatment device, gasifier, air gas separation unit, compressor, condenser or above-mentioned combination.
16. 1 kinds of systems, described system comprises:
Fluidization system, it is configured for and makes solid material fluidisation, and described fluidization system comprises:
Feed bin, it is configured for dry described solid material;
Transveyer;
Cyclone;
Particle collector; And
Hopper, is wherein arranged at least one energy source in equipment for gasification and is configured for energy is offered to described feed bin, so that dry described solid material.
17. systems as claimed in claim 16, wherein said fluidization system comprises raw material weighing charger, impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator and vibrating screen, and wherein said transveyer, described cyclone, described particle collector, described raw material weighing charger, described impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator, described vibrating screen, or above-mentioned combination, be configured for dry described solid material.
18. systems as claimed in claim 17, wherein said feed bin is arranged on described raw material weighing charger upstream, described raw material weighing charger is arranged on described transveyer upstream, described transveyer is arranged on described impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator upstream, described impact grinding machine and moisture eliminator are arranged on described cyclone upstream, described cyclone is arranged on described particle collector upstream, and described particle collector is arranged on described hopper upstream, and described hopper is arranged on gasifier upstream.
19. systems as claimed in claim 16, wherein said feed bin comprises waste heat recovery unit, steam heat exchanger, gaseous heat exchanger, liquid heat exchanger, electric heater or above-mentioned combination, above-mentioned every dry described solid material that is configured for.
20. systems as claimed in claim 16, wherein said at least one energy source comprises heat recovery steam generator, steam turbine, cooling tower, air processing unit, unit for treating water, sulphuring treatment device, gasifier, air gas separation unit, compressor, condenser or above-mentioned combination.
CN201310325410.9A 2012-07-30 2013-07-30 Systems for preheating feedstock Pending CN103571544A (en)

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