CN103566923A - Cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxide oxygen storage material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxide oxygen storage material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- -1 Cerium zirconium aluminum Chemical compound 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- RCFVMJKOEJFGTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium zirconium Chemical compound [Zr].[Ce] RCFVMJKOEJFGTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical group [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium nitrate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010009 beating Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010482 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000053 polysorbate 80 Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butoxyethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCO POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- RCEAADKTGXTDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N OS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCC[Na] Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCC[Na] RCEAADKTGXTDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002565 Polyethylene Glycol 400 Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- JLFNLZLINWHATN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO JLFNLZLINWHATN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003712 anti-aging effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical group [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019994 cava Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxide oxygen storage material and a preparation method thereof. According to the cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxide oxygen storage material, the particle size is 5 to 10 nm; the BET specific surface area is 200 to 240 m<2>/g; the pore volume is 0.50 to 0.70 cm<3>/g; the average pore size is 5 to 10 nm; a cerium zirconium solid solution has a stable cubic fluorite structure. The cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxide oxygen storage material provided by the invention has the characteristics of stable structure, large specific surface area, excellent oxygen storage performance and excellent anti-ageing performance. The preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages of easily accessible raw materials and low production cost, and is suitable for industrialized amplification production.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of hydrogen-storing material and preparation method thereof, be particularly applied to cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material of purifying vehicle exhaust and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Cerium oxide, as the key component of hydrogen-storing material in three-way catalyst, plays the main oxygen effect of storing.But the cerium oxide of one-component is just easy sintering at 850 ℃, causes specific area sharply to decline, and pore passage structure caves in, and stores oxygen degradation.There are some researches show that cerium oxide and zirconia form after solid solution, along with zirconium atom enters the lattice of cerium oxide, stored oxygen ability and high-temperature behavior and all obtained larger lifting, but still can not meet the environmental requirement of increasingly stringent.
Up-to-date disclosed result of study shows to introduce γ-Al in cerium zirconium sosoloid
2o
3, can further promote the high-temperature stability of hydrogen-storing material and store oxygen performance.γ-Al
2o
3the agglomeration that can suppress cerium zirconium sosoloid particle, cerium zirconium sosoloid can improve γ-Al to a certain extent
2o
3to α-Al
2o
3phase transition temperature, both interact, and jointly promote.For example, Chinese patent CN1695798A discloses a kind of preparation method of Ce-Zr-Al based oxygen stored material, but needs to add stabilizing agent in its preparation process, and preparation method is complicated, to having relatively high expectations of equipment.Chinese patent CN101112683A discloses the preparation method that one-step method is prepared cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides, before precipitation, added surfactant, filter cake adopts is roasting after traditional oven dry, and the specific area of product is lower, and high-temperature aging resisting performance still has problems.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material and preparation method thereof, the defect existing to overcome prior art.
Described cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material, is characterized in that, grain diameter is 5-10nm, and BET specific area is 200-240m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.50-0.70cm
3/ g, average pore size is 5-10nm, and cerium zirconium sosoloid has stable cubic fluorite structure, and the mass percent of each component is:
Cerium oxide 10-30%
Zirconia 10-20%
Aluminium oxide 50-80%;
Wherein: aluminium oxide is γ-Al
2o
3;
Described cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material, the BET specific area at 1000 ℃ after roasting 4h is greater than 110m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.30-0.50cm
3/ g, average pore size is 13-18nm.
The preparation method of described cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material, comprises the steps:
(1) boehmite is dispersed in the aqueous solution containing first surface activating agent, stirs 1-3h, obtain slurries A;
(2) cerous nitrate, zirconium nitrate is soluble in water, with hydrogen peroxide, trivalent cerium is oxidized to quadrivalent cerium, obtain hybrid metal solion B;
(3) hybrid metal solion B is joined in slurries A, stir 1-3h;
(4) under reaction temperature, with ammoniacal liquor, pH value is adjusted to 9-10, continues to stir 1-4h;
(5) still aging 2-4h, filters, and washing is to neutral, and gained filter cake disperses with the making beating of second surface activator solution, and roasting obtains described cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material.
In the slurries that described boehmite disperses, the mass ratio 1:4-1:8 of aluminium oxide and the aqueous solution.
In described hybrid metal solion, the mass percent concentration of cerium, zirconium nitrate is respectively: cerous nitrate 10-30%, zirconium nitrate 10-20%;
The consumption of hydrogen peroxide is 1.0-2.0 times of cerous nitrate mole, and there is no particular limitation for the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, can adopt the product of commercially available various concentration, preferably 15~35%(weight).
Described first surface activating agent is one or more in Tween 80, lauryl sodium sulfate or softex kw, and addition is the 10-30wt% of cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides gross mass.
Described second surface activating agent is one or more in Tween 80, PEG400 or butyl glycol ether, and addition is the 50-100wt% of cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides gross mass.
Described reaction temperature and ageing are 50-90 ℃; The temperature of described roasting is 550-700 ℃, and roasting time is 3-8h, and heating rate is 2-10 ℃/min.
The washing of described filter cake can adopt the method for water washing, and described water can adopt deionized water, distilled water.
The inventor surprisingly finds, adopt the cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides of ad hoc structure, can solve specific area and aging stable contradiction, this cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides has specific structure, also adopting boehmite is aluminium source, cerium zirconium sosoloid is loaded on to alumina surface, increased specific area on the one hand, make cerium zirconium sosoloid distribution of particles more even; Cerium zirconium sosoloid is distributed in surface on the other hand, can improve the utilization rate of cerium atom.
Feature of the present invention is, the difference according to surfactant action principle in cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides preparation process, adds at twice: before precipitation, adding is mainly the size of controlling cerium zirconium sosoloid granular precursor, reduces its reunion; Before roasting, add is mainly in roasting process, to create abundant pore passage structure for presoma.
Compared with prior art, cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides of the present invention have Stability Analysis of Structures, specific area high, store oxygen excellent performance, feature that ageing resistace is good.The inventive method raw material is easy to get, production cost is low, and suitability for industrialized is amplified production.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are respectively that the cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides of embodiment 3 preparations in the present invention XRD fresh and aged samples schemes.
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 are respectively that the cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides of embodiment 3 preparations in the present invention TEM fresh and aged samples schemes.
The specific embodiment
Embodiment 1
The boehmite 114.3g that is 70% by alumina content joins in 216.0g deionized water, adds 30.0g Tween 80, in 90 ℃ of water-baths, adds thermal agitation 1h; By 25.6g cerous nitrate and 30.3g zirconium nitrate 200g deionized water dissolving, add 26.4g hydrogen peroxide (15wt%), fully after oxidation, join in above-mentioned solution insulation 1h; The ammoniacal liquor that to add concentration be 25wt%, the pH that controls terminal of take is as the criterion as 10, insulation 1h.Then stop stirring, ageing 3h at 90 ℃, filters and obtains sediment, is washed with water to neutrality, in filter cake, add 50g PEG400, making beating disperses, and is placed in 550 ℃ of roasting 3h of Muffle furnace, heating rate is 2 ℃/min, obtains cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material of the present invention.
Consisting of of this material, cerium oxide 10%, zirconia 10%, aluminium oxide 80%.The fresh specific area of this material is 240m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.70cm
3/ g, average pore size is 5nm; Specific area after 1000 ℃ of roasting 4h is 136m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.50cm
3/ g, average pore size is 13nm.The average grain diameter of this material is 5nm, disperses comparatively evenly, and aging rear particle is grown up to some extent, only has slight sintering.
Embodiment 2
The boehmite 71.4g that is 70% by alumina content joins in 324.9g deionized water, adds 10.0g lauryl sodium sulfate, in 50 ℃ of water-baths, adds thermal agitation 3h; By 76.9g cerous nitrate and 60.6g zirconium nitrate 200g deionized water dissolving, add 17.0g hydrogen peroxide (35wt%), fully after oxidation, join in above-mentioned solution insulation 3h; The ammoniacal liquor that to add concentration be 25wt%, the pH that controls terminal of take is as the criterion as 9, insulation 4h.Then stop stirring, ageing 4h at 50 ℃, filters and obtains sediment, is washed with water to neutrality, in filter cake, add 50g Tween 80, making beating disperses, and is placed in 700 ℃ of roasting 8h of Muffle furnace, heating rate is 10 ℃/min, obtains cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material of the present invention.
Consisting of of this material, cerium oxide 30%, zirconia 20%, aluminium oxide 50%.The fresh specific area of this material is 198m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.50cm
3/ g, average pore size is 10nm; Specific area after 1000 ℃ of roasting 4h is 111m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.30cm
3/ g, average pore size is 18nm.The average grain diameter of this material is 10nm, disperses comparatively evenly, and aging rear particle is grown up to some extent, only has slight sintering.
Embodiment 3
The boehmite 85.7g that is 70% by alumina content joins in 200g deionized water, adds 20.0g softex kw, in 70 ℃ of water-baths, adds thermal agitation 2h; By 59.0g cerous nitrate and 51.5g zirconium nitrate 200g deionized water dissolving, add 18.2g hydrogen peroxide (30wt%), fully after oxidation, join in above-mentioned solution insulation 2h; The ammoniacal liquor that to drip concentration be 25wt%, the pH that controls terminal of take is as the criterion as 9.5, insulation 2h.Then stop stirring 70
℃lower ageing 2h, filters and obtains sediment, is washed with water to neutrality, in filter cake, adds 80g butyl glycol ether, and making beating disperses, and is placed in 600 ℃ of roasting 4h of Muffle furnace, and heating rate is 5 ℃/min, obtains cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material of the present invention.
Consisting of of this material, cerium oxide 23%, zirconia 17%, aluminium oxide 60%.Accompanying drawing 1 is shown in by this material XRD collection of illustrative plates, and fresh specific area is 216m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.63cm
3/ g, average pore size is 8nm; Specific area after 1000 ℃ of roasting 4h is 138m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.42cm
3/ g, average pore size is 16nm, accompanying drawing 2 is shown in by the XRD collection of illustrative plates after aging.The average grain diameter of this material is 8nm, disperses comparatively evenly (seeing accompanying drawing 3TEM photo), and aging rear particle is grown up to some extent, only has slight sintering (seeing accompanying drawing 4TEM photo).
Comparative example 1
The boehmite 85.7g that is 70% by alumina content joins in 200g deionized water, adds 20.0g softex kw, in 70 ℃ of water-baths, adds thermal agitation 2h; By 59.0g cerous nitrate and 51.5g zirconium nitrate 200g deionized water dissolving, add 18.2g hydrogen peroxide (30wt%), fully after oxidation, join in above-mentioned solution insulation 2h; The ammoniacal liquor that to drip concentration be 25wt%, the pH that controls terminal of take is as the criterion as 9.5, insulation 2h.Then stop stirring, ageing 2h at 70 ℃, filters and obtains sediment, is washed with water to neutrality, and 110 ℃ of oven dry, are then placed in 600 ℃ of roasting 4h of Muffle furnace, and heating rate is 5 ℃/min, and products therefrom is cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material.
Consisting of of this material, cerium oxide 23%, zirconia 17%, aluminium oxide 60%.The fresh specific area of this material is 171m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.21cm
3/ g, average pore size is 14nm; Specific area after 1000 ℃ of roasting 4h is 92m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.12cm
3/ g, average pore size is 28nm.Fresh and aging specific area is all lower than the specific area of same composition sample in the present invention.
Comparative example 2
The boehmite 85.7g that is 70% by alumina content joins in 200g deionized water, in 70 ℃ of water-baths, adds thermal agitation 2h; By 59.0g cerous nitrate and 51.5g zirconium nitrate 200g deionized water dissolving, add 18.2g hydrogen peroxide (30wt%), fully after oxidation, join in above-mentioned solution insulation 2h; The ammoniacal liquor that to drip concentration be 25wt%, the pH that controls terminal of take is as the criterion as 9.5, insulation 2h.Then stop stirring, ageing 2h at 70 ℃, filters and obtains sediment, is washed with water to neutrality, in filter cake, add 80g butyl glycol ether, making beating disperses, and is placed in 600 ℃ of roasting 4h of Muffle furnace, heating rate is 5 ℃/min, gained cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material.
Consisting of of this material, cerium oxide 23%, zirconia 17%, aluminium oxide 60%.The fresh specific area of this material is 182m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.32cm
3/ g, average pore size is 13nm; Specific area after 1000 ℃ of roasting 4h is 98m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.21cm
3/ g, average pore size is 25nm.Fresh and aging specific area is all starkly lower than the specific area of same composition sample in the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material, is characterized in that, grain diameter is 5-10nm, and BET specific area is 200-240m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.50-0.70cm
3/ g, average pore size is 5-10nm, cerium zirconium sosoloid has stable cubic fluorite structure.
2. cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the mass percent of each component is:
Cerium oxide 10-30%
Zirconia 10-20%
Aluminium oxide 50-80%;
Wherein: aluminium oxide is γ-Al
2o
3.
3. cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, described cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material, and the BET specific area at 1000 ℃ after roasting 4h is greater than 110m
2/ g, pore volume is 0.30-0.50cm
3/ g, average pore size is 13-18nm.
4. according to the preparation method of the cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material described in claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterized in that, comprise the steps:
(1) boehmite is dispersed in the aqueous solution containing first surface activating agent, obtains slurries A;
(2) cerous nitrate, zirconium nitrate is soluble in water, with hydrogen peroxide, trivalent cerium is oxidized to quadrivalent cerium, obtain hybrid metal solion B;
(3) hybrid metal solion B is joined in slurries A, stir 1-3h;
(4) under reaction temperature, with ammoniacal liquor, pH value is adjusted to 9-10, stirs 1-4h;
(5) still aging 2-4h, filters, and washing is to neutral, and gained filter cake disperses with the making beating of second surface activator solution, and roasting obtains described cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides hydrogen-storing material.
5. method according to claim 4, is characterized in that, in the slurries that described boehmite disperses, and the mass ratio 1:4-1:8 of aluminium oxide and the aqueous solution.
6. method according to claim 4, is characterized in that, in described hybrid metal solion, the mass percent concentration of cerium, zirconium nitrate is respectively: cerous nitrate 10-30%, zirconium nitrate 10-20%.
7. method according to claim 4, is characterized in that, the consumption of hydrogen peroxide is 1.0-2.0 times of cerous nitrate mole.
8. method according to claim 4, is characterized in that, described first surface activating agent is one or more in Tween 80, lauryl sodium sulfate or softex kw, and addition is the 10-30wt% of cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides gross mass;
Described second surface activating agent is one or more in Tween 80, PEG400 or butyl glycol ether, and addition is the 50-100wt% of cerium zirconium aluminum composite oxides gross mass.
9. method according to claim 4, is characterized in that, reaction temperature and ageing are 50-90 ℃, and the temperature of roasting is 550-700 ℃, and roasting time is 3-8h, and heating rate is 2-10 ℃/min.
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