CN103560270B - A kind of electrolyte for lithium ion battery - Google Patents

A kind of electrolyte for lithium ion battery Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103560270B
CN103560270B CN201310528328.6A CN201310528328A CN103560270B CN 103560270 B CN103560270 B CN 103560270B CN 201310528328 A CN201310528328 A CN 201310528328A CN 103560270 B CN103560270 B CN 103560270B
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electrolyte
ion battery
lithium ion
carbonate
battery according
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CN103560270A (en
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杨书廷
岳红云
吕秀夯
曹朝霞
陶亮亮
尹艳红
闫晓宾
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Henan Normal University
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Henan Normal University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
    • H01M2300/0034—Fluorinated solvents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of electrolyte for lithium ion battery, be made up of organic solvent, lithium salts and additive, the consumption of additive accounts for the 0.1-3% of electrolyte gross mass, and lithium salts concentration is in the electrolytic solution 0.1mol/L ~ 1.8mol/L; Described organic solvent comprises carbonate-based solvent and fluoric silane solvent, and wherein the structural formula of fluoric silane is as follows: wherein, R 1, R 2, R 3for the straight chained alkyl of identical or different C1-C6.Electrolyte of the present invention can use under more than 4.5V high voltage condition, solves lithium ion battery under high voltage discharge and recharge condition, easily decomposes the problem causing cycle performance of lithium ion battery, storge quality and security performance to decline.Experiment proves, electrolyte of the present invention not easily decomposes under high voltages, and the capability retention after 100 times that circulates can reach more than 95%, substantially increases the cycle performance of lithium ion battery under high voltage condition and high rate performance.

Description

A kind of electrolyte for lithium ion battery
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of electrolyte for lithium ion battery, belong to field of lithium ion battery.
Background technology
Lithium ion battery has that operating voltage is high, specific capacity is large, have extended cycle life, memory-less effect and the advantage such as environmentally friendly, is widely used in mobile consumption electronic product.But along with lithium ion battery constantly widening in the application of the field such as electric automobile, the energy density of lithium ion battery and operating voltage are had higher requirement.
In order to meet the requirement to lithium ion battery energy density and operating voltage, research staff has carried out a large amount of improvement to lithium ion battery, have developed multiple high voltage positive electrode, as: LiNi 0.5mn 1.5o 4, LiCoPO 4deng (being greater than 4.7V).But the electrolyte of lithium ion battery easily decomposes under high voltage (more than 4.5V), cause the efficiency for charge-discharge of lithium ion battery lower, cycle performance is poor, thus limits further developing of high-voltage lithium ion batteries.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of electrolyte for lithium ion battery.
In order to realize above object, the technical solution adopted in the present invention provides a kind of electrolyte for lithium ion battery, be made up of organic solvent, lithium salts and additive, the consumption of additive accounts for the 0.1-3% of electrolyte gross mass, and lithium salts concentration is in the electrolytic solution 0.1mol/L ~ 1.8mol/L; Described organic solvent comprises carbonate-based solvent and fluoric silane solvent, and wherein the structural formula of fluoric silane is as follows:
Wherein, R 1, R 2, R 3for the straight chained alkyl of identical or different C1-C6.
Described R 1, R 2, R 3be preferably the straight chained alkyl of identical or different C1-C4.
The consumption of described fluoric silane solvent accounts for the 0.5-45% of electrolyte gross mass.
The consumption of described carbonate-based solvent accounts for the 25-95% of electrolyte gross mass.
Described carbonate-based solvent is at least one in cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate.
Described cyclic carbonate is at least one in ethylene carbonate, propene carbonate.
Described linear carbonate is at least one in dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate.
Described lithium salts is LiPF 6, LiClO 4, LiAsF 6, LiBOB, LiDFOB, LiBF 4, at least one in LiTFSI, LiFSI.
Described lithium salts concentration is in the electrolytic solution preferably 0.8mol/L ~ 1.2mol/L.
Described additive is 1,3-propane sultone, Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-butane sultones or 2, the 4-butyl sulfonic acid lactone that this area is commonly used.Preferably, the consumption of described additive accounts for the 0.8-2% of electrolyte gross mass.
Electrolyte of the present invention can use under more than 4.5V high voltage condition, solves lithium ion battery under high voltage discharge and recharge condition, easily decomposes the problem causing cycle performance of lithium ion battery, storge quality and security performance to decline.This is because fluoric silane has higher oxygen current potential; the oxidizing potential of electrolyte can be improved time used in combination with carbonate-based solvent; in pre-charge and discharge process, sultones class additive can form effective positive pole diaphragm at positive electrode surface simultaneously, thus improves cycle performance of battery.Experiment proves, electrolyte of the present invention not easily decomposes under high voltages, and the capability retention after 100 times that circulates can reach more than 95%, substantially increases the cycle performance of lithium ion battery under high voltage condition and high rate performance.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the cycle performance resolution chart of button cell under high voltage condition of electrolyte of the present invention assembling.
Embodiment
The preparation process following (reaction equation 1) of fluoric silane used in electrolyte embodiment 3-5 of the present invention:
In stainless steel autoclave, with 1-METHYLPYRROLIDONE (NMP) for solvent, under aluminium powder induction, chlorosilane and excessive bromotrifluoromethane are reacted and generate fluoric silane.
Reaction equation 1
The preparation process following (reaction equation 2) of fluoric silane used in electrolyte embodiment 6-8 of the present invention:
(1) under nitrogen protection, oxolane (THF) and chloralkane mixture are added in four neck round-bottomed flasks, then add magnesium sheet, under room temperature, reaction terminates to obtain alkyl Grignard reagent.After the alkyl grignard reagent obtained is down to room temperature, add catalyst sodium sulfocynanate, drip dichloro alkyl silane, temperature rising reflux 5h, adds n-hexane refrigerated separation, and filtered fluid distills and obtains an alkyl chloride base silane solvent.
(2) according to fluoric silane method for making in reaction equation 1, under aluminium powder induction, an alkyl chloride base silane and excessive bromotrifluoromethane effect are obtained fluoric silane used in embodiment 6-8.
Reaction equation 2
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment electrolyte for lithium ion battery:
1:1:1 takes ethylene carbonate respectively in mass ratio, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate be made into mixed solvent A, then by accounting for the mixed solvent A of electrolyte gross mass 50% and accounting for the trifluoromethyl trimethylsilane solvent of electrolyte gross mass 35%, mixed solvent B is made into; LiPF is added in mixed solvent B 6be mixed with the electrolyte of lithium salt 1mol/L, then add 1,3-propane sultone and get final product, the consumption of 1,3-propane sultone accounts for 2% of electrolyte gross mass.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment electrolyte for lithium ion battery:
2:2:1 takes ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate respectively and is made into mixed solvent A in mass ratio, then by accounting for the mixed solvent A of electrolyte gross mass 64% and accounting for the trifluoromethyltriethylsilane solvent of electrolyte gross mass 25%, mixed solvent B is made into; LiClO is added in mixed solvent B 4make lithium salt be 0.8mol/L, then add 1,3-propane sultone and get final product, the consumption of 1,3-propane sultone accounts for 1% of electrolyte gross mass.
Embodiment 3
The synthesis of trifluoromethyl n-pro-pyl dimethylsilane:
70mlN-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) is added in 150ml stainless steel autoclave; then 0.78g aluminium powder (100-200 μm) is added; add 5.46g propyl-dimethyl chlorosilane and 6.2g bromotrifluoromethane more under nitrogen protection; 5min initiation reaction is heated at 50 DEG C; react 3h under room temperature, filter.Filtered fluid air-distillation, collects the cut of 105 DEG C and get final product.
The present embodiment electrolyte for lithium ion battery:
Take the propene carbonate accounting for electrolyte gross mass 25%, mix with the trifluoromethyl n-pro-pyl dimethylsilane accounting for electrolyte gross mass 45%, be made into mixed solvent; The LiBF of mass ratio 3:1:2 is added in mixed solvent 4, LiTFSI and LiFSI mixing lithium salts make lithium salt be 1.8mol/L, then add Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-butane sultones and get final product, the consumption of Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-butane sultones accounts for 1.5% of electrolyte gross mass.
Embodiment 4
The synthesis of trifluoromethyl n-hexyl dimethylsilane: building-up process is with embodiment 3, and decompression distillation, collects the cut of 95 DEG C and get final product.
The present embodiment electrolyte for lithium ion battery:
3:1 takes ethylene carbonate respectively in mass ratio, dimethyl carbonate is made into mixed solvent A, is then mixed with the trifluoromethyl n-hexyl dimethylsilane accounting for electrolyte gross mass 10% by the mixed solvent A accounting for electrolyte gross mass 80%, is made into mixed solvent B; In mixed solvent B, add LiDFOB makes lithium salt be 0.5mol/L, and then add 2,4-butyl sulfonic acid lactone and get final product, the consumption of 2,4-butyl sulfonic acid lactone accounts for 3% of electrolyte gross mass.
Embodiment 5
The synthesis of trifluoromethyl three n-hexyl silane: building-up process is with embodiment 3, and decompression distillation, collects the cut of 154 DEG C and get final product.
The present embodiment electrolyte for lithium ion battery:
5:3:1 takes propene carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and methyl propyl carbonate respectively and is made into mixed solvent A in mass ratio, then the mixed solvent A accounting for electrolyte gross mass 80% is made into mixed solvent B with the trifluoromethyl three n-hexyl silane accounting for electrolyte gross mass 0.5%; LiAsF is added in mixed solvent B 6make lithium salt be 1.2mol/L, then add 1,3-propane sultone and get final product, the consumption of 1,3-propane sultone accounts for 2.5% of electrolyte gross mass.
Embodiment 6
The synthesis of trifluoromethyl n-pentyl ethyl-methyl silane:
(1) synthesis of n-pentyl ethyl-methyl chlorosilane: add 2.45g magnesium sheet in 500ml tetra-neck round-bottomed flask; 80ml oxolane (THF) and 6.45g monochlorethane is added under nitrogen protection; under room temperature, reaction generates ethyl RMgBr; be down to room temperature after completion of the reaction; add catalyst sodium sulfocynanate 0.1g, then drip n-pentyl dimethyl dichlorosilane (DMCS) 18.51g, be warming up to 60 DEG C of backflow 5h; add n-hexane 100ml, refrigerated separation.Filtered fluid decompression distillation, collects 83 DEG C of cuts and namely obtains n-pentyl ethyl-methyl chlorosilane.
(2) synthesis of trifluoromethyl n-pentyl ethyl-methyl silane: building-up process is with embodiment 3, and decompression distillation, collects the cut of 75 DEG C and get final product.
The present embodiment electrolyte for lithium ion battery:
3:1 takes propene carbonate and diethyl carbonate is made into mixed solvent A respectively in mass ratio, then by accounting for the mixed solvent A of electrolyte gross mass 77.5% and accounting for the trifluoromethyl n-pentyl ethyl-methyl silane mixture of electrolyte gross mass 2%, is made into mixed solvent B; In mixed solvent B, add LiBOB makes lithium salt be 1.5mol/L, and then add Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-butane sultones and get final product, the consumption of Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-butane sultones accounts for 0.5% of electrolyte gross mass.
Embodiment 7
The synthesis of trifluoromethyl three n-pro-pyl silane: building-up process is with embodiment 6, and decompression distillation, collects the cut of 117 DEG C and get final product.
The present embodiment electrolyte for lithium ion battery:
3:1:5 takes ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate respectively and is made into mixed solvent A in mass ratio, then by accounting for the mixed solvent A of electrolyte gross mass 81% and accounting for the trifluoromethyl three n-pro-pyl silane mixture of electrolyte gross mass 5%, mixed solvent B is made into; LiPF is added in mixed solvent B 6make lithium salt be 1.0mol/L, then add 2,4-butyl sulfonic acid lactone and get final product, the consumption of 2,4-butyl sulfonic acid lactone accounts for 0.8% of electrolyte gross mass.
Embodiment 8
The synthesis of trifluoromethyl di-n-butyl methyl-monosilane: building-up process is with embodiment 6, and decompression distillation, collects the cut of 90 DEG C and get final product.
The present embodiment electrolyte for lithium ion battery:
1:1:1 takes ethylene carbonate respectively in mass ratio, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate be made into mixed solvent A, then the mixed solvent A accounting for electrolyte gross mass 95% is mixed with the trifluoromethyl di-n-butyl methyl-monosilane accounting for electrolyte gross mass 3.5%, be made into mixed solvent B; LiPF is added in mixed solvent B 6make lithium salt be 0.1mol/L, then add 2,4-butyl sulfonic acid lactone and get final product, the consumption of 2,4-butyl sulfonic acid lactone accounts for 0.1% of electrolyte gross mass.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example electrolyte for lithium ion battery:
1:1:1 takes ethylene carbonate respectively in mass ratio, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate be made into mixed solvent A, then by accounting for the mixed solvent A of electrolyte gross mass 50% and accounting for the trifluoromethyl trimethylsilane solvent of electrolyte gross mass 35%, mixed solvent B is made into; LiPF is added in mixed solvent B 6make lithium salt be 1.0mol/L and get final product.
Comparative example 2
This comparative example electrolyte for lithium ion battery:
1:1:1 takes ethylene carbonate respectively in mass ratio, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate be made into mixed solvent, in mixed solvent, add LiPF 6make lithium salt be 1.0mol/L, then add 1,3-propane sultone and get final product, the consumption of 1,3-propane sultone accounts for 2% of electrolyte gross mass.
Experimental example
Experimental technique: with LiNi 0.5mn 1.5o 4for positive electrode, lithium metal is negative pole, and Celgard2400 is barrier film, and the electrolyte adding embodiment 1-8 and comparative example 1-2 is respectively assembled into button cell.At room temperature activate battery with 1/20C, 1/10C discharge and recharge between 3.5V to 5.0V respectively, with Posterior circle all with 1/5C discharge and recharge, result as shown in Figure 1.As can be seen from Figure 1:
Adopt the battery that embodiment 1 electrolyte is assembled into: battery is discharge capacity 136.2mAh/g first, the discharge capacity after 100 times that circulates is 132.7mAh/g, capability retention 97.4%.
Adopt the battery that embodiment 2 electrolyte is assembled into: battery is discharge capacity 135.8mAh/g first, the discharge capacity after 100 times that circulates is 131.3mAh/g, capability retention 96.6%.
Adopt the battery that embodiment 3 electrolyte is assembled into: battery is discharge capacity 136.6mAh/g first, the discharge capacity after 100 times that circulates is 130.5mAh/g, capability retention 95.5%.
Adopt the battery that embodiment 4 electrolyte is assembled into: battery is discharge capacity 135.2mAh/g first, the discharge capacity after 100 times that circulates is 129mAh/g, capability retention 95.4%.
Adopt the battery that embodiment 5 electrolyte is assembled into: battery is discharge capacity 135.6mAh/g first, the discharge capacity after 100 times that circulates is 129.1mAh/g, capability retention 95.2%.
Adopt the battery that embodiment 6 electrolyte is assembled into: battery is discharge capacity 136mAh/g first, the discharge capacity after 100 times that circulates is 130.8mAh/g, capability retention 96.1%.
Adopt the battery that embodiment 7 electrolyte is assembled into: battery is discharge capacity 136.3mAh/g first, the discharge capacity after 100 times that circulates is 132.1mAh/g, capability retention 96.9%.
Adopt the battery that embodiment 8 electrolyte is assembled into: battery is discharge capacity 136.9mAh/g first, the discharge capacity after 100 times that circulates is 132mAh/g, capability retention 96.4%.
Adopt the battery that comparative example 1 electrolyte is assembled into: battery is discharge capacity 137.3mAh/g first, the discharge capacity after 100 times that circulates is 114.5mAh/g, capability retention 83.3%.
Adopt the battery that comparative example 2 electrolyte is assembled into: battery is discharge capacity 136.9mAh/g first, the discharge capacity after 100 times that circulates is 107.5mAh/g, capability retention 78.5%.
Therefore can prove, electrolyte of the present invention not easily decomposes under high voltages, can improve cycle performance and the high rate performance of lithium ion battery.

Claims (10)

1. an electrolyte for lithium ion battery, is characterized in that, is made up of organic solvent, lithium salts and additive, and the consumption of additive accounts for the 0.1-3% of electrolyte gross mass, and lithium salts concentration is in the electrolytic solution 0.1mol/L ~ 1.8mol/L; Described organic solvent comprises carbonate-based solvent and fluoric silane solvent, and wherein the structural formula of fluoric silane is as follows:
Wherein, R 1, R 2, R 3for the straight chained alkyl of identical or different C1-C6;
Described additive is 1,3-propane sultone or Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-butane sultones or 2,4-butyl sulfonic acid lactone.
2. electrolyte for lithium ion battery according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described R 1, R 2, R 3for the straight chained alkyl of identical or different C1-C4.
3. electrolyte for lithium ion battery according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the consumption of described fluoric silane solvent accounts for the 0.5-45% of electrolyte gross mass.
4. electrolyte for lithium ion battery according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the consumption of described carbonate-based solvent accounts for the 25-95% of electrolyte gross mass.
5. electrolyte for lithium ion battery according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described carbonate-based solvent is at least one in cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate.
6. electrolyte for lithium ion battery according to claim 5, is characterized in that, described cyclic carbonate is at least one in ethylene carbonate, propene carbonate.
7. electrolyte for lithium ion battery according to claim 5, is characterized in that, described linear carbonate is at least one in dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate.
8. electrolyte for lithium ion battery according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described lithium salts is LiPF 6, LiClO 4, LiAsF 6, LiBOB, LiDFOB, LiBF 4, at least one in LiTFSI, LiFSI.
9. electrolyte for lithium ion battery according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described lithium salts concentration is in the electrolytic solution 0.8mol/L ~ 1.2mol/L.
10. electrolyte for lithium ion battery according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the consumption of described additive accounts for the 0.8-2% of electrolyte gross mass.
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CN107591564A (en) * 2016-07-06 2018-01-16 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 Electrolyte and lithium ion battery
CN111029650B (en) * 2017-02-13 2023-05-02 宁德新能源科技有限公司 Electrolyte and secondary battery
US11398643B2 (en) * 2017-06-01 2022-07-26 Showa Denko Materials Co., Ltd. Electrolytic solution and electrochemical device
CN109818065A (en) * 2019-04-01 2019-05-28 北京工商大学 The high-voltage electrolyte and preparation method containing additive for lithium ion secondary battery
CN110137570A (en) * 2019-04-30 2019-08-16 欣旺达惠州动力新能源有限公司 A kind of electrolyte and the lithium ion secondary battery for having used it
CN113207318A (en) * 2019-12-03 2021-08-03 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 Secondary battery, electrolyte and device comprising the same
CN112216867B (en) * 2020-09-29 2023-02-07 中国科学院成都有机化学有限公司 Electrolyte additive, lithium ion high-voltage electrolyte and lithium ion battery
CN112421039A (en) * 2020-11-11 2021-02-26 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所 Fluorosilane-coated composite cathode material and preparation method and application thereof
CN116130766B (en) * 2022-12-20 2023-11-14 三一红象电池有限公司 Electrolyte and sodium ion battery

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