CN103552459A - 串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统 - Google Patents

串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统 Download PDF

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CN103552459A
CN103552459A CN201310467918.2A CN201310467918A CN103552459A CN 103552459 A CN103552459 A CN 103552459A CN 201310467918 A CN201310467918 A CN 201310467918A CN 103552459 A CN103552459 A CN 103552459A
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power
control system
vehicle
auxiliary power
fuel
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CN201310467918.2A
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CN103552459B (zh
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李书福
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Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co Ltd
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Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co Ltd
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Priority to CN201310467918.2A priority Critical patent/CN103552459B/zh
Application filed by Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co Ltd filed Critical Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co Ltd
Priority to CN201610283388.XA priority patent/CN105774514B/zh
Publication of CN103552459A publication Critical patent/CN103552459A/zh
Priority to JP2016520686A priority patent/JP6134062B2/ja
Priority to PCT/CN2014/084659 priority patent/WO2015051671A1/en
Priority to EP14853089.2A priority patent/EP3055153B1/en
Priority to US14/626,001 priority patent/US9193254B2/en
Priority to US14/931,487 priority patent/US10081252B2/en
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/15Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with additional electric power supply
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/32Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the fuel cells
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/46Series type
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0092Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption with use of redundant elements for safety purposes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/61Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries by batteries charged by engine-driven generators, e.g. series hybrid electric vehicles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/02Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches
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    • B60W10/00Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • F16DCOUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
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    • Y10S903/904Component specially adapted for hev
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S903/902Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
    • Y10S903/903Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/951Assembly or relative location of components

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供了一种串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,包括:燃料源;控制系统;至少两个辅助动力单元,其在控制系统的控制下各自独立地从燃料源接收燃料,将燃料中的化学能转化为直流电能输出到公共电流总线;动力电池,其电连接到公共电流总线,以在控制系统的控制下从公共电流总线接收电能进行充电或通过公共电流总线进行放电;和牵引电机,其电连接到公共电流总线,以在控制系统的控制下从公共电流总线接收电能,将其转换为机械能传递给车辆的传动系驱动车辆运行。该动力系统可灵活组合多台发动机进行工作,允许使用能量密度较低的代用燃料,允许辅助动力单元中的发动机工作于处于油耗同排放很低的工况区域,有效减少了排放,提高了燃料经济性。

Description

串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统
技术领域
本发明涉及混合动力车辆,特别是涉及一种串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统。
背景技术
20世纪90年代以来,世界范围内的能源危机和环境污染问题日趋严重。石油在世界总能源消费中占比40%以上,按目前的探明储量和消耗速度估计,地球上的石油资源可能在未来几十年内消耗殆尽。
机动车辆是石油的主要消耗者和大气污染的主要制造者。机动车辆尾气中的CO2是地球温室效应的主要来源之一,而尾气中的其它成分也是重要的城市大气污染物。
多年来的实践证明,使用新型燃料和新型动力系统是解决车辆能源瓶颈与尾气污染的一个重要途径。在新型燃料方面,实践证明,使用较汽油、柴油更清洁的代用燃料是解决能源危机和排放污染问题的可行方案。在新型动力系统方面,尽管使用铅酸、镍氢或锂等动力蓄电池的纯电动车辆具有零排放、低噪音和高效率的优点,但由于电能存储技术的制约,导致纯电动车辆不但制造成本高,而且续航里程短和充电时间长,目前以及未来相当长的一段时间内尚不能真正满足人们的使用需求,没有足够的市场竞争力。混合动力车辆是一种介于传统车辆和纯电动车辆之间的过渡型车辆,兼有两者的一些优点,如超低排放、高效率和续航里程长等,只是成本较采用传统动力系统的车辆稍高。
混合动力车辆的动力系统包括串联式、并联式和混联式等多种类型,其中串联式混合动力系统结构设计相对简单、稳定性好,能有效地实现各种能源的分配和合成,是混合动力车辆动力系统目前研究开发的热点技术路线之一。
串联混合电动车辆(SHEV)一般把动力蓄电池和燃料发电机组作为两种基本的能量存储转换装置,其中燃料发电机组(发动机+发电机)也称为辅助动力单元(APU)。在现有技术的串联式混合动力车辆中,一般仅仅设置一个辅助动力单元,在这个辅助动力单元中主要包含仅仅一个燃油发动机(汽油发动机或柴油发动机)作为发动机以及仅仅一个将发动机输出的动能转变为电能的发电机,燃油发动机与驱动车辆运行的牵引电机之间没有机械连接。然而,这种现有技术的串联式混合动力车辆虽然能够较好地降低车辆的尾气排放,获得较好的燃油经济性,但是其仍然是以汽油或柴油作为燃料,并未解决石油资源紧缺枯竭的问题。究其原因,这是因为目前的代用燃料例如天然气、甲烷等能量密度普遍较低,而串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统中一般存在三次能量转换过程(化学能—>机械能—>电能—>机械能),能量转换效率相对并联式混合动力系统低,因而本领域技术人员一般认为不宜在串联式混合动力车辆中使用能量密度较低的代用燃料。
串联式混合动力车辆辅助动力单元的功能包括直接输出电能并通过牵引电机驱动车辆运行、输出电能为高压动力电池充电、以及通过DC/DC为车辆低压蓄电池充电等。辅助动力单元的基本工作机制为:在控制系统的作用下,发动机通过机械连接带动发电机转子转动,同时通过控制发电机转子上线圈中的电流强度在发电机内部得到适当磁场强度,发电机定子上的线圈在形成的交变磁场作用下产生电能。在应用于车辆驱动之前,这样的中小型燃料发电机组多被作为移动式临时供电系统使用,其特点为工作状态相对稳定、转速波动较小、起停不频繁。然而,串联式混合动力车辆中使用的辅助动力单元在电路上同动力电池并联,通过电机驱动车辆运转,这就要求燃料发电机组具有运行工况覆盖范围大、响应迅速、过渡过程平顺等特点,其控制水平直接影响整个动力系统的动力性、安全性及寿命。也就是说,传统上作为移动式临时供电系统使用的燃料发电机组与串联式混合动力车辆中燃料发电机组性能要求完全不同,因而其结构设计、系统连接以及控制策略上均不相同,其在技术上不能显而易见地进行换用。
如本领域技术人员已知的,兼顾排放和燃油消耗这两方面的因素,串联式混合动力车辆辅助动力单元的基本工作方式目前一般有如下两种:第一种是单点恒功率工作方式(亦被称为开关模式),第二种是沿最低燃料消耗曲线工作方式。
采用单点恒功率工作方式的辅助动力单元只有稳定工作在某油耗同排放都很低的工况点和停机两种状态,车辆的动态负载完全由动力电池来平衡。这样,辅助动力单元的排放和油耗都很低,但对动力电池的损害较大。
采用沿最低燃料消耗线工作方式的辅助动力单元可以跟踪车辆实际负荷的变化,有效降低了车辆行驶对动力电池输出容量和功率的要求,动力电池可以较小的功率循环工作,有利于延长动力电池的使用寿命和选择较小功率的动力电池。但辅助动力单元必须跟随车辆功率要求而做出快速响应,因此会影响发动机的效率和排放特性,而且准确预测车辆未来行驶阶段的功率需求也是比较困难的。
此外,如本领域技术人员已知的,由于受到发动机缸数、缸径、活塞行程等因素的限制,单台发动机的功率和扭矩等是有限的,不可能无限拓展,有时很难满足某些车辆较高的功率和扭矩要求。如何满足某些车辆较高的功率和扭矩要求一直是汽车行业中重要的热点问题之一。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是要提供一种新型的串联式混合动力车辆动力系统,其允许使用能量密度较低的代用燃料而不使用传统的汽油或柴油,并且允许燃料发电机组的工作一直处于油耗同排放都很低的工况区域,以减少排放、提高燃料经济性,有效弥补串联式混合动力车辆动力系统能量转化效率相对较低的问题。
本发明的另一目的是要简便、可靠地组合使用多台发动机的动力,解决单台发动机所能提供的功率、扭矩等有限的问题。
特别地,本发明提供了一种串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,包括:燃料源;控制系统;至少两个辅助动力单元,每个所述辅助动力单元在所述控制系统的控制下各自独立地从所述燃料源接收燃料,将燃料中的化学能转化为电能输出到公共电流总线;动力电池,其电连接到所述公共电流总线,以在所述控制系统的控制下从所述公共电流总线接收电能进行充电或通过所述公共电流总线进行放电;以及牵引电机,其电连接到所述公共电流总线,以在所述控制系统的控制下从所述公共电流总线接收电能,并将其转换为机械能传递给所述车辆的传动系,从而驱动所述车辆运行。
进一步地,所述燃料源提供的燃料选自液化天然气、压缩天然气、合成油、甲醇、乙醇、酯化植物油和二甲醚构成的组中,优选为液化天然气;而且所述辅助动力单元的数量为3个以上,优选为6个。
进一步地,每个所述辅助动力单元包括:发动机,其在所述控制系统的控制下从所述燃料源接收燃料,将燃料中的化学能转化为机械能;以及发电机,其在所述控制系统的控制下从相应所述辅助动力单元的发动机接收机械能,并将其转换为交流电能。
进一步地,所述动力系统还包括交流并网装置,其将每个所述辅助动力单元输出的交流电能转换为电压相同、频率相同、相位相同的交流电输出到所述公共电流总线;或者替代性地,每个所述辅助动力单元包括整流器,其从相应所述辅助动力单元的发电机接收交流电能,并将其转换为直流电输出到所述公共电流总线。
进一步地,每个所述辅助动力单元还包括分路电流电压传感器,其被设置成检测相应所述辅助动力单元中所述发电机的分路电流电压信息,并将检测到的所述分路电流电压信息传送给所述控制系统;而且所述串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统还包括总线电流电压传感器,其被设置成检测所述公共电流总线上的总线电流电压信息,并将检测到的所述总线电流电压信息传送给所述控制系统。
进一步地,每个所述辅助动力单元还包括:电控离合器,其设置在所述发动机至所述发电机的机械能传输路径中,以在所述控制系统的控制下使所述发动机至所述发电机的机械能传输路径断开或接合。
进一步地,每个所述辅助动力单元还包括位置传感器,其被设置成检测相应所述辅助动力单元中所述电控离合器的位置信息,并将所述位置信息传送给所述控制系统。
进一步地,所述控制系统包括动力控制器,其被设置成根据每个所述分路电流电压传感器检测到的分路电流电压信息、所述总线电流电压传感器检测到的总线电流电压信息、来自所述动力电池自带的电池管理系统的电池状态信息以及所述串联式混合动力车辆的车速扭矩传感器检测到的车速扭矩信息,基于预定的控制策略来控制每个所述辅助动力单元中的所述发动机、所述电控离合器、所述发电机以及所述串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统中的所述动力电池、所述牵引电机的工作。
进一步地,所述控制系统还包括功率放大电路,其将所述动力控制器输出的用于控制所述电控离合器的脉宽调制信号进行功率放大并同样以脉宽调制信号的形式输出;而且每个所述辅助动力单元还包括气阀组和气缸,所述气阀组与所述串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统中的高压气路相连,并由所述功率放大电路输出的脉宽调制信号进行控制,从而使得当所述气阀组导通气路时,高压气体推动所述气缸,以致所述电控离合器切换到脱开状态,以断开所述发动机至所述发电机的机械能传输路径;当所述气阀组切断气路时,推动所述气缸的高压气体被排除,以致所述电控离合器回复到接合状态,以接合所述发动机至所述发电机的机械能传输路径。
进一步地,每个所述发电机均为交流同步发电机;而且所述控制系统还包括励磁电路,其将所述动力控制器输出的用于控制各个所述发电机的脉宽调制信号进行功率放大,并同样以脉宽调制信号的形式输出给所述发电机的励磁机。
进一步地,所述整流器为不可控整流桥装置;所述动力电池为由一组电池单体串联组成的电池组,其允许输出或充入交流电能或直流电能,且通过其本身自带的电池管理系统向所述控制系统传送电池状态信息;而且所述牵引电机为内部自带逆变器和电机控制器的交流异步电动机。
本发明提供的串联式混合动力车辆动力系统由于采用了两个以上独立可控的辅助动力单元,大大降低了对每个辅助动力单元的功率要求,使得本发明的这种动力系统,适于允许使用能量密度较低的代用燃料而不使用传统的汽油或柴油,并且适于允许辅助动力单元中的发动机工作于处于油耗同排放都很低的工况区域,有效地减少了排放,提高了燃料经济性,弥补了串联式混合动力车辆动力系统能量转化效率相对较低的问题。
此外,本发明提供的串联式混合动力车辆动力系统能够根据需要灵活设置适当数目的发动机进行组合使用,这简便、可靠地解决了单台发动机功率、扭矩有限难以满足某些车辆较高功率、扭矩需求的问题。根据下文结合附图对本发明具体实施例的详细描述,本领域技术人员将会更加明了本发明的上述以及其他目的、优点和特征。
附图说明
后文将参照附图以示例性而非限制性的方式详细描述本发明的一些具体实施例。附图中相同的附图标记标示了相同或类似的部件或部分。附图中:
图1是根据本发明一个实施例的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统的示意性原理图,其中为清楚起见,未示出控制系统;
图2是根据本发明一个实施例的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统中的一个辅助动力单元的示意性原理图;
图3是根据本发明一个实施例的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统的示意性原理图,其中示出了控制系统与动力系统中主要部件的连接关系,但是为清楚起见,未示出各个传感器及其与控制系统的连接。
具体实施方式
如图1-3所示,根据本发明一个实施例的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统一般性地可包括燃料源10;控制系统60;动力电池30,其电连接到公共电流总线,以在控制系统60的控制下从公共电流总线接收电能进行充电或通过公共电流总线进行放电;以及牵引电机40,其电连接到公共电流总线,以在控制系统60的控制下从公共电流总线接收电能,并将其转换为机械能传递给车辆的传动系50,从而驱动车辆运行。
特别地,在本发明的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统中,设置了至少两个辅助动力单元20,每个辅助动力单元20在控制系统60的控制下各自独立地从燃料源10接收燃料,将燃料中的化学能转化为电能输出到公共电流总线(。辅助动力单元20的数量被设置在2个以上,优选在3个以上,更优选地为6个或8个。每个辅助动力单元20的结构和性能特性相同,其输出的额定功率可根据整车的功率需求以及辅助动力单元的数量选择,一般为10-30kw,优选为20kw。
在本发明的优选实施例中,燃料源10提供的燃料选自液化天然气、压缩天然气、合成油、甲醇、乙醇、酯化植物油和二甲醚构成的组中,更优选地为液化天然气。这样代用燃料在本发明之前由于其能量密度较低,而且使用此类燃料的发动机通常最佳工况功率区间相对较窄,不能很好地跟随车辆的功率要求而做出快速响应,因此本领域技术人员通常认为它们并不适宜用在串联式混合动力车辆中。
然而,在本发明的具有至少两个独立可控辅助动力单元20的动力系统中,每个辅助动力单元20的额定功率相对于传统串联式混合动力车辆中的单个辅助动力单元要小很多。若设本发明中辅助动力单元20的数量为n(n为大于等于2的正整数),那么本发明中每个辅助动力单元20的额定功率大致可为具有相同功率需求的传统串联式混合动力车辆中的单个辅助动力单元的额定功率的1/n。这样,在车辆运行过程中,通过独立启动和/或关停某个或某些辅助动力单元20,可以尽可能地使得每个辅助动力单元20的发动机工作于最佳工况功率区间,很好地跟随车辆的功率要求,同时通过单位里程燃料消耗量的降低有效弥补了代用燃料能量密度较低的问题。
此外,本发明这种动力系统由于具有至少两个独立可控辅助动力单元20,还额外地、意想不到地大大提高了串联式混合动力车辆动力系统运行的可靠性,有效解决了某一发动机或发电机出现故障时传统串联式混合动力车辆只能完全依靠动力电池行驶很短一段距离的问题,这对于需要进行长途运输的货运车辆是非常有利的。本发明中一个辅助动力单元20中的发动机或发电机等出现故障时,并不会导致其他辅助动力单元20停机,控制系统60可根据预定的控制策略启动正常的辅助动力单元20进行工作,并停止故障辅助动力单元20的工作。当然,控制系统60此时通常应以适当形式的信号(例如点亮故障指示灯)通知驾驶人员及时进行检修。
特别地,在本发明的一些优选实施例中,可结合传统串联式混合动力车辆中辅助动力单元单点恒功率工作方式和沿最低燃料消耗线工作方式的特点来控制本发明的动力系统。具体地,优选将本发明中启动运行的每个辅助动力单元20中的发动机设置成工作于一段最佳工况功率区间,并在该区间内对整车负载需求进行功率跟随。在本发明的这些实施例中,每个辅助动力单元20工作的最佳工况功率区间可被设定为在其最佳工况点上下+10%至-20%之间,更优选地可在其最佳工况点上下+5%至-10%之间。
进一步地,每个辅助动力单元20可包括:发动机21,其在控制系统60的控制下从燃料源10接收燃料,将燃料中的化学能转化为机械能;以及发电机24,其在控制系统60的控制下从相应辅助动力单元20的发动机21接收机械能,并将其转换为交流电能(例如三相交流电能)。发动机21的功率选择可根据相应辅助动力单元20的功率需求进行选择。例如,辅助动力单元20的能量转换效率可为大约80-88%,如果辅助动力单元20额定输出功率为18kw,那么可在大约21-23kw额定输出功率的发动机中选择适用的发动机,类似这种功率匹配的具体选型工作是本领域技术人员根据具体需要非常容易实现的,本文对此不予赘述。
为了并联每个辅助动力单元20输出的电能到公共电流总线,在一些实施例中,本发明的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统可包括一个交流并网装置,其将每个辅助动力单元20输出的交流电能转换为电压相同、频率相同、相位相同的交流电输出到公共电流总线;而在另一些实施例中,则是将每个辅助动力单元20设置成包括一个整流器26,该整流器可从相应辅助动力单元20的发电机24接收交流电能,并将其转换为直流电输出到公共电流总线。
优选地,每个辅助动力单元20还可以包括分路电流电压传感器25,其被设置成检测相应所述辅助动力单元20中发电机24的分路电流电压信息,并将检测到的分路电流电压信息传送给控制系统60。而且串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统还包括总线电流电压传感器35,其被设置成检测公共电流总线上的总线电流电压信息,并将检测到的总线电流电压信息传送给控制系统60。
特别地,在一些实施例中,每个辅助动力单元20还可包括一个电控离合器22,其设置在发动机21至发电机24的机械能传输路径中,以在控制系统60的控制下使发动机21至发电机24的机械能传输路径能够顺畅地断开或接合。这可有效解决发动机起动时冲击较大的问题,有利于可靠、高效地控制发动机较为频繁地起停。在这样的实施例中,每个辅助动力单元20优选还可包括一个位置传感器23,其被设置成检测相应辅助动力单元20中电控离合器22的位置信息,并将位置信息传送给控制系统60,以便实现电控离合器22的闭环控制。
如图3所示,控制系统60可包括动力控制器61。为清楚起见,在图3中未示出各个传感器及其与控制系统的连接关系。但是,本领域技术人员根据本发明的技术方案均能认识到,图3中未示出的各个传感器(包括位置传感器23、所有分路电流电压传感器25、总线电流电压传感器35、车速扭矩传感器51)可被设置成均与控制系统60的动力控制器61电学相连。动力控制器61可被设置成根据每个分路电流电压传感器25检测到的分路电流电压信息、总线电流电压传感器35检测到的总线电流电压信息、来自动力电池30自带的电池管理系统的电池状态信息以及串联式混合动力车辆的车速扭矩传感器51检测到的车速扭矩信息,并且基于预定的控制策略来控制每个辅助动力单元20中的发动机、电控离合器22、发电机24以及串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统中的动力电池30、牵引电机40的工作。动力控制器61优选可由串联式混合动力车辆的整车控制器(VCU)来实现。
控制系统60还可包括功率放大电路62,其将动力控制器61输出的用于控制电控离合器22的脉宽调制信号进行功率放大并同样以脉宽调制信号的形式输出。为了实现电控离合器22的致动,每个辅助动力单元20还可包括气阀组27和气缸28。气阀组27与串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统中的高压气路相连,并由功率放大电路62输出的脉宽调制信号进行控制,从而使得当气阀组27导通气路时,高压气体推动气缸,以致电控离合器22切换到脱开状态,以断开发动机21至发电机24的机械能传输路径;而当气阀组27切断气路时,推动气缸的高压气体被排除,以致电控离合器22回复到接合状态,以接合发动机21至发电机24的机械能传输路径。根据以上描述的内容,本领域技术人员应认识到,在本发明的一些替代性实施例中,也可采用与高压油路相连的油阀组、油缸来实现电控离合器22的致动。
此外需要说明的是,在一些实施例中,电控离合器22(以及相应的气阀组27、气缸28、功率放大电路62)也不是必须的。此时,发动机21的输出轴可通过例如花键轴直接连接到发电机24的输入轴。
在本发明的一些实施例中,每个发电机24可为交流同步发电机(例如三相交流同步发电机)。此时,控制系统60还可包括励磁电路63,其将动力控制器61输出的用于控制各个发电机24的脉宽调制信号进行功率放大,并同样以脉宽调制信号的形式输出给发电机24的励磁机。特别地,整流器26优选使用不可控整流桥装置。不可控整流桥装置具有较高的整流效率,这在本发明的动力系统中是非常有利的,可在一定程度上弥补串联式混合动力系统能量转换效率。
此外,如本领域技术人员熟知的,动力电池30可以为由一组电池单体串联组成的电池组,其允许输出或充入交流或直流电能,且通过其本身自带的电池管理系统向控制系统60传送电池状态信息;而牵引电机40可以为内部自带逆变器和电机控制器的交流异步电动机(例如,三相交流异步电动机)。
如本领域技术人员可意识到的,当辅助动力单元20输出到公共电流总线的电能为交流电时,为了实现动力电池30的充电和放电,动力电池30本身或其与公共电流总线之间应包括有并网逆变器和整流器,其中并网逆变器在控制系统60的控制下将电池组直接输出的直流电转换为适当的交流电,以实现交流并网;而整流器则在控制系统60的控制下将来自公共电流总线的交流电能转换成直流电,以对电池组充电。这些内容是本领域技术人员熟知的,本文对此不作更多的赘述。
特别地,由于本发明中优选将启动运行的每个辅助动力单元20中的发动机设置成工作于一段最佳工况功率区间,并在该区间内对整车负载需求进行功率跟随,而非简单地使每个辅助动力单元20工作于最佳工况点,这有效地降低了车辆行驶对动力电池输出容量和功率的要求,动力电池可以较小的功率循环工作,有利于延长动力电池的使用寿命和选择较小功率的动力电池。
至此,本领域技术人员应认识到,虽然本文已详尽示出和描述了本发明的多个示例性实施例,但是,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的情况下,仍可根据本发明公开的内容直接确定或推导出符合本发明原理的许多其他变型或修改。因此,本发明的范围应被理解和认定为覆盖了所有这些其他变型或修改。

Claims (12)

1.一种串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,包括:
燃料源(10);
控制系统(60);
至少两个辅助动力单元(20),每个所述辅助动力单元(20)在所述控制系统(60)的控制下各自独立地从所述燃料源(10)接收燃料,将燃料中的化学能转化为电能输出到公共电流总线;动力电池(30),其电连接到所述公共电流总线,以在所述控制系统(60)的控制下从所述公共电流总线接收电能进行充电或通过所述公共电流总线进行放电;以及
牵引电机(40),其电连接到所述公共电流总线,以在所述控制系统(60)的控制下从所述公共电流总线接收电能,并将其转换为机械能传递给所述车辆的传动系(50),从而驱动所述车辆运行。
2.根据权利要求1所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,其中,
所述燃料源(10)提供的燃料选自液化天然气、压缩天然气、合成油、甲醇、乙醇、酯化植物油和二甲醚构成的组中,优选为液化天然气;而且
所述辅助动力单元(20)的数量为3个以上,优选为6个。
3.根据权利要求1所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,其中,
每个所述辅助动力单元(20)包括:
发动机(21),其在所述控制系统(60)的控制下从所述燃料源(10)接收燃料,将燃料中的化学能转化为机械能;以及
发电机(24),其在所述控制系统(60)的控制下从相应所述辅助动力单元(20)的发动机(21)接收机械能,并将其转换为交流电能。
4.根据权利要求3所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,进一步包括:
交流并网装置,其将每个所述辅助动力单元(20)输出的交流电能转换为电压相同、频率相同、相位相同的交流电输出到所述公共电流总线。
5.根据权利要求3所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,其中,
每个所述辅助动力单元(20)包括整流器(26),其从相应所述辅助动力单元(20)的发电机(24)接收交流电能,并将其转换为直流电输出到所述公共电流总线。
6.根据权利要求3所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,其中,
每个所述辅助动力单元(20)还包括:
分路电流电压传感器(25),其被设置成检测相应所述辅助动力单元(20)中所述发电机(24)的分路电流电压信息,并将检测到的所述分路电流电压信息传送给所述控制系统;而且
所述串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统还包括:
总线电流电压传感器(35),其被设置成检测所述公共电流总线上的总线电流电压信息,并将检测到的所述总线电流电压信息传送给所述控制系统。
7.根据权利要求3所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,其中,
每个所述辅助动力单元(20)还包括:
电控离合器(22),其设置在所述发动机(21)至所述发电机(24)的机械能传输路径中,以在所述控制系统(60)的控制下使所述发动机(21)至所述发电机(24)的机械能传输路径断开或接合。
8.根据权利要求7所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,其中,
每个所述辅助动力单元(20)还包括:
位置传感器(23),其被设置成检测相应所述辅助动力单元(20)中所述电控离合器(22)的位置信息,并将所述位置信息传送给所述控制系统(60)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,其中,
所述控制系统(60)包括动力控制器(61),其被设置成根据每个所述分路电流电压传感器检测到的分路电流电压信息、所述总线电流电压传感器检测到的总线电流电压信息、来自所述动力电池自带的电池管理系统的电池状态信息以及所述串联式混合动力车辆的车速扭矩传感器(51)检测到的车速扭矩信息,基于预定的控制策略来控制每个所述辅助动力单元(20)中的所述发动机、所述电控离合器(22)、所述发电机(24)以及所述串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统中的所述动力电池(30)、所述牵引电机(40)的工作。
10.根据权利要求9所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,其中,
所述控制系统(60)还包括功率放大电路(62),其将所述动力控制器(61)输出的用于控制所述电控离合器(22)的脉宽调制信号进行功率放大并同样以脉宽调制信号的形式输出;而且
每个所述辅助动力单元(20)还包括气阀组(27)和气缸(28),所述气阀组(27)与所述串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统中的高压气路相连,并由所述功率放大电路(62)输出的脉宽调制信号进行控制,从而使得
当所述气阀组(27)导通气路时,高压气体推动所述气缸,以致所述电控离合器(22)切换到脱开状态,以断开所述发动机(21)至所述发电机(24)的机械能传输路径;
当所述气阀组(27)切断气路时,推动所述气缸的高压气体被排除,以致所述电控离合器(22)回复到接合状态,以接合所述发动机(21)至所述发电机(24)的机械能传输路径。
11.根据权利要求9所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,其中,
每个所述发电机(24)均为交流同步发电机;而且
所述控制系统(60)还包括励磁电路(63),其将所述动力控制器(61)输出的用于控制各个所述发电机(24)的脉宽调制信号进行功率放大,并同样以脉宽调制信号的形式输出给所述发电机(24)的励磁机。
12.根据权利要求5所述的串联式混合动力车辆的动力系统,其中,
所述整流器(26)为不可控整流桥装置;
所述动力电池(30)为由一组电池单体串联组成的电池组,其允许输出或充入交流或直流电能,且通过其本身自带的电池管理系统向所述控制系统(60)传送电池状态信息;而且
所述牵引电机(40)为内部自带逆变器和电机控制器的交流异步电动机。
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