CN103536680B - 一种治疗牙周病的制剂 - Google Patents
一种治疗牙周病的制剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种治疗牙周病的制剂,其特征在于:所述制剂包括以下成分:0.001~3%质量百分比的碘制剂,0.1~0.2%质量百分比的杀菌剂,0.5~1%质量百分比的制霉菌素,0.25~0.5%质量百分比的盐酸金霉素,0.05%-0.15%质量百分比的甾体类抗炎剂,0.05~0.1%质量百分比的维生素C,0.01~0.03%质量百分比的维生素B1,0.001~0.01%质量百分比的维生素B12,0.2~1%质量百分比的甘油,0.01~0.3%质量百分比的青黛、人工牛黄、龙胆草、黄柏、冰片或薄荷脑中的一种,余量为蒸馏水。本发明的优点包括操作简单,患者痛苦小,容易接受治疗,无需手术治疗,花费低,疗程短,治疗效果好,医生操作简洁方便。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及医药领域,具体地说,是涉及口腔临床医疗的一种治疗牙周病的制剂。
背景技术
牙周疾病是常见的口腔疾病,是引起成年人牙齿丧失的主要原因之一,也是危害人类牙齿以及全身健康的主要疾病。从5岁开始,牙周病就开始“腐蚀”我们的健康了。牙周病的早期症状不易引起重视,造成牙周组织长期慢性感染,炎症反复发作,到患者就诊时病情已相当严重,不仅损害口腔的咀嚼功能,还会严重影响全身健康。其主要临床表现为牙龈发炎、出血、红肿、热痛及口腔异味。传统治疗方法包括:1、清除菌斑、清洁牙齿;2、抗生素治疗,如青霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、红霉素;3、漱口水;4、对于重度牙周病患者需要手术治疗。但是传统方法具有治疗过程繁琐、治疗时间长、治疗效果不佳、患者不易接受、治疗费用高等问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服传统牙周病治疗的不足之处,提供一种无需手术治疗、操作简单、患者痛苦小、花费低、疗程短、效果显著、医生操作简洁方便的治疗牙周病的制剂。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术措施来达到的:
一种治疗牙周病的制剂,其特征在于:所述制剂包括以下成分:
0.001~3%质量百分比的碘制剂,
0.1~0.2%质量百分比的杀菌剂,
0.5~1%质量百分比的制霉菌素,
0.25~0.5%质量百分比的盐酸金霉素,
0.05%-0.15%质量百分比的甾体类抗炎剂,
0.05~0.1%质量百分比的维生素C,
0.01~0.03%质量百分比的维生素B1,
0.001~0.01%质量百分比的维生素B12,
0.2~1%质量百分比的甘油,
0.01~0.3%质量百分比的青黛、人工牛黄、龙胆草、黄柏、冰片或薄荷脑中的一种,
余量为蒸馏水。
本发明中的金霉素是一种抗生素,其抗菌谱同四环素,对耐青霉素,金黄色葡萄球菌的疗效比四环素稍强。现主要外用治疗皮肤黏膜的感染。制霉菌素是一种抗霉菌的抗生素,能抑制真菌和皮藓菌的活性,对细菌无抑制作用。制霉菌素口服后胃肠道不吸收,局部外用亦不被皮肤和粘膜吸收,所以口腔局部外用安全有效。
本发明包括多种维生素,其中维生素C、维生素B1和维生素B12的组合对牙周炎有不同程度的辅助治疗,有减轻症状、保护神经的作用。其中,维生素C可以预防牙龈萎缩、出血。维生素B1和维生素B12具有神经营养作用,能够减轻牙周炎时的神经破坏,保护神经纤维。
青黛:性味咸寒,能够清热解毒,凉血消斑,清肝泻火,定惊;主治咽痛口疮,疮肿,丹毒,蛇虫咬伤。人工牛黄:清热,解毒,用于咽喉肿痛,口舌生疮,痈肿疔疮。龙胆草:性味苦,涩,大寒,无毒;常用于治疗目赤肿痛、耳肿。黄柏:性味苦寒,有清热燥湿,泻火除蒸,解毒疗疮之功效。冰片是龙脑香科植物龙脑香的树脂和挥发油加工品提取获得的结晶,是近乎于纯粹的右旋龙脑,可用于目赤肿痛,喉痹口疮、用于疮疡肿痛,溃后不敛等。薄荷脑系由薄荷的叶和茎中所提取的白色晶体,为薄荷和欧薄荷精油中的主要成分。薄荷脑作用于皮肤或粘膜,有清凉止痒作用;可作为驱风药,用于头痛及鼻咽喉炎症等。青黛、人工牛黄、龙胆草、黄柏、冰片或薄荷脑均具有不同程度清热解毒、止痛、解痉等作用,均被用作疮疡肿痛的治疗。
甘油是药剂中常用的辅料,用以制备各种制剂、溶剂、吸湿剂、防冻剂和甜味剂,配剂外用软膏或栓剂等。在本发明中,甘油起到润滑、防止黏连、减轻疼痛的作用。
进一步地说,所述碘制剂为碘、碘化锌、碘化钾中的一种。碘制剂是一种消毒防腐药物,包括碘、碘化锌、碘化钾等多种药物,均可以释出具有杀菌活性的活性碘,碘可作用于氨基酸上的氨基、巯基、酚基,直接卤化菌体蛋白质,干扰氨基酸合成,降低脂质膜流动性等,从而使微生物死亡,多用于皮肤和粘膜以及较小物品的消毒,例如,手术野、注射部位或其他处皮肤与粘膜的消毒,手的卫生消毒或医疗器械与小型物品浸泡或涂抹消毒等。
进一步地说,所述杀菌剂是硼砂、丁香油酚、多聚甲醛和过氧化氢中的一种。硼砂也叫粗硼砂,是一种既软又轻的无色结晶物质,常用作消毒剂。丁香油酚具有抗菌、麻醉和降血压,常用于制造局部麻醉药。多聚甲醛可用作消毒剂、杀菌剂等。过氧化氢,俗称双氧水,外观为无色透明液体,是一种强氧化剂,适用于伤口消毒及环境、食品消毒。在本发明中使用的上述杀菌剂是均具有杀菌消毒作用、且可以安全外用的化合物。
进一步地说,所述甾体类抗炎剂是地塞米松和泼尼松中的一种。地塞米松和泼尼松均属于甾体类抗炎剂,具有抗炎、减轻炎症反应、减少渗出的作用。
由于采用了上述技术方案,与现有技术相比,本发明的优点是:
(1)操作简单,患者痛苦小,容易接受治疗,无需手术治疗:患者只需要在家中刷牙后,自行用消毒棉棒沾牙周制剂涂抹于患有牙周病的牙齿周围,每日4次即可;
(2)花费低,疗程短,治疗效果好:患者治疗一周后,牙周状况即可明显好转,对于轻中度牙周病的患者,牙周袋变浅,牙周溢脓消失,牙龈肿胀减退,牙龈出血消失,口腔异味消失,牙龈恢复正常颜色;对于重度牙周病的患者,需要二次牙周上药,治疗一周后,牙龈肿胀消失,牙周袋基本恢复正常范围,牙齿松动度减弱,变得更加坚固;本发明的临床试验结果表明总体有效率为93.8%。
(3)医生操作简洁方便:对牙周病患者使用时,医生只需要对患者进行牙周基础治疗,清洁、漱口,然后用棉捻沾适量配制好的本发明均匀混合物,放入牙周袋底部,嘱患者24小时勿刷牙或漱口,然后,患者就可以在家中自行完成后续治疗。
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步说明。
具体实施方式
本发明中的制剂可以采用多种组合,均具有良好的抗炎、抗菌、抗真菌、消肿、镇痛的药效。
在本发明中使用的碘制剂为碘、碘化锌、碘化钾中的一种。碘制剂是一种消毒防腐药物,包括碘、碘化锌、碘化钾等多种药物,均可以释出具有杀菌活性的活性碘,碘可作用于氨基酸上的氨基、巯基、酚基,直接卤化菌体蛋白质,干扰氨基酸合成,降低脂质膜流动性等,从而使微生物死亡,多用于皮肤和粘膜以及较小物品的消毒,例如,手术野、注射部位或其他处皮肤与粘膜的消毒,手的卫生消毒或医疗器械与小型物品浸泡或涂抹消毒等。上述碘制剂的有效碘含量达到质量百分比0.001~3%即可发挥有效杀菌消毒作用。
在本发明中使用的杀菌剂是硼砂、丁香油酚、多聚甲醛和过氧化氢中的一种。硼砂也叫粗硼砂,是一种既软又轻的无色结晶物质,常用作消毒剂。丁香油酚具有抗菌、麻醉和降血压,常用于制造局部麻醉药。多聚甲醛可用作消毒剂、杀菌剂等。过氧化氢,俗称双氧水,外观为无色透明液体,是一种强氧化剂,适用于伤口消毒及环境、食品消毒。在本发明中使用的上述杀菌剂是均具有杀菌消毒作用、且可以安全外用的化合物。
本发明中的金霉素是一种抗生素,其抗菌谱同四环素,对耐青霉素,金黄色葡萄球菌的疗效比四环素稍强。现主要外用治疗皮肤黏膜的感染。制霉菌素是一种抗霉菌的抗生素,能抑制真菌和皮藓菌的活性,对细菌无抑制作用。制霉菌素口服后胃肠道不吸收,局部外用亦不被皮肤和粘膜吸收,所以口腔局部外用安全有效。甘油是药剂中常用的辅料,用以制备各种制剂、溶剂、吸湿剂、防冻剂和甜味剂,配剂外用软膏或栓剂等。在本发明中,甘油起到润滑、防止黏连、减轻疼痛的作用。
本发明中的甾体类抗炎剂是选自地塞米松和泼尼松中的一种。地塞米松和泼尼松均属于甾体类抗炎剂,具有抗炎、减轻炎症反应、减少渗出的作用。
本发明包括多种维生素,其组合对牙周炎有不同程度的辅助治疗、减轻症状、保护神经的作用。其中,维生素C可以预防牙龈萎缩、出血。维生素B1和维生素B12具有神经营养作用,能够减轻牙周炎时的神经破坏,保护神经纤维。维生素C、维生素B1和维生素B12的组合对牙周炎有不同程度的辅助治疗、减轻症状、保护神经的作用。
本发明包括青黛、人工牛黄、龙胆草、黄柏、冰片或薄荷脑中的一种。青黛,性味咸寒,能够清热解毒,凉血消斑,清肝泻火,定惊。主治咽痛口疮,疮肿,丹毒,蛇虫咬伤。人工牛黄清热,解毒,用于咽喉肿痛,口舌生疮,痈肿疔疮。龙胆草性味苦,涩,大寒,无毒,常用于治疗目赤肿痛、耳肿。黄柏性味苦寒,有清热燥湿,泻火除蒸,解毒疗疮之功效。冰片是龙脑香科植物龙脑香的树脂和挥发油加工品提取获得的结晶,是近乎于纯粹的右旋龙脑,可用于目赤肿痛,喉痹口疮、用于疮疡肿痛,溃后不敛等。薄荷脑系由薄荷的叶和茎中所提取的白色晶体,为薄荷和欧薄荷精油中的主要成分。薄荷脑作用于皮肤或粘膜,有清凉止痒作用;可作为驱风药,用于头痛及鼻咽喉炎症等。上述中药在0.01~0.3%的剂量范围内均有不同程度抑制炎症、抗菌、减轻疼痛的作用,可以单用或者配伍使用。
下面以表一和表二中列举的实施例1至实施例12共12个实施例为例,对本发明做进一步说明。表一和表二中的数字为各组分在药物总质量中的质量百分比。根据表一和表二中列举的实施例1至实施例12配制的药物进行临床试验,结果列于表三和表四中。
配制方法:将实施例1至实施例12中的各组分按比例分别配伍,研为细粉,混合均匀,加入蒸馏水,充分混匀,保存时要求必须密封,注意防止制剂中的有效成分挥发,导致失效或效果降低。
使用方法:针对牙周病患者使用时,首先进行牙周基础治疗,清洁、漱口,然后用棉捻沾适量配制好的本发明的均匀混合物,放入牙周袋底部,嘱患者24小时勿刷牙或漱口;24小时后,患者在刷牙后,可自行用消毒棉棒沾适量本发明的均匀混合物涂抹于患有牙周病的牙齿周围,三餐后分别涂抹三次,晚上睡觉前涂抹一次,每日共4次,每次涂抹后半小时内勿饮水。
表一
实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
碘 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | - | - |
碘化锌 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.5 |
碘化钾 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
硼砂 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.15 | - | - | - |
丁香油酚 | - | - | - | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
多聚甲醛 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
过氧化氢 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
制霉菌素 | 1 | 1 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 1 | 1 |
盐酸金霉素 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
地塞米松 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.075 | 0.075 | 0.05 | - |
泼尼松 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 |
维生素C | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
维生素B1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
维生素B12 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.01 |
甘油 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
青黛 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - |
人工牛黄 | - | 0.02 | - | - | - | - |
龙胆草 | - | - | 0.02 | - | - | - |
黄柏 | - | - | - | 0.02 | - | - |
冰片 | - | - | - | - | 0.01 | - |
薄荷脑 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 |
蒸馏水 | 余量 | 余量 | 余量 | 余量 | 余量 | 余量 |
合计 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
表二
实施例 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
碘 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
碘化锌 | 3 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
碘化钾 | - | - | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.5 |
硼砂 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
丁香油酚 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
多聚甲醛 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | - | - |
过氧化氢 | - | - | - | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
制霉菌素 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
盐酸金霉素 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
地塞米松 | - | 0.05 | - | 0.075 | - | 0.5 |
泼尼松 | 0.1 | - | 0.15 | - | 0.15 | - |
维生素C | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.075 | 0.075 | 0.1 |
维生素B1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
维生素B12 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.01 |
甘油 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
青黛 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - |
人工牛黄 | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - |
龙胆草 | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - |
黄柏 | - | - | - | 0.02 | - | - |
冰片 | - | - | - | - | 0.01 | - |
薄荷脑 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 |
蒸馏水 | 余量 | 余量 | 余量 | 余量 | 余量 | 余量 |
合计 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
试验及评价方法
对应于自实施例1至实施例12共12组配方,分为试验组1至试验组12共12组,对应每组设置对照组1至对照组12共12组对照组。试验组与对照组共24组,每组随机分入20名受试者,受试者年龄、性别不限。试验组使用相应实施例中的配方药物,对照组采用清除菌斑、清洁牙齿和口服抗生素治疗。试验结果如表三和表四。
表三
实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
有显著疗效(例数) | 18 | 16 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 16 |
有疗效(例数) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
无效(例数) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
总有效率(%) | 100.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 |
有副作用(例数) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
无副作用(例数) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
对照组 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
有显著疗效(例数) | 8 | 5 | 16 | 13 | 5 | 16 |
有疗效(例数) | 11 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 |
无效(例数) | 11 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 2 |
总有效率(%) | 63.3 | 50.0 | 95.0 | 90.0 | 45.0 | 90.0 |
有副作用(例数) | 4 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 8 |
无副作用(例数) | 16 | 13 | 15 | 12 | 14 | 12 |
表四
实施例 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
有显著疗效(例数) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 13 | 14 | 13 |
有疗效(例数) | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
无效(例数) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
总有效率(%) | 100.0 | 95.0 | 100.0 | 85.0 | 85.0 | 85.0 |
有副作用(例数) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
无副作用(例数) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
对照组 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
有显著疗效(例数) | 12 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 4 | 10 |
有疗效(例数) | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 1 |
无效(例数) | 6 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 10 | 9 |
总有效率(%) | 70.0 | 70.0 | 55.0 | 70.0 | 50.0 | 55.0 |
有副作用(例数) | 5 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 4 |
无副作用(例数) | 15 | 14 | 17 | 13 | 17 | 16 |
由该试验结果可知,对于牙周炎、牙龈炎等牙周疾病,本发明的治疗效果良好,所有试验组的总体有效率高达93.8%,而对照组的总体有效率仅66.8%,试验组的治疗效果明显优于传统治疗方法,而且没有明显副作用,对照组的则有高达27.5%的试验对象出现各种副作用。
下面选取试验过程中的典型病例以进一步说明本发明的效果。
病例1:患者钱某,女,20岁,身体健康,无不良嗜好,因刷牙出血及咬硬物出血、口腔异味前来就诊。检查发现:全口牙龈红肿伴假性牙周袋,探诊出血明显,下颌舌侧龈上、龈下牙石I度,上颌第一、二磨牙颊侧龈上牙石I度,其余较多量软垢与菌斑。X光片显示牙周骨吸收不明显,诊断为牙龈炎,对患者进行龈上洁治后涂抹实施例2中的组合物。一周后复诊,牙龈红肿消失,假性牙周袋消失,牙龈出血消失,口腔异味全无。完全治愈。
病例2:患者范某,女,47岁,平素体健,无不良嗜好,因牙龈肿痛、刷牙出血、口腔异味来诊。检查发现:全口牙龈红肿,下颌磨牙区牙周袋约3mm,探诊出血明显,上颌第二、三磨牙颊侧龈上牙石I度,下颌第二磨牙舌侧龈上、龈下牙石I度,其余较多量软垢与菌斑。X光片显示牙槽骨吸收不明显,诊断为牙周炎,对患者进行龈上、龈下洁治,然后涂抹实施例6中的组合物。一周后复诊,效果良好。牙龈红肿消失,牙周袋明显减轻,牙龈出血消失,口腔异味消失。
病例3:患者张某,男,50岁,身体健康,无不良嗜好,因双侧后牙咬硬物不适前来就诊。检查发现:下颌磨牙区牙周袋约4mm,牙龈轻度红肿,牙齿I度松动,龈下结石II度,X光片显示牙槽骨呈水平吸收,第一、二磨牙侧向叩诊(+),垂直向叩(一),诊断为成年牙周炎。对患者进行龈上洁治、龈下刮治,并于基础治疗后涂抹实施例1中的组合物。一周后复诊,牙龈红肿消失,咬硬物不适消失。一月后复诊,水平骨吸收不再进展,牙齿松动度明显减弱,侧向叩诊(一)。三月后复诊,骨白线向牙颈部略有上升。
病例4:患者董某,女,32岁,身体健康,无不良嗜好,因口腔异味、咬硬物出血前来就诊。检查发现:全口牙龈红肿,探诊出血明显,下颌颊侧龈上牙石I度,上颌第一磨牙舌侧龈上、龈下牙石I度,其余较多量软垢与菌斑。X光片显示牙周骨吸收不明显,诊断为牙龈炎。对患者进行龈上洁治、龈下洁治,然后涂抹实施例12中的组合物。一周后复诊,牙龈红肿消失,假性牙周袋消失,牙龈出血消失,口腔异味全无,完全治愈。
病例5:患者李某,女,49岁,身体健康,无不良嗜好,因刷牙出血及咬硬物不适前来就诊。检查发现:全口牙龈红肿伴有假性牙周袋,探诊有明显出血,下颌舌侧龈上牙石I度,上颌第一、二磨牙颊侧龈上牙石I度,其余较多量软垢与菌斑。X光片显示牙周骨吸收不明显,诊断为牙龈炎。对患者进行龈上洁治后涂抹实施例9中的组合物。一周后复诊,牙龈红肿消失,假性牙周袋消失,牙龈出血消失,口腔异味全无,完全治愈。
病例6:患者张某,男,62岁,身体健康,无不良嗜好,因咬硬物出血、口腔异味前来就诊。检查发现:下颌磨牙区牙周袋约4mm,牙龈轻度红肿,牙齿I度松动,龈下结石II度,X光片显示牙槽骨呈水平吸收,第一、二磨牙侧向叩诊(+),垂直向叩(一),诊断为成年牙周炎。对患者进行龈上洁治、龈下刮治,并于基础治疗后涂抹实施例6中的组合物。一周后复诊,牙龈红肿消失,咬硬物不适消失。一月后复诊,水平骨吸收不再进展,牙齿松动度明显减弱,侧向叩诊(一)。三月后复诊,骨白线向牙颈部略有上升。
综上所述,本发明所公开的治疗牙周病的制剂对于牙周病的治疗具有疗效可靠、治愈率高、应用简便、经济效益高的优点。
Claims (3)
1.一种治疗牙周病的制剂,其特征在于:所述制剂由以下成分组成:
0.001~3%质量百分比的碘制剂,
0.1~0.2%质量百分比的硼砂、丁香油酚、多聚甲醛或过氧化氢中的一种,
0.5~1%质量百分比的制霉菌素,
0.25~0.5%质量百分比的盐酸金霉素,
0.05%-0.15%质量百分比的甾体类抗炎剂,
0.05~0.1%质量百分比的维生素C,
0.01~0.03%质量百分比的维生素B1,
0.001~0.01%质量百分比的维生素B12,
0.2~1%质量百分比的甘油,
0.01~0.3%质量百分比的青黛、人工牛黄、龙胆草、黄柏、冰片或薄荷脑中的一种,
余量为蒸馏水。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种治疗牙周病的制剂,其特征在于:所述碘制剂为碘、碘化锌或碘化钾中的一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种治疗牙周病的制剂,其特征在于:所述甾体类抗炎剂是地塞米松或泼尼松中的一种。
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Non-Patent Citations (3)
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抑制口臭作用中药的筛选和评价;朱彩莲等;《上海第二医科大学学报》;20050430;第25卷(第4期);第345-348页 * |
金霉素灭滴灵糊剂治疗根尖周炎112例疗效观察;黄慧苓;《口腔材料器械杂志》;19971231;第6卷(第1期);第39-40页 * |
龈下G-厌氧菌是牙周炎的重要致病菌;李德懿等;《临床口腔医学杂志》;19911231;第7卷(第1期);第6-9页 * |
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