CN103512816A - Real-time measuring method for rock sample damage in circulation loading process - Google Patents
Real-time measuring method for rock sample damage in circulation loading process Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a real-time measuring method for rock sample damage in a circulation loading process. The real-time measuring method comprises the following steps: 1) drawing a relational graph of rock porosity and titration diffusion radius of rock through experiment, and representing internal damage of the rock from the graph; 2) drawing a relational graph of the titration diffusion radius and an axial pressure value of the rock sample in the loading process; 3) obtaining the change of the porosity of the rock sample in the loading process from the relational graph of the titration diffusion radius and the axial pressure value of the rock sample in the loading process, obtained in the step 2), and the relational graph of the rock porosity and the titration diffusion radius of rock, obtained in the step 1), so as to obtain the damage degree in different positions of the rock sample, and realize real-time measurement on the damage of the rock sample in the circulation loading process. Due to the adoption of the real-time measuring method for rock sample damage in the circulation loading process, the change of the porosity of the rock in the stress process is reflected through the appearance phenomenon of the rock surface through a nondestructive testing technique, so that the damage degree of the rock in the stress process is represented.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of rock sample damage measurement method, the method for real-time measurement of rock sample damage in especially a kind of CYCLIC LOADING process.
Background technology
It in the process of rock stress destruction, is a damage accumulation process that starts to destroy to rock sample gradually from micro-damage, the damage of rock reflects the destruction situation of rock in loading process, and adopts the damage process that obtains reflection rock without detriment to the method for rock sample just to become a difficult problem in engineering.Whether have damage, but can not reflect the relevant position of rock sample damage if nowadays using more non-destructive testing method to adopt ultrasonic velocity to obtain rock interior, and the method for its test is comparatively loaded down with trivial details, the damage status that tests out rock that can not be real-time.
Summary of the invention
Technical matters to be solved by this invention is to provide the method for real-time measurement of rock sample damage in a kind of CYCLIC LOADING process, thereby adopt this Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement in the situation of change of loading process mesoporosity rate, to characterize rock degree of injury in loading process with the apparent phenomenon reflection rock of rock surface, for measuring rock mass in later application to engineering practice, be subject to terrestrial stress effect to cause damage of rock that a simple and practical method is provided.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is: the method for real-time measurement of rock sample damage in a kind of CYCLIC LOADING process, and the method comprises the following steps:
1) index as evaluation rock sample process of osmosis by the quantitative solution diffusion radius that after titration, solution forms on its surface on rock sample, tests and draws rock porosity and titration diffusion radius relationship figure, characterizes the internal injury of rock from figure;
2) rock sample is carried out to CYCLIC LOADING, adopt quantitative solution to carry out titration at the rock sample after different pressures loads, after obtaining titration, solution, at its surperficial diffusion radius forming, is drawn out rock sample titration diffusion radius and axle pressure value graph of a relation in loading procedure;
3) by step 2) rock porosity that obtains of the rock sample that obtains titration diffusion radius and axle pressure value graph of a relation and step 1) in loading procedure and titration spread radius relationship figure and learn that rock sample is in the situation of change of loading procedure mesoporosity rate, thereby draw the degree of the damaged of rock sample diverse location, realize the real-time measurement of rock sample damage in CYCLIC LOADING process.
Step 1) is comprised of following steps:
1-1) by temperature instrumentation indoor temperature and utilize air-conditioning to adjust the temperature to preference temperature, adopt hygrometer to measure indoor humidity simultaneously, with air steamer and lime, regulate humidity at optimum range;
1-2) get screening rock sample to be measured some, with whetstone, will treat that gently titration face polishes, make it not observe obvious concavo-convex place, then surface debris is blown away in electricity consumption.Titration clicks on the Ge Yichu， side, upper and lower end face of boring sample and selects 3-4 points;
The colored solutions that 1-3) preparation is not reacted with rock sample, puts into titration apparatus by the rock sample of handling well and is fixed, and with microlitre meter, extracts appropriate colored solutions in beaker, takes out rock sample section after liquid level in all capillary burettes is reduced to zero;
The survey radius template of 1-4) utilize preparing is positioned over and in rock section, records titration radius and take with camera the infiltration shape that final titration forms, from surveying radius template, show that an irregular figure of process formation is respectively to radius, the porosity of section rock sample is measured by conventional porosity measurement method;
1-5) by the titration of many groups, and every group of difference that the experiment discrete type that all carries out as far as possible avoiding individual on same rock sample causes, the titration diffusion radius size of statistics different porosities size rock sample, draw rock porosity and titration diffusion radius relationship figure, from figure, characterize the internal injury of rock.
Step 1-4) the conventional porosity measurement method adopting in is pycnometer method.
Step 2) by following steps, formed:
2-1) by temperature instrumentation indoor temperature and utilize air-conditioning to adjust the temperature to preference temperature, adopt hygrometer to measure indoor humidity simultaneously, with air steamer and lime, regulate humidity at optimum range;
2-2) choose rock sample, choose the sandstone sample that drills through and polish qualified, specimen size is diameter 50mm, and height 100mm, requires sample end surface flatness deviation, and height tolerance meets according to code requirement, and its porosity recording between two difference is not more than 10%;
2-3) before carrying out uniaxial compression, must carry out in the side of rock titration to do late time data contrast: with blowing away surface debris with hair-dryer after dry sanding paper wiping rock surface, the rock of processing is positioned over to table upper, selects the experiment measuring point of rock side; With microlitre meter, get 10ml solution, the syringe needle of microlitre meter is contacted with rock surface, solution is slowly dripped to rock side, after infiltrating rock completely, volumetric soiutions takes off rock sample, with surveying radius template, cover in rock side, with camera, take be graphics shape, from surveying radius template, show that an irregular figure of process formation is respectively to radius, calculate three experiment measuring points titration diffusion radius value under 0MPa, clean up the colored solutions on rock sample surface;
2-4) in experimental machine, control instrument stops loading from 0MPa is loaded on 20MPa, keeps rock axially loaded constant, with dry sanding paper, grinds gently and wipes away test specimen surface, with hair-dryer, blows away surface debris.With microlitre meter, get solution 10 microlitres that prepare and be slowly injected in step 2-3) in the experiment measuring point of the rock side chosen, solution to be injected finally infiltrates the titration of rock interior trailing flank to be completed, turning off rock compressed instrument takes out rock sample and survey radius template is carefully covered to rock side, and take be graphics shape with camera, from surveying radius template, show that an irregular figure of process formation is respectively to radius, calculate three experiment measuring points titration diffusion radius value under 20MPa, clean up the colored solutions on rock sample surface;
2-5) repeating step 2-4) obtain three experiment measuring points titration diffusion radius value under 40MPa, clean up the colored solutions on rock sample surface;
2-6) repeating step 2-4) obtain three experiment measuring points titration diffusion radius value under 60MPa;
2-7) according to step 2-4), 2-5), 2-6) different pressures (0MPa, 20MPa, 40, the titration diffusion radius value under 60MPa) is drawn out rock sample titration diffusion radius and axle pressure value graph of a relation in loading procedure.
In above-mentioned steps, thus by the solution of taking with camera after rock sample surface institute is shape and retouches out with AUTO CAD software with the several area S that go out be shape of the grid contrast of template, recycle area formula
obtain the mean radius r of titration, i.e. titration diffusion radius.
Method of the present invention can be measured in real time the damage process of rock in loading process and change, well-known porosity is an important parameter of reflection rock character, specific its porosity size of rock sample is generally also in some interval ranges, rock its porosity in loading procedure also can change due to stressed effect, and the diverse location at rock is variant, be the invariably accompany variation of porosity of the damage of rock, therefore from the damage of the variation reflection rock of rock porosity, have corresponding theoretical foundation.
Method of the present invention is to consider when quantitative solution diffusion shape that after titration, solution forms on its surface on rock, diffusion radius (or mean radius) index as evaluation process of osmosis, with this technology without detriment to rock, reflects the relation between itself and rock porosity.And after the stressed effect of rock, cause rock interior damage to cause inner structure to become closely, and rock porosity now etc. also can change because of stressed effect, and the shape, the radius that when solution, at rock surface, form change equally.
The method for real-time measurement of rock sample damage in a kind of CYCLIC LOADING process provided by the invention, beneficial effect is as follows:
1, realized Non-Destructive Testing, checking measurements process is without destroying sample, and general porosity detection technique will be damaged test specimen conventionally, the method can detect the damage of rock situation in arbitrary moment of loading procedure in real time, and owing to being non-destructive testing, can obtain the degree of injury that multi-group data reflects rock different parts by many groups of experiments.
2, by AUTO CAD software, process the picture that camera takes, adopt template transformed area to obtain titration diffusion radius, this process can convert surface area to the area of plane, and the value obtaining is also more accurate.
3, adopt to survey the advantage of radius template: when titration face is surface level, it is more regular circular or oval that its titration diffusion radius is generally, and utilizes the instruments such as milscale can obtain easily result.And when titration face be arcwall face, for example during cylindrical side, utilize the instruments such as milscale to measure, now utilize template to read diffusion radius by faster, and result is more accurate.
4, this measuring method can axially be carried out multi-point sampler at rock sample, to rock sample character reflection comprehensively, thereby reduces the impact of the size effect that rock size causes, thereby show that rock sample is being subject to the different distance point degree of impairment of force direction and stress point.
5, expense is cheap, and without expensive instrument and instrument, detection mode is simple, and the Rock Damage testing result differing greatly for porosity has expression power very intuitively, and discrimination is very high.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the invention will be further described:
Fig. 1 is step 1-2 of the present invention) in the schematic diagram of three rock samples choosing;
Fig. 2 is rock porosity and the titration diffusion radius relationship figure that step 1) of the present invention is drawn out;
Fig. 3 is step 2 of the present invention) at the schematic diagram of rock sample, on rock sample, chosen three experiment measuring points, one of upper end, one of medial end portions Yi Ge， bottom;
Fig. 4 is step 2 of the present invention) rock sample drawn out titration diffusion radius and axle pressure value graph of a relation in loading procedure.
Embodiment
A method for real-time measurement for rock sample damage in CYCLIC LOADING process, the method is comprised of following steps:
1) index as evaluation rock sample process of osmosis by the quantitative solution diffusion radius that after titration, solution forms on its surface on rock sample, tests and draws rock porosity and titration diffusion radius relationship figure, characterizes the internal injury of rock from figure.
Step 1) is comprised of following steps:
1-1) by temperature instrumentation indoor temperature and utilize air-conditioning to adjust the temperature to preference temperature (generally getting indoor temperature at 20 ℃-23 ℃), adopt hygrometer to measure indoor humidity simultaneously, with air steamer and lime, regulate humidity at optimum range;
1-2) get three, screening rock sample to be measured (as shown in Figure 1), with whetstone, will treat that gently titration face polishes, make it not observe obvious concavo-convex place, then surface debris is blown away in electricity consumption.Titration clicks on the Ge Yichu， side, upper and lower end face of boring sample and selects 3-4 points;
The red solution that 1-3) preparation is not reacted with rock sample (adopts allured red pigment, because it is red, easily obviously observe out the shape spreading on rock sample, do not react with rock, pigment and water are mixed in beaker according to 1:500 ratio, after stirring, obtain red solution), the rock sample of handling well is put into titration apparatus and be fixed, with microlitre meter, in beaker, extract appropriate colored solutions, after liquid level in all capillary burettes is reduced to zero, take out rock sample section;
The survey radius template of 1-4) utilize preparing is positioned over and in rock section, records titration radius and take with camera the infiltration shape that final titration forms, from survey irregular figure that radius template show that the process of dripping forms each to radius.The porosity of section rock sample is measured by conventional porosity measurement method, and the porosity that obtains three groups of rock samples is respectively 6.22%, 7.23%, 11.21%;
1-5) by the titration of three groups, and every group of difference that the experiment discrete type that all carries out as far as possible avoiding individual on same rock sample causes, the titration diffusion radius size of statistics different porosities size rock sample, draw rock porosity and titration diffusion radius relationship figure (as shown in Figure 2), from figure, characterize the internal injury of rock.
Step 1-4) the conventional porosity measurement method adopting in is pycnometer method.
2) rock sample is carried out to CYCLIC LOADING, adopt quantitative solution to carry out titration at the rock sample after different pressures loads, after obtaining titration, solution, at its surperficial diffusion radius forming, is drawn out rock sample titration diffusion radius and axle pressure value graph of a relation in loading procedure.
Step 2) by following steps, formed:
2-1) by temperature instrumentation indoor temperature and utilize air-conditioning to adjust the temperature to preference temperature (generally get indoor temperature at 20 ℃---23 ℃), adopt hygrometer to measure indoor humidity simultaneously, with air steamer and lime, regulate humidity at optimum range;
2-2) choose rock sample (as shown in Figure 3), choose the sandstone sample that drills through and polish qualified, specimen size is diameter 50mm, height 100mm, require sample end surface flatness deviation, height tolerance meets according to code requirement, and its porosity recording between two difference is not more than 10%;
2-3) before carrying out uniaxial compression, must carry out in the side of rock titration to do late time data contrast: with blowing away surface debris with hair-dryer after dry sanding paper wiping rock surface, the rock of processing is positioned over to table upper, the experiment measuring point 1,2 of selection rock side, 3(are as shown in Figure 3); With microlitre meter, get 10ml solution, the syringe needle of microlitre meter is contacted with rock surface, solution is slowly dripped to rock side, after infiltrating rock completely, volumetric soiutions takes off rock sample, with surveying radius template, cover in rock side, with camera, take be graphics shape, from surveying radius template, show that an irregular figure of process formation is respectively to radius, calculate three experiments measuring points 1,2,3(as shown in Figure 3) titration diffusion radius value under 0MPa, clean up the colored solutions on rock sample surface;
2-4) in experimental machine, control instrument stops loading from 0MPa is loaded on 20MPa, keeps rock axially loaded constant, with dry sanding paper, grinds gently and wipes away test specimen surface, with hair-dryer, blows away surface debris.With microlitre meter, get solution 10 microlitres that prepare and be slowly injected in step 2-3) in the experiment measuring point of the rock side chosen, solution to be injected finally infiltrates the titration of rock interior trailing flank to be completed, turning off rock compressed instrument takes out rock sample and survey radius template is carefully covered to rock side, and take be graphics shape with camera, from surveying radius template, show that an irregular figure of process formation is respectively to radius, calculate three experiments measuring points 1,2,3(as shown in Figure 3) titration diffusion radius value under 20MPa, clean up the colored solutions on rock sample surface;
2-5) repeating step 2-4) obtain three experiments measuring points 1,2,3(as shown in Figure 3) titration diffusion radius value under 40MPa, clean up the colored solutions on rock sample surface;
2-6) repeating step 2-4) obtain three experiment measuring points 1,2,3(as shown in Figure 3) titration diffusion radius value under 60MPa;
Statistics above-mentioned steps 2-3), 2-4), 2-5) and 2-6) every group of axle pressure under the data obtained statistics as follows:
The diffusion radius value of rock sample under the different axle pressures of table one
2-7) according to step 2-4), 2-5), 2-6) different pressures (0MPa, 20MPa, 40, the titration diffusion radius value under 60MPa) is drawn out rock sample titration diffusion radius and axle pressure value graph of a relation (as shown in Figure 4) in loading procedure.
In above-mentioned steps, thus by the solution of taking with camera after rock sample surface institute is shape and retouches out with AUTO CAD software with the several area S that go out be shape of the grid contrast of template, recycle area formula
obtain the mean radius r of titration, i.e. titration diffusion radius.
3) by step 2) rock porosity that obtains of the rock sample that obtains titration diffusion radius and axle pressure value graph of a relation and step 1) in loading procedure and titration spread radius relationship figure and learn that rock sample is in the situation of change of loading procedure mesoporosity rate, thereby draw the degree of the damaged of rock sample diverse location, realize the real-time measurement of rock sample damage in CYCLIC LOADING process.
Claims (5)
1. the method for real-time measurement that in CYCLIC LOADING process, rock sample damages, is characterized in that the method comprises the following steps:
1) index as evaluation rock sample process of osmosis by the quantitative solution diffusion radius that after titration, solution forms on its surface on rock sample, tests and draws rock porosity and titration diffusion radius relationship figure, characterizes the internal injury of rock from figure;
2) rock sample is carried out to CYCLIC LOADING, adopt quantitative solution to carry out titration at the rock sample after different pressures loads, after obtaining titration, solution, at its surperficial diffusion radius forming, is drawn out rock sample titration diffusion radius and axle pressure value graph of a relation in loading procedure;
3) by step 2) rock porosity that obtains of the rock sample that obtains titration diffusion radius and axle pressure value graph of a relation and step 1) in loading procedure and titration spread radius relationship figure and learn that rock sample is in the situation of change of loading procedure mesoporosity rate, thereby draw the degree of the damaged of rock sample diverse location, realize the real-time measurement of rock sample damage in CYCLIC LOADING process.
2. the method for real-time measurement that in a kind of CYCLIC LOADING process according to claim 1, rock sample damages, is characterized in that step 1) is comprised of following steps:
1-1) by temperature instrumentation indoor temperature and utilize air-conditioning to adjust the temperature to preference temperature, adopt hygrometer to measure indoor humidity simultaneously, with air steamer and lime, regulate humidity at optimum range;
1-2) get screening rock sample to be measured some, with whetstone, will treat that gently titration face polishes, make it not observe obvious concavo-convex place, then surface debris is blown away in electricity consumption, and titration clicks on the Ge Yichu， side, upper and lower end face of boring sample and selects 3-4 points;
The colored solutions that 1-3) preparation is not reacted with rock sample, puts into titration apparatus by the rock sample of handling well and is fixed, and with microlitre meter, extracts appropriate colored solutions in beaker, takes out rock sample section after liquid level in all capillary burettes is reduced to zero;
The survey radius template of 1-4) utilize preparing is positioned over and in rock section, records titration radius and take with camera the infiltration shape that final titration forms, from surveying radius template, show that an irregular figure of process formation is respectively to radius, the porosity of section rock sample is measured by conventional porosity measurement method;
1-5) by the titration of many groups, and every group of difference that the experiment discrete type that all carries out as far as possible avoiding individual on same rock sample causes, the titration diffusion radius size of statistics different porosities size rock sample, draw rock porosity and titration diffusion radius relationship figure, from figure, characterize the internal injury of rock.
3. the method for real-time measurement of rock sample damage in a kind of CYCLIC LOADING process according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the conventional porosity measurement method adopting step 1-4) is pycnometer method.
4. the method for real-time measurement of rock sample damage in a kind of CYCLIC LOADING process according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that step 2) by following steps, formed:
2-1) by temperature instrumentation indoor temperature and utilize air-conditioning to adjust the temperature to preference temperature, adopt hygrometer to measure indoor humidity simultaneously, with air steamer and lime, regulate humidity at optimum range;
2-2) choose rock sample, choose the sandstone sample that drills through and polish qualified, specimen size is diameter 50mm, and height 100mm, requires sample end surface flatness deviation, and height tolerance meets according to code requirement, and its porosity recording between two difference is not more than 10%;
2-3) before carrying out uniaxial compression, must carry out in the side of rock titration to do late time data contrast: with blowing away surface debris with hair-dryer after dry sanding paper wiping rock surface, the rock of processing is positioned on table, select the experiment measuring point (1,2,3) of rock side; With microlitre meter, get 10ml solution, the syringe needle of microlitre meter is contacted with rock surface, solution is slowly dripped to rock side, after volumetric soiutions infiltrates rock completely, take off rock sample, with surveying radius template, cover in rock side, with camera, take be graphics shape, from surveying radius template, show that an irregular figure of process formation, respectively to radius, calculates three experiment measuring points (1,2,3) under 0MPa, radius value is spread in titration, cleans up the colored solutions on rock sample surface;
2-4) in experimental machine, control instrument stops loading from 0MPa is loaded on 20MPa, keeps rock axially loaded constant, with dry sanding paper, grinds gently and wipes away test specimen surface, with hair-dryer, blows away surface debris; With microlitre meter, get solution 10 microlitres that prepare and be slowly injected in step 2-3) in the experiment measuring point (1 of the rock side chosen, 2,3), solution to be injected finally infiltrates the titration of rock interior trailing flank to be completed, turning off rock compressed instrument takes out rock sample and survey radius template is carefully covered to rock side, and take be graphics shape with camera, from surveying radius template, show that an irregular figure of process formation is respectively to radius, calculate three experiment measuring points (1,2,3) under 20MPa, radius value is spread in titration, cleans up the colored solutions on rock sample surface;
2-5) repeating step 2-4) obtain three experiment measuring points (1,2,3) titration diffusion radius value under 40MPa,, clean up the colored solutions on rock sample surface;
2-6) repeating step 2-4) obtain three experiment measuring points (1,2,3) titration diffusion radius value under 60MPa;
2-7) according to step 2-4), 2-5), 2-6) different pressures under titration diffusion radius value draw out rock sample titration diffusion radius and axle pressure value graph of a relation in loading procedure.
5. the method for real-time measurement that in a kind of CYCLIC LOADING process according to claim 4, rock sample damages, it is characterized in that: thus by the solution of taking with camera after rock sample surface institute is shape and retouches out with AUTO CAD software with the several area S that go out be shape of the grid contrast of template, recycle area formula
obtain the mean radius r of titration, i.e. titration diffusion radius.
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| CN103884634A (en) * | 2014-03-10 | 2014-06-25 | 三峡大学 | Titration device for testing stress of tunnel rocks and method for determining stress of rocks |
| CN103940664A (en) * | 2014-05-13 | 2014-07-23 | 中国矿业大学 | Device and method for identifying hard soil fracture microstructure under triaxial test conditions |
| CN105424573A (en) * | 2015-11-03 | 2016-03-23 | 三峡大学 | Method for detecting tile porosity and pore distribution |
| CN106228558A (en) * | 2016-07-26 | 2016-12-14 | 三峡大学 | A kind of rock is carried out the method that layer enters formula breakdown diagnosis |
| CN108051540A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-05-18 | 三峡大学 | A kind of damage of rock in-situ measurement device and measuring method |
| CN108195996A (en) * | 2018-01-16 | 2018-06-22 | 三峡大学 | Semi-automatic titration outfit and test method |
| CN109886411A (en) * | 2019-02-25 | 2019-06-14 | 浙江远图互联科技股份有限公司 | A kind of rule base of pressure injury clinical decision system indicates and inference method |
| CN110793996A (en) * | 2019-10-22 | 2020-02-14 | 中国科学院力学研究所 | Method for representing CMCs damage induced by high temperature long time aging based on micropore increment |
| CN113109182A (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2021-07-13 | 东南大学 | Experimental method for determining dynamic damage of rock joints based on volume change rate |
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Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103884634A (en) * | 2014-03-10 | 2014-06-25 | 三峡大学 | Titration device for testing stress of tunnel rocks and method for determining stress of rocks |
| CN103940664A (en) * | 2014-05-13 | 2014-07-23 | 中国矿业大学 | Device and method for identifying hard soil fracture microstructure under triaxial test conditions |
| CN105424573A (en) * | 2015-11-03 | 2016-03-23 | 三峡大学 | Method for detecting tile porosity and pore distribution |
| CN106228558A (en) * | 2016-07-26 | 2016-12-14 | 三峡大学 | A kind of rock is carried out the method that layer enters formula breakdown diagnosis |
| CN106228558B (en) * | 2016-07-26 | 2018-11-09 | 三峡大学 | A method of layer being carried out into formula breakdown diagnosis to rock |
| CN108051540A (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-05-18 | 三峡大学 | A kind of damage of rock in-situ measurement device and measuring method |
| CN108195996A (en) * | 2018-01-16 | 2018-06-22 | 三峡大学 | Semi-automatic titration outfit and test method |
| CN109886411A (en) * | 2019-02-25 | 2019-06-14 | 浙江远图互联科技股份有限公司 | A kind of rule base of pressure injury clinical decision system indicates and inference method |
| CN109886411B (en) * | 2019-02-25 | 2021-05-07 | 浙江远图互联科技股份有限公司 | Rule base representation and inference method of pressure injury clinical decision system |
| CN110793996A (en) * | 2019-10-22 | 2020-02-14 | 中国科学院力学研究所 | Method for representing CMCs damage induced by high temperature long time aging based on micropore increment |
| CN113109182A (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2021-07-13 | 东南大学 | Experimental method for determining dynamic damage of rock joints based on volume change rate |
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| CN103512816B (en) | 2015-04-29 |
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