CN103456930A - Negative electrode diachylon used for high-performance AGM battery and preparing method thereof - Google Patents
Negative electrode diachylon used for high-performance AGM battery and preparing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN103456930A CN103456930A CN2013104444454A CN201310444445A CN103456930A CN 103456930 A CN103456930 A CN 103456930A CN 2013104444454 A CN2013104444454 A CN 2013104444454A CN 201310444445 A CN201310444445 A CN 201310444445A CN 103456930 A CN103456930 A CN 103456930A
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- negative electrode
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- carbon black
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920005552 sodium lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000019635 sulfation Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005670 sulfation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 206010011906 Death Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000032696 parturition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- PIJPYDMVFNTHIP-UHFFFAOYSA-L lead sulfate Chemical compound [PbH4+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PIJPYDMVFNTHIP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of lead storage batteries and relates to a negative electrode diachylon which is capable of improving dynamic charging acceptance performance of an AGM battery and a preparing method thereof. The negative electrode diachylon is capable of improving the dynamic charging acceptance performance of the AGM battery under the condition that the AGM battery has the advantages of being long in service life and strong in starting capacity, the probability of sulfation of a negative plate when the negative plate is in a partial charge state for a long time is reduced, and then starting and shut-down requirements are met.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the lead accumulator technical field, relate to a kind of high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster and preparation method thereof, be specifically related to a kind of AGM of raising battery and dynamically charge and accept cathode lead plaster of characteristic and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Energy-conserving and environment-protective are developing direction of future automobile.Making laws in Europe, plans at the CO by automobile in 2015
2discharge capacity is reduced to 120g/km following (higher than the Europe IV standard), this makes European all automobile production producer have to take new emission-reducing system and auxiliary power unit, and adopt the stop/start(starting to stop) micro hybrid vehicle of system, only need carry out less improvement to automobile electric appliance system, change the generator on existing automobile into start/generator, increasing a set of stop/start(starting stops) management system, adopt high power, long-life new A GM battery (lead acid accumulator), integral vehicle cost increases on a small quantity, just can realize under the municipal highway situation, reduce the CO of 3%-8%
2discharge capacity, the effect of fuel-economizing 3%-5%, be market acceptance and the fabulous scheme of generalization in following 10-20.
So-called start-stop technology fast is exactly vehicle block up or etc. automatically kill engine during red light, the electric equipment of automobile now, Source Music and satellite navigation system etc. provides electric power by battery; Can automatically pilot engine rapidly again when the driver steps on clutch, throttle or loosens the brake, by battery, provide the power start engine; And work as automobile downhill or moment produces while bringing to a halt energy can change into rapidly electric energy and accepted by battery.Even these all require battery frequently to use under partial state of charge, also to there is enough electric weight, good flash-over characteristic; There is good charge characteristic simultaneously, can accept the high magnification charging current, namely there is good dynamic charge acceptance.
Traditional AGM battery has the advantages that the life-span is long, starting capability is strong, but while being applied to the start-stop automobile, for a long time under the Partial charge state, sulfation very easily occurs in negative plate, charging is accepted performance and is especially dynamically charged and accept poor-performing, battery, because of the difficulty end-of-life of charging, is difficult to meet the parking requirement.
Zhao Jiequan etc. (the progress .J. storage battery of hybrid vehicle analysing valve control type lead-acid accumulator battery negative pole carbonaceous additive, 2010,47 (05)) have introduced the up-to-date Recent Progresses In The Development that hybrid vehicle analysing valve control type lead-acid accumulator battery negative pole adds carbon.In literary composition, point out to add the high level material with carbon element to make moderate progress to performances of the lead-acid battery, as increase conductivity, lead sulfate is evenly distributed, increase specific area, reduce polarization, increase electric capacity effect etc., also pointed out to add some adverse influences after carbon, directly add a large amount of carbon as pointed out in cathode lead plaster and easily cause coming off of lead plaster in cyclic process, reduce the life-span of battery.So just had a strong impact on the normal use of lead acid accumulator in auxiliary products.
Chinese patent CN102074744B discloses a kind of plumbous charcoal super accumulator that contains plumbous carbon composite, contains the plumbous carbon composite with high specific capacitance in the negative electrode active material of this lead charcoal super accumulator.The negative material of plumbous charcoal superbattery comprises the plumbous carbon composite of high specific capacitance of lead, 2-95% weight portion of 1-75% weight portion and the additive of 1.5-5% weight portion.The plumbous charcoal superbattery production process that the present invention proposes is few, internal structure is simple, cost is low, and cathode lead plaster is not easy to come off, and uses cycle life longer.But while being applied to the start-stop automobile, still under the Partial charge state, sulfation very easily occurs in negative plate for a long time in existence, and charging is accepted performance and especially dynamically charged and accept poor-performing, battery, because of the difficulty end-of-life of charging, is difficult to meet the problem of stopping and requiring.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide and a kind ofly can be applicable to AGM battery cathode lead plaster for the start-stop automobile, this cathode lead plaster can make the AGM battery in the situation that have the advantage that the life-span is long, starting capability is strong, improve dynamically charging and accept performance, reduce long-time under the Partial charge state negative plate situation of sulfation very easily occurs, further met the parking requirement.With traditional AGM battery difference, be, for meeting high magnification charging under start-stop automobile partial state of charge, electric discharge, long-life demand, especially brake energy reclaims function, reduce the battery sulfation and improve charging and accept performance, can not meet the parking instructions for use even improve many again low specific surface area conventional carbon black or acetylene black, and improve when performance is accepted in charging the decline that may bring the performances such as accumulator drive, water consumption.
Above-mentioned purpose is achieved by following technical solution:
A kind of high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster is comprised of the material of following weight unit's: lead powder 90-110 part, barium sulfate 0.2-2 part, mix organic expander 0.1-3 part, mix carbonaceous additive 0.1-4 part, sulfuric acid 2-10 part and water 9-18 part; The PbO that contains mass fraction 75-85% in described lead powder.
Preferably, a kind of high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster, material by following weight unit's forms: 100 parts, lead powder, barium sulfate 0.4-1 part, mixing organic expander 0.4-1 part, mixing carbonaceous additive 0.2-2 part, sulfuric acid 3-7 part and water 10-15 part, preferred water is pure water.
Wherein, mixing carbonaceous additive low specific surface area conductive carbon black of high-specific surface area carbon black and 0.1-1 part in 0.1-1 part forms.Middle high-specific surface area carbon black refers to that specific area is 200-2000m
2the carbon black of/g; The low specific surface area conductive carbon black refers to that specific area is less than 100m
2/ g, the carbon black of resistivity≤1.8 Ω m.
Middle high-specific surface area carbon black in above-mentioned mixing carbonaceous additive and the mass ratio of low specific surface area conductive carbon black are preferably 1:1-1:3.Test shows, mixes amount and ratio that carbon adds very important, and excessive carbon can cause battery because liberation of hydrogen is serious, the water consumption increases end-of-life, and unfavorable ratio can affect charging acceptance, starting and the life-span of battery on the contrary.
Humic acid and sodium lignosulfonate that the mixing organic expander is 16:1-1:1 by mass ratio form; Humic acid and sodium lignosulfonate that to be preferably by mass ratio be 8:1-3:2 form.
It is 1.2-1.8g/cm that sulfuric acid is preferably density
3the sulfuric acid of (25 ℃), more preferably density is 1.39-1.49g/cm
3the sulfuric acid of (25 ℃), specifically being preferably density is 1.4g/cm
3the sulfuric acid of (25 ℃).
The invention provides a kind of high-performance AGM battery, this battery adopts technique scheme gained cathode lead plaster.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of preparation method of above-mentioned start-stop AGM battery terminal negative lead plaster, and step is as follows:
1) the mixed swelling agent of water and carbonaceous additive:
By mixed expanded dose with mix carbonaceous additive and add water to stir, obtain the mixed swelling agent of water and carbonaceous additive mixture I;
2) wet mixing lead powder:
Add the mixed swelling agent of water and the carbonaceous additive mixture I of step 1) gained in lead powder, stir, obtain mixtures II;
3) drench acid:
While stirring with shape spray to step 2) add sulfuric acid in the gained mixtures II, must drench acid blend II;
4) close cream:
The step 3) gained is drenched to acid blend II rapid stirring even, go out cream and obtain start-stop AGM battery terminal negative lead plaster.
Wherein, close in step 4) in the cream process to control and close the cream temperature and be less than 65 ℃, be preferably 40-60 ℃; Go out the cream temperature lower than 45 ℃, be preferably 20-30 ℃.
With conventional art, compare, the present invention has following beneficial effect:
1) the present invention has adopted extraordinary mixing carbon adding technique, and what greatly promoted battery dynamically accepts characteristic, has also realized the raising of battery combination property simultaneously.Meet high magnification charging under start-stop automobile partial state of charge, electric discharge, long-life demand, especially brake energy reclaims function, reduces the battery sulfation and improves charging and accept performance;
2) gained lead plaster of the present invention is to move under lower charging voltage for start-stop AGM storage battery, there is good charging and accept performance, cold starting performance and long-life, with reference to Ford standard ES-DS7T-10655-AA, the start-stop durability can reach more than 100,000 times, far away higher than common AGM battery and general rich solution maintenance-free lead accumulator;
3) gained lead plaster of the present invention can be accepted large current charge moment.Test data shows, carry out Performance Detection according to current international advanced Ford standard (ES-DS7T-10655-AA), the storage battery that adopts cathode lead plaster of the present invention to manufacture, it dynamically charges and accepts performance up to 200A, the basic mechanical design feature index can reach standard-required, can meet the requirement of user vehicle;
4) technical solution of the present invention technique is simple and easy to control, with low cost, is applicable to suitability for industrialized production.
Embodiment
Following content is in conjunction with concrete preferred implementation further description made for the present invention, can not assert that specific embodiment of the invention is confined to these explanations.For the general technical staff of the technical field of the invention; without departing from the inventive concept of the premise; can also make some simple deduction or replace; all should be considered as belonging to protection scope of the present invention; the present invention uses but the technology and the indexing section that do not describe, is prior art.
Embodiment 1
100kg lead powder (including the PbO of mass fraction 75%) is added and closes in the cream machine.Add water to mix groove the sodium lignosulfonate of the ultra-fine barium sulfate of high-specific surface area carbon black, 0.3kg low specific surface area conductive carbon black, 0.5kg in 0.1kg, 0.1kg, the humic acid of 0.5kg, then add purifying waste water of 10kg, high-speed stirred mixes rear injection and closes the cream machine, after carrying out wet mixing and close evenly with lead powder, drenching fast into density is 1.400g/cm
3the sulfuric acid 9kg of (25 ℃), close in the cream process and control and close the cream temperature at 60 ℃, stirs, and is cooled to 40 ℃, goes out cream and obtain cathode lead plaster.
Embodiment 2
90kg lead powder (including the PbO of mass fraction 75%) is added and closes in the cream machine.Add water to mix groove the sodium lignosulfonate of the ultra-fine barium sulfate of high-specific surface area carbon black, 0.2kg low specific surface area conductive carbon black, 0.3kg in 1kg, 0.1kg, the humic acid of 0.1kg, then add purifying waste water of 10kg, high-speed stirred mixes rear injection and closes the cream machine, after carrying out wet mixing and close evenly with lead powder, drenching fast into density is 1.42g/cm
3the sulfuric acid 3kg of (25 ℃), close in the cream process and control and close the cream temperature at 60 ℃, stirs, and is cooled to 40 ℃, goes out cream and obtain cathode lead plaster.
Embodiment 3
100kg lead powder (including the PbO of mass fraction 80%) is added and closes in the cream machine.Add water to mix groove the sodium lignosulfonate of the ultra-fine barium sulfate of high-specific surface area carbon black, 1kg low specific surface area conductive carbon black, 0.5kg in 0.8kg, 2kg, the humic acid of 0.2kg, then add purifying waste water of 15kg, high-speed stirred mixes rear injection and closes the cream machine, after carrying out wet mixing and close evenly with lead powder, drenching fast into density is 1.42g/cm
3the sulfuric acid 7kg of (25 ℃), close in the cream process and control and close the cream temperature at 50 ℃, stirs, and is cooled to 30 ℃, goes out cream and obtain cathode lead plaster.
Embodiment 4
100kg lead powder (including the PbO of mass fraction 80%) is added and closes in the cream machine.Add water to mix groove the sodium lignosulfonate of the ultra-fine barium sulfate of high-specific surface area carbon black, 0.2kg low specific surface area conductive carbon black, 1kg in 0.1kg, 1kg, the humic acid of 0.2kg, then add purifying waste water of 15kg, high-speed stirred mixes rear injection and closes the cream machine, after carrying out wet mixing and close evenly with lead powder, drenching fast into density is 1.45g/cm
3the sulfuric acid 3kg of (25 ℃), close in the cream process and control and close the cream temperature at 50 ℃, stirs, and is cooled to 30 ℃, goes out cream and obtain cathode lead plaster.
Embodiment 5
100kg lead powder (including the PbO of mass fraction 85%) is added and closes in the cream machine.Add water to mix groove the sodium lignosulfonate of the ultra-fine barium sulfate of high-specific surface area carbon black, 0.1kg low specific surface area conductive carbon black, 0.2kg in 0.5kg, 0.3kg, the humic acid of 0.1kg, then add purifying waste water of 9kg, high-speed stirred mixes rear injection and closes the cream machine, after carrying out wet mixing and close evenly with lead powder, drenching fast into density is 1.45g/cm
3the sulfuric acid 2kg of (25 ℃), close in the cream process and control and close the cream temperature at 40 ℃, stirs, and is cooled to 20 ℃, goes out cream and obtain cathode lead plaster.
Checking embodiment
By above-described embodiment 1-5 gained cathode lead plaster, be coated in respectively on special-purpose grid, solidify 24h through 40 ℃, 95%RH, then produce the negative plate of giving birth to through 70 ℃, the dry 24h of 20%RH.Just giving birth to plate adopts start-stop AGM anode lead plaster and pole plate manufacture technology to manufacture.
Through pole plate change into, after dry, minute plate, pole plate coats the AGM dividing plate, the private casing of packing into, sealing becomes high-performance AGM battery.
Then gained high-performance AGM battery is carried out to performance verification with reference to Ford standard ES-DS7T-10655-AA, and while and common AGM battery (commercially available prod), and traditional rich solution maintenance-free lead accumulator (as disclosed in CN2192080A).The result (take the 70Ah battery as example) is shown in Table 1:
Table 1
By table 1 data, can be found out, adopt the start-stop AGM storage battery that novel cathode lead plaster is made, with general rich solution maintenance-free lead accumulator, suitable cold-starting ability and good charging performance are arranged, dynamically charging is accepted performance far away higher than common AGM battery and flooded batteries, and has obtained the longer start-stop life-span.
Claims (10)
1. a high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster is comprised of the material of following weight unit's: lead powder 90-110 part, barium sulfate 0.2-2 part, mix organic expander 0.1-3 part, mix carbonaceous additive 0.1-4 part, sulfuric acid 2-10 part and water 9-18 part; Wherein, mix carbonaceous additive by high-specific surface area carbon black 0.1-1 part and low specific surface area conductive carbon black 0.1-1 part form; Middle high-specific surface area carbon black refers to that specific area is 200-2000m
2the carbon black of/g; The low specific surface area conductive carbon black refers to that specific area is less than 100m
2/ g, the carbon black of resistivity≤1.8 Ω m; Humic acid and sodium lignosulfonate that the mixing organic expander is 16:1-1:1 by mass ratio form.
2. a kind of high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, formed by the material of following weight unit's: 100 parts, lead powder, barium sulfate 0.4-1 part, mix organic expander 0.4-1 part, mix carbonaceous additive 0.2-2 part, sulfuric acid 3-7 part and water 10-15 part.
3. a kind of high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, contains the PbO of mass fraction 75-85% in described lead powder.
4. a kind of high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, humic acid and sodium lignosulfonate that the mixing organic expander is 8:1-3:2 by mass ratio form.
5. a kind of high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, the middle high-specific surface area carbon black in the mixing carbonaceous additive and the mass ratio of low specific surface area conductive carbon black are 1:1-1:3.
6. a kind of high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, the density of sulfuric acid is 1.2-1.8g/cm
3.
7. an AGM battery that adopts the described cathode lead plaster of the arbitrary claim of claim 1-6 to make.
8. the preparation method of the described high-performance AGM negative electrode battery of claim as arbitrary as claim 1-6 lead plaster,
Step is as follows:
1) the mixed swelling agent of water and carbonaceous additive:
By mixed expanded dose with mix carbonaceous additive and add water to stir, obtain the mixed swelling agent of water and carbonaceous additive mixture I;
2) wet mixing lead powder:
Add the mixed swelling agent of water and the carbonaceous additive mixture I of step 1) gained in lead powder, stir, obtain mixtures II;
3) drench acid:
While stirring with shape spray to step 2) add sulfuric acid in the gained mixtures II, must drench acid blend II;
4) close cream:
The step 3) gained is drenched to acid blend II rapid stirring even, go out cream and obtain start-stop AGM battery terminal negative lead plaster.
9. the preparation method of high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster as claimed in claim 8, is characterized in that, in step 4), closes in the cream process to control that to close the cream temperature be 40-60 ℃.
10. the preparation method of high-performance AGM negative electrode battery lead plaster as claimed in claim 9, is characterized in that, going out the cream temperature is 20-30 ℃.
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| CN107820643A (en) * | 2015-06-24 | 2018-03-20 | 卡博特公司 | Carbonaceous material for lead-acid battery |
| CN111326713A (en) * | 2020-02-19 | 2020-06-23 | 浙江埃登达新能源材料有限公司 | Power battery cathode material and preparation method thereof |
| CN111525195A (en) * | 2019-02-01 | 2020-08-11 | 骆驼集团蓄电池研究院有限公司 | Maintenance-free lead-acid storage battery with excellent deep cycle life and production method thereof |
| CN114759170A (en) * | 2021-05-07 | 2022-07-15 | 广州倬粤电能科技有限公司 | Preparation method of graphene quantum dot composite material for lead-acid battery |
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| CN105609781B (en) * | 2015-12-23 | 2018-08-24 | 天能电池集团有限公司 | A kind of acid accumulator negative pole lead compound organic expander and preparation method thereof |
| CN111525195A (en) * | 2019-02-01 | 2020-08-11 | 骆驼集团蓄电池研究院有限公司 | Maintenance-free lead-acid storage battery with excellent deep cycle life and production method thereof |
| CN111326713A (en) * | 2020-02-19 | 2020-06-23 | 浙江埃登达新能源材料有限公司 | Power battery cathode material and preparation method thereof |
| CN114759170A (en) * | 2021-05-07 | 2022-07-15 | 广州倬粤电能科技有限公司 | Preparation method of graphene quantum dot composite material for lead-acid battery |
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| CN103456930B (en) | 2015-01-14 |
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