CN103415905A - Method and apparatus for improved relay control - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for improved relay control Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103415905A
CN103415905A CN201180052725XA CN201180052725A CN103415905A CN 103415905 A CN103415905 A CN 103415905A CN 201180052725X A CN201180052725X A CN 201180052725XA CN 201180052725 A CN201180052725 A CN 201180052725A CN 103415905 A CN103415905 A CN 103415905A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
coil
contact component
output
electric current
current
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Application number
CN201180052725XA
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Chinese (zh)
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CN103415905B (en
Inventor
M·萨乔夫
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Raritan Americas Inc
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Raritan Americas Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H51/00—Electromagnetic relays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
    • H01H47/22—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for supplying energising current for relay coil
    • H01H47/32—Energising current supplied by semiconductor device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F7/00—Magnets
    • H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
    • H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
    • H01F7/18—Circuit arrangements for obtaining desired operating characteristics, e.g. for slow operation, for sequential energisation of windings, for high-speed energisation of windings
    • H01F7/1805—Circuit arrangements for holding the operation of electromagnets or for holding the armature in attracted position with reduced energising current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
    • H01H47/02—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay
    • H01H47/04—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay for holding armature in attracted position, e.g. when initial energising circuit is interrupted; for maintaining armature in attracted position, e.g. with reduced energising current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
    • H01H47/22—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for supplying energising current for relay coil
    • H01H47/32—Energising current supplied by semiconductor device
    • H01H47/325—Energising current supplied by semiconductor device by switching regulator

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Relay Circuits (AREA)

Abstract

Methods and apparatus provided by the invention comprise: at least one electromechanical relay including a coil and at least one pair of contacts, the contacts transitioning between a de-energized state and an energized state in response to current through the coil; a microcontroller having at least one tri-state output operating to produce on, off, and float states; and a driver circuit operating, in conjunction with the tri-state output of the microcontroller, to control the current through the coil of the relay such that: (i) a transition of the tri-state output from off to float maintains the contacts of the relay in their de-energized state through the transition, and (ii) a transition of the tri-state output from on to float maintains the contacts of the relay in their energized state through the transition.

Description

Improved relay control method and device
Background technology
The present invention relates to be transported to be used to controlling electric power the method and apparatus of load, more specifically, relate to the power control technology that improves reliability and reduce power consumption.
Between information technology (IT) equipment room, (also referred to as data center) utilizes hundreds if not thousands of information technoloy equipment unit.Each piece information technoloy equipment receives main power source by the outlet of inserting power distribution unit (" PDU ").PDU is an information technoloy equipment equally, generally includes: (a) for from it, receiving the high power entrance of electric power (usually from distribution panelboard); (b) a plurality of low-power sockets; Reach (c) (optionally) and for the protection of socket, avoid circuit breaker or the fuse of overcurrent condition (short circuit etc.).PDU is usually designed to by communication and/or the specific state information of input/output interface report, comprise: (a) provide to the voltage of given PDU entrance, (b) electric power, in entrance and the mobile amount of each socket, reaches (c) each circuit breaker trip state (whether having voltage).
In addition, each PDU can comprise the signal in response to microcontroller, the ability that regulation output voltage opens and closes.This function allows to a certain extent, and---if not most---electric power carries out software control to information technoloy equipment a plurality of to each delivery outlet from PDU.Figure 1A-1B shows respectively by block diagram and the sequential chart of the conventional system 10 of the single output of microcontroller 12 control PDU.System 10 comprises microcontroller 12, electromechanical relay 14 and driving transistors 16.As be well known in the art, microcontroller 12 can be exported at universal input on (GPIO) pin and produce a signal, controls the state of the electric power (120VAC) of the output that is transported to PDU, is labeled as AC load.With clear, this specification can not enter further details for simplicity, as the hardware of microcontroller 12, and firmware, and/or software function.Need not discuss more, have many conditions, all be suitable under these conditions microcontroller 12 and open, close the signal on the GPIO pin that floats.Tens of, hundreds of or thousands of GPIO pins may be arranged in system 10 although it should be noted that, what the description was here paid close attention to is such a pin, and its description may extend into other GPIO pins in system 10.
As shown in top graph in Figure 1B, the GPIO pin has ternary output, and wherein the state of GPIO pin can for example, for (closing (OFF), 0 volt), open (ON) (as 1 volt), or float (FLOAT) (for example, high impedance input).When the GPIO pin was OFF, current potential was in logic low (for example, 0 volt) level, and this pin can Absorption Current (to a relatively low impedance).When the GPIO pin is ON, current potential is in logic high (for example, 1 volt), and pin can generation current (from a relatively low impedance).When the GPIO pin was in the FLOAT state, this pin was operating as a relative high impedance input, and presented the current potential of an appointment of the external circuit by microcontroller 12.
With reference to the figure of middle part and the bottom of Figure 1A and Figure 1B, electromechanical relay 14 comprises coil and at least one group of contact component.Suppose that relay 14 is " often opening ", this means, (do not have electric current to flow through coil) when coil is switched on, the state of contact component hypothesis OFF (disconnection), the path between this group contact component disconnects.At the OFF state, do not exist from 120V and exchange the current path of node to AC load.When coil electricity, electric current flows through coil, and the magnetic field produced by coil causes that contact component is rendered as the ON state, and the path between this group contact component is closed.Under the ON state, from 120V, exchange node and have current path to AC load, load is switched on.
Driving transistors 16, in response to the current potential on the GPIO pin, is controlled electric current by the coil of relay 14.In illustrated example, driving transistors 16 is n-channel mosfets.Like this, (be placed on approximately 1 volt of grid) when the GPIO pin is ON, driving transistors 16 conductings, therefore, provide current path (from drain-to-source), and guide current is passed through coil.Suppose, when the GPIO pin was ON, the size of the impedance by coil and driving transistors 16, made the electric current by coil be about 33 milliamperes.As discussed above, flow through on the electric current of coil and socket tactile parts, set up from 120V and exchanged the path of node to AC load.When the GPIO pin was OFF, pin was current sink, and electric charge injects from grid, caused on driving transistors 16 from grid to the approximately biasing of 0 volt between source electrode.Therefore, when driving transistors 16 turn-offs, from the current path of drain-to-source, be interrupted, and do not have electric current to flow through coil.As mentioned above, the shortage of the electric current by coil allows often to open contact component separates, and from 120V, exchanges node to the path of AC load and be terminated.
As mentioned above, the GPIO pin also can be rendered as the FLOAT state, and pin carrys out work as relative high impedance input by this.In this state, the GPIO pin will be born certain voltage, and it depends on the external circuit of microcontroller 12.Such voltage is being the somewhere between ON and OFF shown in Figure 1B.Although not shown in Figure 1A, driving transistors 16 will comprise some parallel resistances between grid and source electrode.Therefore, when the GPIO pin is the FLOAT state, although pin shows as the high impedance input characteristics, the parallel resistance on driving transistors 16 will discharge gate charge, cause the approximately biasing of 0 volt on driving transistors 16.Therefore, when driving transistors 16 turn-offs, be interrupted from the current path of drain-to-source, do not have electric current to flow through coil, separately, the path from 120V interchange node to AC load is terminated contact component.
When the GPIO pin is transformed into the FLOAT state by ON or OFF, do not wish relay 14 change states.When the GPIO pin is converted to the FLOAT state from OFF, if the current potential on the grid of hypothesis transistor 16 is that while being not enough to pull-up current by coil, conventional system 10 does not have problems.In fact, in such transfer process, relay 14 keeps OFF (contact component disconnection).Unfortunately, when the GPIO pin changed the FLOAT state into from ON, there was a great problem in traditional system 10, because in transfer process, relay 14 is converted to OFF (contact component disconnection) from ON (contact component closure).
Although the FLOAT state of GPIO pin can deliberately be arranged and/or avoid by the mode of software control, such state also may reach in any amount of mode inadvertently.For example, by electromagnetic interference (EMI), or the reset condition (for example power cycle, new firmware or software reset, and/or user's hand-reset) of certain type in microcontroller 12.Unfortunately, when microprocessor 12 resets, and the GPIO pin is while being transformed into the FLOAT state from ON, and the system 10 of prior art PDU is closed relay 14 adversely, and 120V AC power and load are disconnected.This to the load interruption of power supply, may from PDU, absorb electric power due to information technoloy equipment, and cause very serious, and undesirable action.This problem is because a large amount of information technoloy equipments that separate absorb electric power from the relay separately of PDU, and potential a large amount of PDU separately produces electric power to more information technoloy equipment and the deterioration that becomes.
Under the background of the power dissipation in PDU, also there is the significant problem of another one in conventional system 10.Consider, have the IT machine room of thousands of information technoloy equipment unit will need thousands of relays 14 and relevant driving transistors 16.The single average power dissipation loaded in circuit is: I*V=33 milliampere * 12=396 milliwatt.This power dissipation being multiplied by thousands of independent loads, can seeing, is really poor efficiency how in prior art systems 10.
In the prior art, by after the initial closure of contact component, changing the electric current of the coil that flows to relay 14, the problem of the power inefficient of system 10 is resolved.The coil of this technology identification relay 14 and the physical machine electrical characteristics of contact component.Particularly, the inertia that needs electric current (therefore higher magnetic field and power) in higher levels of coil to overcome often to open contact component (this spring by certain type stay open) often, and make the contact component closure.This level is called as coil " On current ", by relay, manufactures the business and specifies.In case close, contact component needs the magnetic force of reduced levels to keep closing, and this is very intuitively, in a single day because close, inertia is overcome.This level is called as coil " maintenance electric current ", is also the manufacturer's appointment by relay.The relay drive circuit of some prior aries adopts the first electric current that relay is become to ON, adopts second lower electric current latching relay closure.This technology can improve the efficiency of PDU greatly.
Although the system of prior art manages to solve some intrinsic shortcomings of conventional PDU system, consider the reset undesirable power breakdown of the load that causes of aforesaid microcontroller, and the power dissipation poor efficiency, known solution is unsafty.Therefore, need in the art new method and new device, for controlling, electric power transfer is arrived to load, solve the problem resetted, the problem of efficiency, and the relevant issues of system reliability.
Summary of the invention
This method and device provide: at least one comprises the electromechanical relay of coil and at least one pair of contact component, and contact component, in response to the electric current by coil, is changed between off-position and "on" position; Microcontroller, have at least one three condition output, and operation is to produce ON, OFF, and FLOAT state; And drive circuit, ternary output co-operation with microcontroller, to control like this electric current by relay coil: (i) transfer process from OFF to FLOAT of three condition output maintains the contact component of relay in its off-position in whole transfer process; And (ii) transfer process of tri-state shape output from ON to FLOAT, the contact component of latching relay is in its "on" position in whole transfer process.
To one skilled in the art, from the description of this paper and by reference to the accompanying drawings, other side of the present invention, feature and advantage will be apparent.
The accompanying drawing explanation
For the purpose of explanation, forms more shown in the drawings in a preferred manner, still, what should understand is, accurate arrangement and the means shown in the present invention is not limited to.
Figure 1A is according to prior art, uses microcontroller and relay circuit, for the block diagram of control to the system of the power delivery of load;
Figure 1B is the sequential chart of the more intrasystem signals of Figure 1A;
Fig. 2, according to one or more embodiment of the present invention, is used microcontroller and relay circuit, for the block diagram of control to the system of the power delivery of load;
Fig. 3 is the sequential chart of the more intrasystem signals in Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is the block diagram of circuit that is suitable for realizing the system of Fig. 2;
Fig. 5 is the sequential chart of some interior signals of the circuit of Fig. 4; And
Fig. 6 is the block diagram of the circuit substituted that is suitable for realizing the system of Fig. 2.
Embodiment
Although in one or more embodiment of the present invention, can be designed as the PDU for the information technoloy equipment application, and show the application in such PDU here, this not necessarily.Various aspects of the present invention, being suitable in office what is the need for will control in the application of electric power of load and use by a relay or a group relay.
With reference now to Fig. 2,, this is according to one or more embodiment of the present invention, uses the block diagram of controlling the system 100 of carrying to the electric power of load (indicating AC load) of microcontroller 102, relay circuit 104 and switching circuit 106.System 100 also comprises drive circuit 108, and it provides than prior art spy and favourable function to system 100.
Microcontroller 102 operation is with executive software/firmware indication, for the action of the expectation that realizes relay circuit 104.More specifically, the state that the software/firmware of being carried out by microcontroller 102 can order any amount of GPIO pin to have.In the ordinary course of things, N such GPIO pin can be arranged on given microcontroller 102.
For the purpose of discussing, have a plurality of characteristics and the definition relevant to the GPIO pin of microcontroller 102, preferably set up in advance, and use in the hereinafter reference of this specification.In the mode of definition, given GPIO pin can operate as ternary output, and the state of GPIO pin may be OFF here, ON, or FLOAT, and this depends on microprocessor 102 order of being set up by software/firmware of carrying out.
The OFF state is defined as logic " low " level, and it can be any suitable voltage potential (usually approximately 0 volt, or ground connection), and the GPIO pin under such state can Absorption Current (to relatively low impedance).The ON state is defined as logic " height " level, and it can be also any suitable voltage potential.Virtual voltage on the GPIO of ON state pin is usually by microprocessor 102 operation DC power supply voltages, specifying.For instance, such logic high voltage level may be about 0.333 to the about 5VDC any voltage between (with reference to ground), although lower and higher voltage level is also possible.At the ON state, the GPIO pin can be in logic high voltage level generation current (from relatively low source impedance).The FLOAT state of GPIO pin defines according to relatively high impedance input, is rendered as the voltage potential of the external circuit appointment of microcontroller 102.
Can utilize any known technology, as commercially available microprocessor, digital signal processor, any known processor for executive software and/or firmware program, programmable digital device or system, programmable logic array are not standby, or the combination in any of the said equipment, comprise now available equipment and/or the equipment of developing hereinafter, realize microcontroller 102.For instance, can be by using STM32ARM MCU, this is to obtain from the company of a STMMicroelectronics by name, realizes microcontroller 102.
For the purpose of discussing, some definition relevant to the characteristic of relay coil are also arranged, also preferably set up in advance, and use in the hereinafter reference of this specification.Relay circuit 104 can be realized by the electromechanical equipment of at least one, comprises coil and at least one pair of contact component.Coil produces magnetic force, and it is as the function of the electric current by coil, and contact component and coil flux letter.Sufficiently high magnetic force on contact component, result from the sufficiently high electric current by coil, will cause contact component to change state, that is, disconnect or closure.
In the situation that " often opening " contact component, off-position is characterised in that contact component disconnects, and does not exist current path between contact component.The off-position of often opening contact component exists in inactive state (without coil current), and when having the large not electric current that flows through coil and from the magneticaction of coil during in contact component.In contrast, often open the "on" position of contact component, it is characterized in that the contact component closure, and between contact component, have current path.When the enough large electric current that flows through coil being arranged and from the magnetic force of coil, contact component is moved to closure state from its normally open, the "on" position of often opening contact component exists.For the purpose of example, in embodiments of the invention, supposition relay 104 comprises and often opens contact component, and this is a useful configuration for the electric power that controls to AC load.
Yet, it should be noted that the present invention also considers other embodiment, wherein normally closed contact component may be useful.In the situation that " normally closed " contact component, off-position is characterised in that contact component is closed, and between contact component, has current path.The off-position of normally closed contact component remains static (without coil current), and when having the large not electric current that flows through coil and from the magneticaction of coil during in contact component.The "on" position of normally closed contact component is characterised in that contact component disconnects, and does not exist current path between contact component.When the enough large electric current that flows through coil being arranged and from the magnetic force of coil, contact component is moved to its off-state from normally off, the "on" position of often opening contact component exists.
The coil of relay 104 and contact component function are characterised in that three levels of current: no current, On current and maintenance electric current.It is the situation that zero electric current flows through coil substantially that the no current condition is defined as wherein having, and in this case, as defined above, contact component cuts off the power supply.
Therefore the On current level is defined as wherein having enough the situation of large electric current flowing through coil, and enough magnetic force is arranged, and contact component is moved to their "on" position from their off-position.In the situation that often open contact component, the level of On current must be enough to overcome the inertia of often opening contact component (this spring by certain type stay open) often, and makes the contact component closure.In the situation that normally closed contact component, the inertia of the normally closed contact component that the level of On current also must be enough to overcome, and force contact component to disconnect.The On current level is apparently higher than the no current level, but also higher than the level that keeps electric current.The On current level can be considered to be enough to by contact component from off-position be transformed into "on" position floor level, or it can be considered to be in this floor level and higher than the current range between any reasonable level of this floor level.
Keep levels of current to be defined as wherein having enough electric currents to flow through coil, therefore, enough magnetic force, be positioned at the situation of its "on" position (supposing that this contact component is in their "on" position) to keep in touch parts.In case when contact component has reached its "on" position (by applying the coil of On current), even the electric current flowing through coil of reduced levels produces less magnetic force, contact component also will keep "on" position.Therefore, keep levels of current can be considered to be enough to keep in touch the floor level (suppose they be energized) of parts in "on" position, or it can be considered to be in this floor level extremely but be not equal to a current range between minimum On current.
In view of top definition, in the ternary output co-operation of drive circuit 108 with the GPIO pin of microcontroller 102, with driving switch circuit 106 and control, pass through the electric current in the coil of relay 104, in order to realize the circuit performance of wishing.With reference now to Fig. 3,, it shows some diagrams of the signal in system 100.The performance of drive circuit 108 is described its feature by one or more scenes discussed below.
When the GPIO of ternary output pin is in the OFF state, there is no that electric current flows through coil.As shown in the curve chart of Fig. 3, between the time 0 to t1; T6 is between t7; And after t8 arrived, the GPIO pin was in the OFF state, the electric current of the coil of relay is OFF (approximately 0 milliampere), and does not have electric power to be transferred to AC load (contact component cuts off the power supply, and disconnects) by the contact component of relay 104.
When the GPIO of ternary output pin was in the ON state, On current passed through coil.Curve chart as shown in Figure 3, time t1 is between t2; T4 is between t5, and the GPIO pin is in the ON state, and the relay coil electric current is equal to or higher than the On current level, and electric power is sent to AC load (contact component is switched on, closure) by the contact component of relay 104.Minimum On current level is typically expressed as horizontal i On, and in this example, the levels of current in actual coil is higher than i On, be approximately 33 milliamperes.
When the GPIO of ternary output pin is in the FLOAT state, there is the electric current of maintenance to pass through coil.As shown in the curve chart in Fig. 3, as time=t2 to t4; T5 is to t6; And t7 to] t8, the GPIO pin is at the FLOAT state, the electric current in relay coil reaches or higher than minimum maintenance electric current, i Hold, but be less than the horizontal i of minimum On current On.In this example, only have under certain conditions, keeping levels of current is about 15mA, and electric power is sent to AC load (contact component energising, closure) by the contact component of relay 104, and this will discuss in more detail below.
It should be noted that the 3rd functional characteristic of drive circuit 108, when the GPIO of ternary output pin is in the FLOAT state, the electric current of maintenance is arranged by coil, this has caused some very favorable results.
This microcontroller 102 can (wittingly) order GPIO pin to the FLOAT state, with in the coil that reduces relay 104 and the power dissipation in switching circuit 106.For example, microcontroller 102 can operate to order GPIO pin sufficiently long time cycle of state at ON, with the permission contact component, reaches their "on" position, basically following closely, the order ternary output is to the FLOAT state, to keep in touch parts in its "on" position.Refer again to Fig. 3, microcontroller 102 order GPIO pins are in ON state (this is a sufficiently long time, reaches its energising, closed state to allow contact component) at time=t1 to time between t2.During this period, in the coil of relay 104 and the power dissipation in switching circuit 106 equal the 12*0.033=396 milliwatt.Basically following closely (for example, enough fast, in order to obtain some energy-conservation incomes), at time=t2, microcontroller 102 order GPIO pins are converted to the FLOAT state from the ON state, then time=t2 to t3 between, keep the FLOAT state, now maintain the contact component of relay 104 in "on" position.During this period, in the coil of relay 104 and the power dissipation in switching circuit 106 equal the 12*0.015=180 milliwatt.Therefore, just on the coil of relay 104, apply the maintenance levels of current by as possible the time, the whole efficiency of system 100 can significantly improve.
The conversion of GPIO pin that it should be noted that ternary output from ON to FLOAT (time=during t2) do not interrupt the electric power output to AC load.Definite, drive circuit 108, together with microcontroller 102, arranges electric current in coil for keeping the level of electric current, and therefore at the contact component of whole transition period latching relay in its "on" position.
In addition, the GPIO pin sent by microcontroller 102, to any unexpected order of FLOAT state, as because resetting or similarly operation, kept in touch the state of parts before unexpected situation.For example, consider the situation in system 100, from time=t2 until before time=t3.In that time, microcontroller 102 expectedly and intentionally orders the GPIO pin to FLOAT state (thereby the contact component of latching relay 104 is in "on" position).If at time=t3, microcontroller 102 unexpectedly orders the GPIO pin to FLOAT state (as because resetting), and in whole unexpected situation process, the contact component of relay 104 remains on "on" position (not changing).
For example, after unexpected situation (, resetting) is removed, microcontroller 102 program capable of circulation, be in appropriate state to guarantee contact component.For example, time=during t4, microcontroller 102 can operate again, order GPIO pin for connecting (ON) state, is realized their "on" position to allow contact component within a sufficiently long time cycle, and following closely (for example, time=t5), the order ternary output is to the FLOAT state, keep levels of current than the low coil electric current under, maintain contact component in its "on" position.
When the GPIO pin is in the OFF state, may occur from GPIO pin to another the unexpected order of FLOAT state that makes of microcontroller 102.For example, consider that system 100 is from time=t6 to proper situation before time=t7.During this period, microcontroller 102 has ordered the GPIO pin to OFF state (there is no the electric current supply by the coil of relay 104, and do not have electric power to send AC load to).If time=during t7, microcontroller 102 is unexpectedly ordered the state (as because reset) of GPIO pin to FLOAT, under whole fortuitous event, contact component remains under off-position and (does not change).In fact, due to drive circuit 108 together with microcontroller 102, to coil, provide and keep levels of current (it is defined as being less than the minimum On current of contact component), do not have enough electric currents and magnetic force that contact component is converted to "on" position from off-position.Therefore, as shown in Figure 3, from time=t7 to t8, coil current from approximately 0 milliampere rise to about 15mA, contact component keeps off-position (disconnection), and does not have electric power to be sent to the AC load.
For example, after unexpected situation (, resetting) is removed (time=t8), microcontroller 102 can circulate a program loop, is in appropriate state to guarantee contact component, is off-position in this case.Therefore, time=during t8, microcontroller 102 order GPIO pins are the OFF state.
Can realize by many different modes the above-mentioned functions characteristics of system 100, and all such implementors are contained by the present invention.System 100A shown in Fig. 4 belongs to such realization.This system 100A comprises microcontroller 102 and relay circuit previously discussed 104.Use one or more transistor 106A can realize switching circuit 106, wherein transistor can be any suitable type, such as MOSFET, JFET, BJT, etc.By way of example, a n-channel mosfet is shown, it is good that this has been found work.This transistor 106A comprises control end (grid), is coupled in series to the pair of output (drain electrode and source electrode) on ground with the coil of relay 104.According to the characteristic of n-channel mosfet, the electricity between drain electrode and source electrode is led in response to the bias voltage on grid.Along with grid voltage rises to higher than source voltage, lead increase by the electricity drained to source path of transistor 106A.The ternary output GPIO pin of microcontroller 102 is coupled to the grid with transistor 106A.This coupling can comprise and be directly connected to grid, or by some resistance, the non-grid (not shown) that directly is connected to.
This drive circuit 108 comprises that operation is to produce the impulse circuit 110 of pulse voltage output signal.Pulse voltage is coupled to following at least one by series resistance R1: the GPIO pin of the ternary output of microcontroller 102 and the grid of transistor 106A.In other words, R1 can be directly to connect or other impedance (not shown) by some to the accurate connection of transistor 106A.With reference to Fig. 5, it is the chart that illustrates some signal in system 100A, and the output of pulse voltage can be the periodic square wave with definition.By way of example, pulse voltage output can be shown as 33 kilo hertz of 55/45 duty ratio (what should understand is, if, and if need suitablely, also can adopt other characteristics of signals).
Get back to the operation of system 100A, during at the OFF state, there is no that electric current flows through coil when the ternary output GPIO of microcontroller 102 pin.In fact, at the OFF state, the GPIO pin is as a low-impedance current sink, and all electric charges of the grid of absorbing crystal pipe 106A make grid between source electrode, being about 0 volt of voltage.Therefore, transistor 106A is the OFF state, does not have electric current to flow through coil, and contact component cuts off the power supply.Drive circuit 108, with microcontroller 102 combinations, between the time 0 to t1; T6 is between t7; And t8 and afterwards, produce the characteristic shown in the curve chart of Fig. 3.
When the GPIO of ternary output pin is during at the ON state, there is On current to pass through coil.In fact, at the ON state, the GPIO pin is as a low-impedance voltage source, and arranges electric charge on the grid of transistor 106A, makes to have certain positive voltage from grid to source electrode.As an example, voltage may be at 0.333 to approximately 5 volts or higher.Therefore, when transistor 106A was ON, electric current flow through coil, and contact component is connected.Consistent with the embodiment of above-mentioned discussion, to lead be such to the source electrode of the impedance of coil and transistor 106A to the electricity between drain electrode, and when on the GPIO pin, being during at the ON state, the electric current that passes coil is approximately 33 milliamperes.Therefore, drive circuit 108, combine with microcontroller 102, between time t1 to t2; And, between t4 to t5, produce the characteristic as shown in the curve chart in Fig. 3.
When the GPIO of ternary output pin is during at the FLOAT state, there is the electric current of maintenance to pass through coil.When at the FLOAT state, the feature of GPIO pin is the high impedance input.Therefore, the voltage on GPIO (being also therefore the voltage on the grid of transistor 106A) is set up by the circuit of microprocessor 102 outsides.Suppose the R1 (being exactly than low abundant of the high impedance of GPIO pin) of appropriate value, the voltage on the grid of transistor 106A has just been set up by impulse circuit 110.Therefore, as shown in the curve chart at top in Fig. 5, grid voltage is by pulse to a positive voltage and get back to no-voltage, according to 45/55 duty ratio of 33kHz.For this example, suppose that the high level of pulse voltage output is between about 15 volts.When pulse voltage is output as height (at about 15 volts), the grid of transistor 106A is equally high with it to source voltage, and transistor 106A is On current.In this process, as shown in the curve chart of bottom in Fig. 5, the electric current in coil tilts to rise.When pulse voltage was output as low (at about 0 volt), the grid of transistor 106A to source voltage was also low, and transistor 106A disconnects.In this process, the electric current in coil is to tilt to descend.As long as the GPIO pin is at the FLOAT state, the electric current in coil just tilts to rise continuously and descends.The source electrode of the impedance of coil and transistor 106A to drain conductance can arrange like this, so that during at the FLOAT state, pass the average current value of coil at about 15mA when the pin of GPIO.Consider that duty ratio from the pulse voltage of impulse circuit 110 is 45% high and 55% low, the electric current that passes coil is 0.45*33mA=14.8mA (namely, about 15mA).Therefore, average relay coil electric current is or keeps electric current, i higher than minimum Hold, and be less than minimum On current level, i On.Therefore, drive circuit 108, with microprocessor 102 combinations, at time=t2 between t4; T5 is between t6, and t7 is between t8, produces the feature shown in the curve chart of Fig. 3.
Another one System Implementation mode is shown in Fig. 6.This system 100B comprises microcontroller 102 and relay circuit discussed above 104.Switching circuit 106 can realize with the mat woven of fine bamboo strips one and transistor seconds 106A and 106B, and wherein same, transistor can be used any suitable type, as MOSFET, JFET, BJT, etc.As example, can use the n-channel mosfet.Transistor 106A, each in 106B comprises control end (grid), and coil a pair of and relay 104 is coupled in series to the output (drain electrode and source electrode) on ground.Impedance, R, be included in being connected in series between the drain electrode of coil and the first transistor 106A.For the purpose of the present embodiment, suppose between the drain electrode that does not have series impedance to be included in coil and described transistor seconds 106B, yet, description according to this paper, will become apparent to those skilled in the art that such impedance can be included, as long as it is than low abundant of R.Therefore, the first impedance is defined as the summation of the series connection that the electricity of impedance, impedance R and the first transistor 106A (when transistor turns) of coil leads.Similarly, the second impedance is defined as the summation of the series connection that the electricity of the impedance of coil and described mat woven of fine bamboo strips two-transistor 106B (equally when this transistor turns) leads.Therefore, the second impedance expection is in fact lower than the first impedance.
This drive circuit 108 comprises the first and second comparator circuit U1, U2, its can with any known and can with equipment realize.Each comparator circuit U1, U2 comprise positive input (+), negative input (-) and output.This output is in response to the voltage difference between positive and negative input separately.For example output can be used as relatively low impedance current sink, thereby presents low voltage potential, for example, and approximately 0 volt.On the contrary,, export low-impedance voltage source as a comparison, thereby present high voltage potential during lower than the voltage potential of positive input (+) at the voltage potential of negative input (-), for example, about 1-5 volt.In some embodiments, comparator circuit shows " open collector " output, this will need some pull-up circuits (for example resistance that is connected to voltage source), at the voltage potential of negative input (-), during lower than the voltage potential of positive input (+), produce required high voltage potential in output.
The first voltage divider is included in resistance R 3, R4 and the R5 of series coupled between supply voltage V (approximately 1 volt of direct current) and ground.Suppose R3=R4=R5=10 kilo-ohm, the first reference voltage is defined as and is connected across on resistor R5, and it is considered to about 0.333VDC, and the second reference voltage is defined as and is connected across on resistance R 4 and R5, and it is considered to about 0.667VDC.
The negative input (-) of the first comparator U1 is coupled to the first reference voltage, and the first output of U1 is coupled to the grid of the first transistor 106A.The negative input (-) of the second comparator U2 is coupled to the second reference voltage, and the second output of U2 is coupled to the grid of transistor seconds 106B.
The ternary output GPIO pin of microcontroller 102 is coupled to the positive input of the first and second comparator circuit U1, U2.The second voltage divider, be comprised of resistance R 1 and R2, when the GPIO pin is in the FLOAT state, also on the GPIO pin, set up the 3rd reference voltage.By way of example, the 3rd reference voltage between the first and second reference voltages, for example, approximately 0.5 volt.
Forwarding the operation of system 100B to, during at the OFF state, is that essentially no electric current flows through coil when the GPIO pin of the ternary output of microcontroller 102.In fact, at the OFF state, the GPIO pin is operating as the low impedance current absorber, and the voltage between R1 and R2 is pulled to ground, makes to be about 0 volt on the positive input (+) of the mat woven of fine bamboo strips one and the second comparator U1, U2.This has caused the positive clean voltage (0.333 volt) on negative input (-), with reference to the positive input (+) of the first and second comparator U1, U2.This can cause the first and second transistor 106A, and the grid of 106B to source voltage is zero.Transistor 106A and 106B are OFF, do not have electric current to flow through coil, and the contact component outage.Therefore, drive circuit 108, combine with microcontroller 102, between the time 0 to t1; Between t6 to t7; And t8 to after, produce the characteristic shown in the curve chart of Fig. 3.
When the GPIO of ternary output pin is that On current passes through coil at the ON state.In fact, at the ON state, the GPIO pin is operating as the low-impedance voltage source, and the voltage driven between R1 and R2 is high voltage, makes to be about the 1-5 volt on the positive input (+) of the mat woven of fine bamboo strips one and the second comparator U1, U2.This has caused the positive clean voltage (at least 0.333 volt) on positive input (+), compares the negative input (-) with the first and second comparator U1, U2.This will cause the mat woven of fine bamboo strips one and transistor seconds 106A, and the grid of 106B to source voltage reaches a certain high voltage (for example,, between the 1-5 volt).Therefore, transistor 106A and 106B are ON, and On current flows through coil, and contact component is switched on.Consistent with embodiment discussed above, the impedance of coil and transistor 106A, 106B drain electrode separately be to the combination of source electrode conductance, makes when the GPIO pin during at the ON state, and the electric current by coil is at approximately 33 milliamperes.Therefore, drive circuit 108, combine with microcontroller 102, between time t1 to t2; And, between t4 to t5, produce the characteristic as shown in the curve chart of Fig. 3.
When the GPIO of ternary output pin is in the FLOAT state, there is the electric current of maintenance to pass through coil.When being in the FLOAT state, the characteristics of GPIO pin are the high impedance inputs.Therefore, set up the voltage on GPIO by the mat woven of fine bamboo strips one voltage divider, be specially first reference voltage of 0.5 volt.This has caused the positive clean voltage (at least 0.333 volt) on negative input (-), with reference to the positive input (+) of the second comparator U2.Therefore, the grid of transistor seconds 106B to source voltage is zero, and transistor 106B is OFF, does not have electric current to flow through the drain electrode that coil enters into transistor seconds 106B.In contrast, first reference voltage of 0.5 volt has caused the positive clean voltage (at least 0.333 volt) on positive input (+), compares the negative input (-) with the first comparator U1.This will cause grid to the source voltage of the first transistor 106A to reach a certain high voltage (for example,, between the 1-5 volt).Therefore, transistor 106A is ON, keeps electric current to flow through coil, resistance R, and the draining to source electrode of the first transistor 106A.Therefore, suppose that the first impedance is suitably arranged, when the GPIO pin during at the FLOAT state, the electric current by coil is approximately 15 milliamperes.In other words, the relay coil electric current is equal to or higher than minimum maintenance electric current, i Hold, and the level of the minimum On current be less than, i On.Therefore, drive circuit 108 and microcontroller 102 combinations, between time=t2-t4; Between t5-t6; And, between t7-t8, produce the characteristic as the curve chart demonstration of Fig. 3.
Although be described the present invention with reference to specific embodiment, what should understand is that these embodiment are only explanation principle of the present invention and application.Therefore, what should understand is to make many modifications to illustrative embodiment, and can design other arrangements, and does not break away from the spirit and scope of the present invention that limited by claims.

Claims (20)

1. device comprises:
At least one electromechanical relay, comprise coil and at least one pair of contact component, and described contact component, in response to the electric current that flows through described coil, is changed between off-position and "on" position;
Microcontroller, have the ternary output that at least one operates to produce ON, OFF and FLOAT state; And
Drive circuit, with the described ternary output co-operation of described microcontroller, the described electric current that flows through the coil of described relay with control makes:
(i) conversion of described ternary output from OFF to FLOAT, maintain the described contact component of described relay in its off-position in the whole transition period; And
(ii) conversion of described ternary output from ON to FLOAT, maintain the described contact component of described relay in its "on" position in the whole transition period.
2. device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said drive circuit further with the described ternary output co-operation of described microcontroller, the described electric current that flows through the described coil of described relay with control makes:
(i), when described ternary output is in the OFF state, basically there do not is the electric current that flows through described coil; And
(ii) when described ternary output is in the ON state, the magnetic force that has the enough large electric current that flows through described coil and form therefrom, to be transformed into its "on" position from its off-position.
3. device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said relay operation are usingd and are produced the magnetic force as the function of the electric current that flows through described coil, and described at least one pair of contact component and described coil flux interrogate, and wherein said contact component is following a kind of:
(i) often open, described contact component is in off-position thus, and wherein said contact component disconnects and blocks current path therebetween, with the large not electric current that flows through described coil of response with from the magnetic force of described coil; And described contact component is in "on" position thus, wherein, described contact component is closed and produce current path therebetween, to respond the enough large electric current that flows through described coil and from the magnetic force of described coil; And
(ii) normally closed, described contact component is in off-position thus, and wherein said contact component is closed and produce current path therebetween, with the large not electric current that flows through described coil of response with from the magnetic force of described coil; And described contact component is in "on" position thus, wherein said contact component disconnects and blocks current path therebetween, to respond the enough large electric current that flows through described coil and from the magnetic force of described coil.
4. device as claimed in claim 3, wherein
In order to produce enough large magnetic force so that described contact component is transformed into to its "on" position from its off-position, the described coil of described relay needs On current level at least; And
In case described contact component is transformed into its "on" position from its off-position, in order to produce enough large magnetic force so that described contact component is remained on to its "on" position, the described coil of described relay need to keep levels of current at least, and it is basically lower than described On current level.
5. device as claimed in claim 4, wherein when described ternary output is in the ON state, the described ternary output co-operation of described drive circuit and described microprocessor, flow through the size of electric current of the described coil of described relay with control, make it at least in described On current level.
6. device as claimed in claim 4, wherein when the described ternary output of described microprocessor is in the FLOAT state, the described ternary output co-operation of described drive circuit and described microprocessor, with control, flow through the size of electric current of the described coil of described relay, be located at described maintenance electric current and be less than the level between described On current level.
7. device as claimed in claim 6, wherein said microprocessor operation is to order described ternary output to be positioned at the sufficiently long time cycle of ON state, to allow described contact component to reach its "on" position, and following closely, order described ternary output to be in the FLOAT state, to maintain described contact component in its "on" position.
8. device as claimed in claim 4, wherein when the described ternary output of described microprocessor be following at least one the time: (i) conversion from OFF to FLOAT; (ii) conversion from ON to FLOAT, the described ternary output co-operation of described drive circuit and described microprocessor, with control, flow through the electric current of the described coil of described relay, be located at described maintenance electric current and be less than the level between described On current level.
9. device as claimed in claim 1, the described contact component of wherein said relay is coupling between power source and load.
10. device comprises:
At least one electromechanical relay, comprise coil and at least one pair of contact component, and described contact component, in response to the electric current that flows through described coil, is transformed into "on" position from off-position;
Transistor, have control end, and pair of series is coupled to the output of the described coil of described relay, and described output is in response to the bias voltage of described control end;
Microcontroller, have the ternary output that at least one operates to produce ON, OFF and FLOAT state, and described ternary output is coupled to described transistorized described control end; And
Operation to be to produce the impulse circuit of pulse voltage output signal, and it is by series impedance, is coupled to following at least one: the described ternary output of described microcontroller, and described transistorized described control end.
11. device as claimed in claim 10, wherein said relay operation with:
Only have size when the electric current that flows through described coil to reach or while surpassing the On current level, cause that described contact component is transformed into "on" position from off-position, and
As long as the size of the electric current by described coil reaches or surpasses, keep levels of current subsequently, just cause that described contact component keeps "on" position, wherein said maintenance levels of current is less than in fact described On current level.
12. device as claimed in claim 11, wherein when following situation, described pulse voltage output does not affect for described transistorized described control end:
Ternary output is in the OFF state, thereby described ternary output makes described transistorized control end be under bias voltage, and under this bias voltage, the electric current of the described coil of process is less than described maintenance levels of current, and described contact component is in off-position; And
Ternary output is in the ON state, thereby described ternary output makes described transistorized control end be under bias voltage, and under this bias voltage, the electric current of the described coil of process reaches or surpasses described On current level, and described contact component is in "on" position.
13. device as claimed in claim 11, wherein when described ternary output is in the FLOAT state, described pulse voltage output shows as the pulsed bias on described transistorized described control end, described transistorized described output causes that pulse current flows through described coil by this, and the average bits of this pulse current is in described maintenance electric current and be less than between described On current level.
14. device as claimed in claim 13, wherein said microcontroller operates to order described ternary output to be positioned at the sufficiently long time cycle of ON state, to allow described contact component to reach its "on" position, and following closely, order described ternary output to be in the FLOAT state, to maintain described contact component in its "on" position.
15. device as claimed in claim 13, the output of wherein said pulse voltage shows as the pulsed bias of described transistorized described control end, and when below the described ternary output of described microcontroller is at least one the time: (i) from OFF, be converted to FLOAT; (ii) from ON, be converted to FLOAT, described transistorized described control end causes that described pulse current flows through described coil.
16. device as claimed in claim 10, wherein said transistor are a kind of in MOSFET, JFET and bipolar junction transistor.
17. a device comprises:
At least one electromechanical relay, comprise coil and at least one pair of contact component, and described contact component, in response to the electric current that flows through described coil, is changed between off-position and "on" position;
The first transistor, have control end and pair of series and be coupled to the output of the described coil of described relay, described output is in response to the bias voltage of described control end, and the first impedance of the summation definition by described coil and the one transistorized series connection of the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips;
Transistor seconds, have control end and pair of series and be coupled to the output of the described coil of described relay, described output is in response to the bias voltage of described control end, and the second impedance of the summation of the series connection by described coil and described mat woven of fine bamboo strips two-transistor definition, the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips two impedances are in fact lower than the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one impedance;
The first comparator circuit, have positive input and negative input and export in response to first of the voltage difference between described positive input and negative input, the negative input coupling of the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one comparator is connected to the first reference voltage, and the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one output is coupled to the transistorized control end of the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one;
The second comparator circuit, have positive input and negative input and export in response to second of the voltage difference between described positive input and negative input, the negative input of described the second comparator is coupled to the second reference voltage, it is higher than described the first reference voltage, and described the second output is coupled to the control end of described mat woven of fine bamboo strips two-transistor;
Microcontroller, have the ternary output that at least one operates to produce ON, OFF and FLOAT state, and described ternary output is coupled to the positive input of the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one and the second comparator circuit; And
Bias circuit, only have when the described ternary output of described microcontroller is in the FLOAT state, operation is to produce the 3rd reference voltage on the positive input at the mat woven of fine bamboo strips one and the second comparator circuit, the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips three reference voltages are between the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one and the second reference voltage.
18. device as claimed in claim 17, wherein:
Be positioned at positive input that the described ternary output of ON state makes described the first and second comparator circuits higher than the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips two reference voltages, therefore cause that the mat woven of fine bamboo strips one and described the first and second transistors of the second output offset are with On current; And
Described the second impedance is enough little, flows through described coil to guarantee the enough electric currents of described transistor seconds guiding, causes that described contact component is converted to "on" position from off-position.
19. device as claimed in claim 17, the described ternary output that wherein is positioned at the OFF state makes the positive input of described the first and second comparator circuits lower than the first reference voltage, thereby cause the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one of the mat woven of fine bamboo strips one and the second output offset and transistor seconds, with the large not described coil of electric current process of conducting, cause that described contact component is converted to off-position from "on" position.
20. device as claimed in claim 17, wherein:
Described relay operation with: (i) only have size when the electric current that flows through described coil to reach or while surpassing the On current level, cause that described contact component is transformed into "on" position from off-position, the size of the electric current of described coil reaches as long as (ii) flow through subsequently or surpass the level that keeps electric current, just cause that described contact component remains on "on" position, described maintenance levels of current is in fact lower than described On current level;
The described ternary output that is in the FLOAT state allows described bias circuit that described the 3rd reference voltage is applied on the positive input of the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one and the second comparator circuit, therefore cause the described the first transistor of the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one output offset, with guide current, flow through described coil, and cause the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips two-transistor of described the second output offset;
The size that the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one impedance makes the described mat woven of fine bamboo strips one transistor pass the electric current of described coil is moved at described maintenance electric current and is less than between described On current level.
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