CN103370149A - Method for straightening - Google Patents
Method for straightening Download PDFInfo
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- CN103370149A CN103370149A CN2012800089207A CN201280008920A CN103370149A CN 103370149 A CN103370149 A CN 103370149A CN 2012800089207 A CN2012800089207 A CN 2012800089207A CN 201280008920 A CN201280008920 A CN 201280008920A CN 103370149 A CN103370149 A CN 103370149A
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- Prior art keywords
- roller
- superhard
- hardness
- steel
- detorsion
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B23/00—Tube-rolling not restricted to methods provided for in only one of groups B21B17/00, B21B19/00, B21B21/00, e.g. combined processes planetary tube rolling, auxiliary arrangements, e.g. lubricating, special tube blanks, continuous casting combined with tube rolling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D3/00—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts
- B21D3/02—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts by rollers
- B21D3/04—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts by rollers arranged on axes skew to the path of the work
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D3/00—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts
- B21D3/02—Straightening or restoring form of metal rods, metal tubes, metal profiles, or specific articles made therefrom, whether or not in combination with sheet metal parts by rollers
Abstract
A method for straightening a steel material, the method comprising using superhard straightening rolls, the material of which is a tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co)-based sintered object (superhard alloy). The method for straightening is characterized in that the superhard rolls have a hardness of HRA85-87. According to this straightening method, when a steel material is straightened, the rolls are inhibited from wearing and the surface of the material being straightened is prevented from suffering a flaw due to wear. In addition, the period required for roll replacement can be shortened to improve the operating ratio of the straightener and to attain an improvement in the efficiency of precise finishing and hence in productivity. The method is especially effective in the case where the material to be straightened is a high-strength material, e.g., a steel pipe for automotive air bags.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the detorsion method of the steel such as a kind of pipe, rod, particularly relate to a kind of roller wearing and tearing that can suppress arbor press, prevent the roller that causes because of wearing and tearing concavo-convex to steel transfer printing etc. and can realize improving by the replacing adjustment time that shortens roller the detorsion method of finishing efficient.
Background technology
As long as no separately explanation, the term in this specification is defined as follows.
" superhard correct roller ": referring to material is the correct roller of the sintered body (superhard alloy) of tungsten-cobalt carbide (WC-Co) class.Also be called for short and make " superhard roller ".
" hardness ": the Rockwell hardness (standard A) that roller or the hardness of being corrected material represent to utilize the Rockwell hardness test of JIS Z 2245 defineds to measure, such as being labeled as " HRA86 " etc.
The steel such as pipe, rod are via forming based on hot rolling or cold rolling processing and manufacturing, but can produce bending during the heat treatment in adding man-hour or process.This bending usually utilizes the roller of a plurality of drum shapes of combination in finishing procedure and the inclination gaugger (straightener) that obtains etc. have used the bending and straightening machine of roller to correct.
But, particularly when the air bag of automobile is corrected with the bending of the high-strength materials such as steel pipe, there is following situation: because roller weares and teares (uneven wear), thereby cause easily roller to deviate from its design profile, because of wearing and tearing produce small concavo-convex material produces spiral helicine scar or concavo-convex being transferred to corrected material being corrected.In addition, also need to when being known as the detorsion of the system failure and skew, change the desired location (preparatory process) of roller, descend because the prolongation of changing the adjustment time causes the running efficiency of bending and straightening machine, produce finishing efficient and then the decline of productivity ratio, the decline of detorsion precision.
Antidote as pipe, for example in patent documentation 1, disclose following method: produce stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in order to prevent the residual stress that produces when correcting at product, in the time of will correcting pipe necessary rolling quantity remain constant, thereby under the prerequisite that does not produce superfluous residual stress, pipe is corrected.But, the record that patent documentation 1 does not have about the wearing and tearing that suppress roller, the method that this patent documentation is put down in writing can't become the means that address the above problem.
In addition, in patent documentation 2, disclose the detorsion method of following steel pipe: while utilizing the biasing roller group pay crooked steel pipe is advanced and crooked antidote in, the biased direction with above-mentioned biasing roller group when the siphunculus amount that every arrival is scheduled to changes to opposite direction.By using the method, can make the even wearing between top roll and the lower roll, thereby can cancel the operation of restructuring up-down rollers.But, can't reduce wearing and tearing itself.
Patent documentation 1: Japanese kokai publication sho 55-128318 communique
Patent documentation 2: Japanese kokai publication hei 8-47722 communique
As mentioned above, the air bag of bending, particularly automobile that results from the steel such as pipe, rod in rectification is during with the high-strength materials such as steel pipe crooked, sometimes roller produces wearing and tearing, and because these wearing and tearing are being produced scar by the rectification material surface, perhaps changing to adjust needs the time.For this problem, be difficult to utilize prior art to be tackled.
Summary of the invention
The present invention finishes in view of such problem, its purpose is to provide a kind of detorsion method, when this detorsion method has used the bending and straightening machine of the roller of straightener etc. that steel, the particularly air bags such as pipe, rod are corrected with the bending of the high-strength materials such as steel pipe in utilization, can suppress the wearing and tearing of roller, prevent the concavo-convex to being corrected material transferring, producing scar of the roller that causes because of wearing and tearing, and can improve finishing efficient by shortening the replacing adjustment time, and then boost productivity.
Purport of the present invention is as follows.
(1) a kind of detorsion method, it uses superhard correct roller that steel are corrected, and it is characterized in that, and the hardness of this superhard roller is HRA85～HRA87.
(2) according to technical scheme 1 described detorsion method, it is characterized in that, corrected the air bag steel pipe that material is automobile.
At this, the detorsion method of roller " use " refers to use and corrected disposing up and down roller and making the advance antidote of the gaugger of correcting bending of material, the detorsion method of so-called use inclination gaugger (straightener) of being corrected on one side of material.In addition, " steel " are irrelevant with material, refer to and can utilize this antidote to correct the steel such as the pipe of its bending, rod.
Detorsion method of the present invention is to use hardness to be the antidote of the superhard correct roller of HRA85～HRA87.According to the method, when the roller that uses straightener etc. is corrected the steel such as pipe, rod crooked, can suppress the wearing and tearing of roller, prevent from causing being produced scar by the rectification material surface because of wearing and tearing, and can realizing improving by shorten changing the adjustment time running efficiency of bending and straightening machine, improving finishing efficient and then boost productivity.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the key diagram of the evaluation method of the raw-material mar proof of roller.
Fig. 2 is the figure that the result of study of the raw-material mar proof of roller is shown.
Fig. 3 is shown schematically in the schematic configuration of employed straightener in the rectification of steel pipe and uses the figure at the position of cemented carbide roller.
Fig. 4 is the figure that the result of study of the wear extent of the roller when using detorsion method of the present invention illustrates with the situation contrast of using roller in the past.
Fig. 5 is the figure of result of study that the surface roughness of the roller when using detorsion method of the present invention is shown.
Fig. 6 is that the figure that the passing of time illustrates with the situation contrast of using roller is in the past adjusted in the replacing when using detorsion method of the present invention air bag is corrected with steel pipe.
Fig. 7 is the figure that the running efficiency of the straightener when using detorsion method of the present invention air bag is corrected with steel pipe illustrates with the situation contrast of using roller in the past.
The specific embodiment
In order to solve above-mentioned problem, the inventor is intended to suppress by the material that adopts optimal roller the wearing and tearing of roller, and attempts using the sintered body of WC-Co class as the material of roller.WC-Co class sintered body is to add Co forms sintered body as binding agent composite in the fine powder of WC, is known as superhard alloy, owing to have high rigidity and excellent mar proof, the therefore especially multiplex raw material of making cutting element.
For the mar proof of this superhard alloy of research, the result of heat-resisting crackle, such shown in the embodiment as described later, confirm: superhard alloy is with respect to the raw-material tool steel (SKD1:2.1C-12Cr of JIS G4404 defined that is used as roller in the past, below, be called for short and make " SKD ") and have roughly 100 times mar proof.In addition, clear and definite superhard alloy as the raw material of roller have can bear the heat-resisting crackle that continues to use (according to repeat to heat-water-cooled is until the evaluation that the number of repetition that cracks is carried out).
And then, as with the actual result as the straightener roller of the roller of cemented carbide, can not confirm and wear and tear, and can improve by shortening the replacing adjustment time running efficiency of straightener.
The present invention is based on such opinion and finishes, and as mentioned above, uses the detorsion method of the steel of superhard correct roller to be characterised in that, the hardness of this superhard roller is HRA85～HRA87.
In the present invention, why will use superhard correct roller as prerequisite to be because, pottery with the composite of metal, be the hard and excellent in wear resistance of superhard alloy, and have heat-resisting crackle, thereby be suitable as the raw material of roller.That is, its reason is, as the material of straightener roller, though need hardness, mar proof and heat resistance (heating when bearing the rectification based on roller), superhard alloy is all excellent in above-mentioned any one.
In the present invention, why the hardness of correct roller being made as HRA85～HRA87 is in order to keep mar proof and heat resistance than the highland simultaneously.If the hardness of roller is less than HRA85, then this roller diminishes with the difference of the hardness of being corrected material, and mar proof is not enough.In addition, if the hardness of roller surpasses HRA87, although then mar proof rises, the tendency of heat resistance decline, heat-resisting crackle decline can appear.
Detorsion method of the present invention is used in the situation of steel pipe particularly effective at the air bag that by the rectification material is automobile.
The air bag of automobile is that roughly the high strength steel of 800MPa～1100MPa consists of with steel pipe by hot strength, is in the situation of 1100MPa in hot strength, and hardness is about HRA68.5.When the air bag of this type of high strength and high rigidity is corrected with the bending of steel pipe, if use by common tool steel (SKD, such as SKD11:1.5C-12Cr-1.0Mo etc.) roller that consists of, then tend to produce following situation: roller weares and teares easily, produced scar by the rectification material surface, in addition, be accompanied by the propelling (reduction that wearing and tearing bring increases) of wearing and tearing and when changing adjustment, need the time, thereby the running efficiency of the bending and straightening machines such as straightener descends, the finishing decrease in efficiency.
Under these circumstances, use the detorsion method of the present invention of using superhard correct roller, such shown in the embodiment as described later, can be in the wearing and tearing that in fact suppress roller fully, its surface roughness can not had greatly changed (namely, confirm not produce scar), shorten the adjustment time of changing.
Embodiment
With the raw material of the superhard roller that in detorsion method of the present invention, uses, be superhard alloy as object, study its mar proof and heat-resisting crackle.In addition, about mar proof, in order to compare, with the raw material of existing roller, be that tool steel SKD(implements to use after the K cryogenic treatment) carried out identical research as object.
In the material and the characteristic that are used for the material of test shown in the table 1.In table 1, " particle diameter " refers to the particle diameter of superhard alloy.
As shown in table 1, superhard alloy A is that the addition that makes an addition to the Co of WC is about 15%(quality %) material, superhard alloy B is that the addition that makes an addition to the Co of WC is about 16%(quality %) material, superhard alloy C is that the addition that makes an addition to the Co of WC is about 17%(quality %) material, be accompanied by the increase of the addition of Co, hardness changes to HRA85.0 from HRA88.0.
[table 1]
Fig. 1 is the key diagram of the evaluation method of the raw-material mar proof of roller.
As shown in Figure 1, make the ball 1(material that has applied load: SUJ, diameter: 15mm) in test piece 2, repeatedly slide, measure the wear extent (wear volume) of the test piece 2 of this moment.This wear extent is scaled the comparison wear extent (wear volume ［ mm of unit sliding distance unit load
3/ (mmN) ］=［ mm
2/ N ］), by with the material of tool steel SKD(roller in the past) the comparison wear extent recently estimate mutually mar proof.
Fig. 2 is the figure that the result of study of mar proof is shown.As shown in Figure 2, can confirm, SKD compares with tool steel, and the comparison wear extent of superhard alloy A, B and C is below 1/100, and is considerably less, so superhard alloy is compared with the material of in the past roller and had roughly 100 times mar proof.In addition, if compare between superhard alloy A, B and C, hardness is that the comparison wear extent of the hardest superhard alloy A of HRA88.0 is less, and mar proof is best.
About the heat-resisting crackle of superhard alloy, utilize to test piece repeat to implement " heating (700 ℃) " → " water-cooled " processing until the number of repetition that cracks in test piece estimate.The number of times that repeats is more, and heat-resisting crackle is better.
Evaluation result at heat-resisting crackle shown in the table 2.In table 2, zero mark represents not crack, and * mark represents to produce crackle.In addition, by visually observing to determine whether to produce crackle is arranged.
[table 2]
As shown in table 2, in superhard alloy B and C, even the number of repetition of heating/water-cooled is also not crack for 20 times, in superhard alloy A, producing when number of repetition is 10 times has crackle.
Result in the superhard alloy of overall merit shown in the table 3 A, B and the mar proof of C, heat-resisting crackle and hardness.Mar proof is all good, and is labeled as zero mark, is particularly comparing wear extent less than 100 * 10
-12Mm
2(superhard alloy A) mark ◎ mark (with reference to above-mentioned Fig. 2) in the situation of/N.
About heat-resisting crackle, repeating 10 heating/water-cooleds as benchmark, mark zero mark in the situation about all not cracking in 10 times does not have problems in 5 times but mark △ mark in the situation about cracking in 10 times.In addition, about the hardness of superhard alloy, owing to all have sufficient hardness, therefore be labeled as zero mark, particularly (superhard alloy A) is labeled as the ◎ mark in the situation more than the HRA88.0.
[table 3]
| Material | Mar proof | Heat-resisting crackle | Hardness | Overall merit |
| Superhard alloy A | ◎ | △ | ◎ | △ |
| Superhard alloy B | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Superhard alloy C | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
As shown in table 3, superhard alloy A (hardness: HRA88.0) for research material in the hardest and have the excellence mar proof, but heat-resisting crackle is lower than superhard alloy B, C, is △ mark (heat-resisting crackle is relatively low) in overall merit.Relative therewith, superhard alloy B (hardness: HRA86.5) and superhard alloy C (hardness: mar proof HRA85.0), heat-resisting crackle are all good, are zero mark (well) in overall merit.
Can confirm according to above result of study: as the raw-material superhard alloy of the superhard roller that uses in detorsion method of the present invention, mar proof hardness high and superhard alloy is in the scope of HRA85～HRA87 and is fit to.
Detorsion method of the present invention is applied in the rectification of the steel pipe that undertaken by straightener, wear extent and the surface roughness of pair roller are studied, and the shortening effect of time is adjusted in the replacing when having confirmed the air bag of automobile with steel pipe as the object corrected.In addition, in order to compare, in the roller (material: also carried out identical research in situation tool steel SKD11) of using in the past.
The characteristic that in table 4, gathers the material that employed straightener roller is shown.The material of the superhard roller that in detorsion method of the present invention, uses as embodiment 1 in employed superhard alloy B.
[table 4]
Fig. 3 is shown schematically in the schematic configuration of the straightener that uses in the rectification of air bag with steel pipe and the position of using superhard roller.Straightener is the 2-2-2-1 type.In the up-down rollers of the more # 2 of wear extent and #3, use superhard roller (in Fig. 3, representing in the mode of mark oblique line), at the roller as use SKD11 system in the past in the #1 roller of guide roller and the final # 4 roller.Roller is of a size of: roller center (minimum) diameter: 190mm, roller width: 180mm.
The object of correction steel pipe is the steel pipe of external diameter in the scope of 15.90mm～42.7mm.
Wear extent and surface roughness, measuring point and the measuring method of measuring object roller comprehensively are shown in table 5.
[table 5]
Fig. 4 is that the result of study of the wear extent of the roller when using detorsion method of the present invention is compared with the situation of using roller in the past and the figure that illustrates.The longitudinal axis of Fig. 4 is that wear extent is (based on the reduction of wearing and tearing: the rate of wear (mm/km) that mm) obtains divided by correcting development length (km).
As shown in Figure 4, in the situation of the roller that has used tool steel SKD11 system, use this roller until the rate of wear when arriving in the past roller life-span (based on the operating limit of wearing and tearing, the rectification development length is 2500km) is 1.6 * 10
-3Mm/km, but in the situation of having used the detorsion method of the present invention of using superhard roller corrects development length and reaches 1.7 times of 4300km(roller life-span in the past even confirm) afterwards, the rate of wear also be 0mm/km, fully find to wear and tear.
Fig. 5 is the figure of result of study that the surface roughness of the roller when using detorsion method of the present invention is shown.With maximum height (Rz) presentation surface roughness.
As shown in Figure 5, correct after the beginning, form at once small concavo-convexly on the roller surface, surface roughness rises (Rz declines), afterwards without larger variation, and the interior variation of the scope shown in the black arrow mark in the figure.Correcting development length above after the 4300km, surface roughness is also without larger variation.
Fig. 6 is that (external diameter: the variation that the time is adjusted in the replacing when 25mm) correcting is compared with the situation of use roller in the past and the figure that illustrates with steel pipe to air bag with using detorsion method of the present invention.
Apparent according to Fig. 6, in the situation of using roller (tool steel SKD11 system) in the past, be accompanied by and correct that development length is elongated, the wearing and tearing of roller increase, change the adjustment time above the object time (in each 30 minutes) and prolong (representing with thick arrow mark in the figure), but in the situation of having used the detorsion method of the present invention of using superhard roller, owing to produce wearing and tearing, therefore change the adjustment time can not prolong, can continue to carry out the replacing adjustment in the object time.
Fig. 7 will use that detorsion method of the present invention is compared with the situation of use roller in the past with the running efficiency of the straightener of steel pipe (external diameter: 20mm, 25mm or 30mm) when correcting air bag and the figure that illustrates.
Apparent according to Fig. 7, regardless of the external diameter of using steel pipe as the air bag of object of correction, the running efficiency of straightener all rises.Its reason is, owing to used detorsion method of the present invention, therefore changes and adjusts time shorten.The efficient of finishing procedure depends on the running efficiency of straightener mostly, has improved the operating efficiency of finishing procedure by the running efficiency that improves straightener.
According to above result of study, can confirm: by using detorsion method of the present invention, can suppress the wearing and tearing of roller fully, and antidote of the present invention is especially the most suitable with the detorsion of steel pipe to air bag, can improve by shortening the replacing adjustment time running efficiency of straightener.
Utilizability on the industry
Detorsion method of the present invention can be effectively applied to correct the bending that produces in the steel such as pipe, rod, particularly correct the air bag of automobile with the bending of the high-strength materials such as steel pipe.
Description of reference numerals
1, ball; 2, test piece.
Claims (2)
1. the detorsion method of steel has wherein been used superhard correct roller, it is characterized in that,
The hardness of this superhard roller is HRA85～HRA87.
2. detorsion method according to claim 1 is characterized in that,
It is the air bag steel pipe of automobile that quilt is corrected material.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011028905A JP5462202B2 (en) | 2011-02-14 | 2011-02-14 | Bending correction method |
| JP2011-028905 | 2011-02-14 | ||
| PCT/JP2012/000896 WO2012111291A1 (en) | 2011-02-14 | 2012-02-10 | Method for straightening |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103370149A true CN103370149A (en) | 2013-10-23 |
Family
ID=46672238
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2012800089207A Pending CN103370149A (en) | 2011-02-14 | 2012-02-10 | Method for straightening |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20130327110A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2676746B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP5462202B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20130118960A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN103370149A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR112013017469B8 (en) |
| MX (1) | MX363214B (en) |
| TW (1) | TWI538751B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2012111291A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103691774A (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2014-04-02 | 鞍钢股份有限公司 | Straightening method of seamless pipe |
| KR102059036B1 (en) | 2018-09-12 | 2019-12-24 | 김덕현 | Warp correction methods and warp correction device for steel material |
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-
2011
- 2011-02-14 JP JP2011028905A patent/JP5462202B2/en active Active
-
2012
- 2012-02-10 CN CN2012800089207A patent/CN103370149A/en active Pending
- 2012-02-10 WO PCT/JP2012/000896 patent/WO2012111291A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-02-10 KR KR1020137021946A patent/KR20130118960A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-02-10 MX MX2013008855A patent/MX363214B/en unknown
- 2012-02-10 BR BR112013017469A patent/BR112013017469B8/en active IP Right Grant
- 2012-02-10 US US13/985,296 patent/US20130327110A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-02-10 EP EP12747318.9A patent/EP2676746B1/en active Active
- 2012-02-14 TW TW101104718A patent/TWI538751B/en active
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004136296A (en) * | 2002-10-15 | 2004-05-13 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | Composite rolling roll |
| JP2005103557A (en) * | 2003-09-26 | 2005-04-21 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Device and method for manufacturing tube with grooved inner face |
| CN101421059A (en) * | 2006-04-14 | 2009-04-29 | 住友金属工业株式会社 | Method for correcting pipe and method for producing pipe by using that correction method |
| CN101626849A (en) * | 2007-01-16 | 2010-01-13 | 住友金属工业株式会社 | 2-phase stainless pipe manufacturing method, correction method, intensity adjusting method, and correction device operating method |
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| CN101507990A (en) * | 2009-03-25 | 2009-08-19 | 江苏诚德钢管股份有限公司 | Straightening method of end-thickened steel tube |
| CN101927278A (en) * | 2010-06-03 | 2010-12-29 | 天津商业大学 | Method for realizing precision straightening of thin-wall seamless steel tubes by adopting six-roller straightener |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20130327110A1 (en) | 2013-12-12 |
| EP2676746B1 (en) | 2018-10-24 |
| WO2012111291A1 (en) | 2012-08-23 |
| BR112013017469B1 (en) | 2020-06-16 |
| MX363214B (en) | 2019-03-15 |
| MX2013008855A (en) | 2013-08-14 |
| KR20130118960A (en) | 2013-10-30 |
| EP2676746A4 (en) | 2016-09-07 |
| TW201302337A (en) | 2013-01-16 |
| JP5462202B2 (en) | 2014-04-02 |
| EP2676746A1 (en) | 2013-12-25 |
| TWI538751B (en) | 2016-06-21 |
| BR112013017469A2 (en) | 2018-09-04 |
| BR112013017469B8 (en) | 2020-09-29 |
| JP2012166233A (en) | 2012-09-06 |
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