CN103364215A - Seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method - Google Patents
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- CN103364215A CN103364215A CN2013103058300A CN201310305830A CN103364215A CN 103364215 A CN103364215 A CN 103364215A CN 2013103058300 A CN2013103058300 A CN 2013103058300A CN 201310305830 A CN201310305830 A CN 201310305830A CN 103364215 A CN103364215 A CN 103364215A
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Abstract
The invention provides a seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method. The seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method is characterized by comprising the following steps of measuring and collecting objective parameters of pressure, angle, myoelectricity, temperature and humidity, enabling a subject to change the leaning and pitching angle periodically on a seat, setting a unified time axis, and guaranteeing to synchronously collect the changes of the objective parameters on the unified time axis; processing the collected object parameter changes, then using data analyzing software under the unified time axis to pair the objective parameter changes and detect a sample t, and obtaining the correlation among the objective parameters and the obvious differences between the leaning and pitching angle of the human body and the objective parameters, and among the objective parameters through analysis; and analyzing the results and obtaining an evaluation conclusion based on the human body data of the subject and human body comfort standard parameters serving as the objective evaluation indexes of the comfort of the seat.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of seat comfort method for objectively evaluating, particularly on a kind of at one time axle multiparameter is analyzed the seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method of objective comprehensive evaluation.
Background technology
Along with the development of society, people have had higher requirement to seat.The design problem of seat is still the problem that is worth research so far.At the beginning of the fifties, the section of the U.S. is sweet orthopedic medical seat was carried out the research of system science after, existing multidigit scholar carried out the research of system science about the design problem of chair, various design parameters about seat comfort also see many data in succession, but just at present, still can't generally acknowledge real desirable, a comfortable seat, that is because the sitting posture very complex of human body, thereby along with the increase of consumer's expectation value, the comfortableness of seat detects and becomes more and more important.
In the traditional scheme, the evaluation method of seat comfort is to be undertaken by the mode of providing questionnaire.Yet mode subjectivity that adopt to provide questionnaire is too strong, and is difficult to reflect for the characteristics of human body's such as temperature, humidity variation and impression etc.Therefore, need again the evaluation aspect maximum possible of seat comfort to introduce the theory that the human factor engineering estimates, set up a kind of human body physical features and seat comfort corresponding relation, thereby utilize the objective parameter between human body and the seat that seat comfort is assessed, create the method for objectively evaluating of effective comfortableness.Utilize gaging pressure distribution, angle, myoelectricity, these objective parameter of humiture can be for the Comfort Evaluation of carrying out of seat, but single objective parameter is estimated as evaluation index, causing the evaluation method of such seat comfort to have can't be perfect, the defective of thoroughly evaluating, and, owing to do not set axle unified time, evaluation method in such seat comfort can only disclose single factor to the impact of comfortableness, more can't be implemented in the seat comfort Multifactor Comprehensive Evaluation of different time node.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method of on the unified time axle, carrying out comfortable evaluation based on a plurality of objective parameter.
A kind of seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method provided by the invention has such feature, has following steps: (1) measures experimenter's somatic data; When (2) measuring for pressure, adopt a plurality of pressure distribution measurement cushions, the pressure that obtains surface of contact between experimenter and the seat changes; When (3) measuring for angle, respectively at least 3 marks when being erectility, the experimenter are being set in line at least one health bending part of experimenter, and these at least 3 marks lay respectively at flex point place, the joint of each health bending part as a summit of measurement of angle when the experimenter enters state for seat, with the avris point as measurement of angle that is positioned at both sides, summit certain distance, mark is followed the tracks of to obtain the angle variation of health bending part; When (4) measuring for myoelectricity, direction along meat fiber arranges a reference electrode, is positioned at a positive electrode and a negative electrode of reference electrode both sides at least one body muscle position of experimenter respectively, and the myoelectricity that obtains the body muscle position changes; (5) for temperature, when humidity is measured, the variation that at least one temperature sensor, at least one humidity sensor obtain respectively temperature, humidity is set between experimenter and seat; (6) experimenter's periodically-varied elevation angle is on the seat set axle unified time, guarantees that the objective parameter of pressure, angle, myoelectricity, temperature and the humidity of synchronous acquisition on the axle at one time changes; (7) to gather each objective parameter of coming change process after, utilize at one time data analysis software that each objective parameter is changed under the axle and carry out in twos paired sample t detection, analysis draws the correlativity between each objective parameter, and the significant difference between human body elevation angle and each objective parameter, between each objective parameter; (8) based on experimenter's somatic data and the human body comfort canonical parameter objective evaluation index as this seat comfort, analysis result draws evaluation conclusion.
In seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method of the present invention, can also have such feature: wherein, shoulder height, knee height and elbow height when somatic data is experimenter's age, height, body weight, brachium and sitting posture.
In seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method of the present invention, can also have such feature: wherein, when measuring for pressure, adopt two pressure distribution measurement cushions to be separately positioned on the cushion, backrest of seat, the seat pressure that obtains respectively surface of contact between experimenter and cushion, the backrest changes, depended on pressure changes.
In seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method of the present invention, can also have such feature: wherein, when measuring for angle, the health bending part comprises shoulder joint, waist, elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint and ankle-joint, the quantity that is arranged on the mark of each health bending part is 3, utilizes the high-precision optical positioning system simultaneously 3 marks of each health bending part to be carried out dynamic track and localization to realize measurement of angle.
In seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method of the present invention, can also have such feature: wherein, when measuring for myoelectricity, the quantity at body muscle position is two, be respectively back flesh, shank flesh, adopt the hyperchannel physiograph, the other erector spinae belly of muscle of opening 3cm arranges positive electrode on the backbone right side, negative electrode and reference electrode, this reference electrode is positioned at the position take the third lumbar vertebra level as mid point, belly of muscle bump pad at the tibialis anterior of left leg lateral of tibia arranges positive electrode, negative electrode and reference electrode, this reference electrode is positioned at the peak position of belly of muscle bump pad, positive electrode, negative electrode is in the both sides of reference electrode, has certain distance along direction and the reference electrode among of meat fiber.
In seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method of the present invention, can also have such feature: wherein, temperature sensor and humidity sensor all adopt the sheet type sensor, and quantity respectively is 3, be arranged on the pressure distribution measurement cushion and contact with the experimenter, 3 temperature sensors are placed on respectively leg, back and the uropygium bone below of experimenter's one side, and 3 humidity sensors are placed on respectively leg, back and the uropygium bone below of experimenter's opposite side.
In seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method of the present invention, can also have such feature: wherein, the experimenter is the periodically-varied elevation angle on the seat, and each objective parameter of synchronous acquisition changes the natural parameter that all comprises by the natural sitting posture generation and changes and changed by the reclining parameter that the reclining sitting posture produces.
Effect of the present invention:
According to seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method provided by the present invention, because set axle unified time when carrying out evaluation test, make pressure, angle, myoelectricity, temperature, these five objective factors of humidity estimate task and begin simultaneously, also just can be implemented in the seat comfort Multifactor Comprehensive Evaluation of different time node, utilize a plurality of objective factors as evaluation index so that seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method is more perfect, comprehensive.In addition, data analysis can make things convenient for, scientifically analyze pressure, angle, myoelectricity, temperature, humidity for the sex correlativity of seat comfort after the test, and can analyze the elevation angle of experimenter's health and the correlativity between each objective factor.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the process flow diagram of seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method in the embodiments of the invention;
Fig. 2 is the scheme synoptic diagram of seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method in the embodiments of the invention;
Fig. 3 is the electrode attaching method synoptic diagram of back myoelectricity in the embodiments of the invention;
Fig. 4 is the electrode attaching method synoptic diagram of shank myoelectricity in the embodiments of the invention; And
Fig. 5 is temperature, humidity sensor attaching method synoptic diagram in the embodiments of the invention.
Embodiment
The present invention is further described below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
Fig. 1 is the process flow diagram of seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method in the embodiments of the invention.
As shown in Figure 1, in the present embodiment, seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method 10 has following steps:
The S-1 step:
Before each evaluation comfortableness, need to measure experimenter's somatic data, elbow height etc. when knee height and sitting posture when shoulder height, sitting posture when record experimenter's age, height, body weight, brachium, sitting posture, wherein, the witness mark position table 1 described as follows of somatic data.
Table 1-somatic data is measured the reference position in site
| Height | The head peak is sat the distance on plane to level |
| Brachium | Arm protracts, and omoplate is to the horizontal range in the centre of the palm |
| The sitting posture shoulder height | Right acromion is put to the vertical range between the level seat plane |
| The sitting posture knee height | Vertical distance from the thigh upper surface of kneecap top to ground |
| The sitting posture elbow height | The ancon minimum point is sat the vertical range on plane when cranking arm to level |
The S-2 step:
Fig. 2 is the scheme synoptic diagram of seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method 10 in the embodiments of the invention.As shown in Figure 2, will for the seat comfort objective parameter evaluation system 100 of the seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method 10 that realizes present embodiment, connect debugging and finish.
S-2-1 step: as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, when measuring for pressure, the experimenter is seated in the seat with state of nature, two pressure distribution measurement cushions 101 are placed on the cushion, backrest of this seat, a pressure distribution measurement cushion 101 is tiled on the cushion of this seat, another pressure distribution measurement cushion 101 folds up between the backrest of experimenter's back and this seat, and the seat pressure that obtains respectively surface of contact between experimenter and cushion, the backrest changes, depended on pressure changes.In the present embodiment, pressure distribution measurement cushion 101 adopts the cushion of model Tactilus.
In the present embodiment, utilize Tactilus cushion Pressure Distribution Measuring System, realize that the contact of people and seat surface of contact is measured.The thickness of this Tactilus cushion is 0.7mm, can carry out Pressure Analysis to 1024 discrete points of seat surface, and total measurement area reaches 43 * 43cm
2, and can realize kinetic measurement.By detailed analysis of statistical data, density and the homogeneity design aspect of sitting face, position and material for the relevant chair of seat comfort provide reference.
S-2-2 step: as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, when measuring for angle, debugged high-precision optical positioning system 102(Micron tracker).In measurement of angle, before the location, namely carry out sticking sign thing 103(mark) time, need experimenter's state of being kept upright, the experimenter stretches the right side arm, 6 health bending parts the experimenter respectively stick 3 marks 103, these 6 health bending parts are respectively the shoulder joint 104 of the right-hand side direction that is positioned at the experimenter, waist 105, elbow joint 106, hip joint 107, knee joint 108 and ankle-joint 109, every spacing 5cm arranges this 3 marks 103 on each health bending part, and guarantee that these 3 marks 103 are on same straight line, and be not blocked, to allow high-precision optical positioning system 102(Micron tracker) these marks 103 are monitored, follow the tracks of.
So, at mark 103(mark) paste after, namely carry out measurement of angle, during the location, the experimenter is that the seat of nature is when entering state, these 3 marks 103 are done and are carried out an angle summit and two avris points that angle monitor is followed the tracks of, need to stick on the flex point place, joint of each health bending part as a mark 103 on summit, two marks 103 of two the avris points of doing are sticked on respectively be positioned at each position apart from 5cm, both sides, summit, so, utilize high-precision optical positioning system 102 that each mark 103 of each health bending part is carried out while synchronous dynamic track and localization.
In the present embodiment, utilize high-precision optical positioning system 102(Micron tracker), the error of calculation is about 0.2mm, realizes the measurement and dynamically tracking of three-dimensional measurement and the main characteristic parameters of the physical trait point under the sitting posture.By these marks 103 being followed the tracks of obtain the angle variation of health bending part, realization is for different sitting posture real-time testing joint positions and joint angle, comprises experimenter's erectility, entered in the process of state to seat by erectility and the angle of the real-time health bending part in the state of being present changes.
S-2-3 step: as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, when measuring for myoelectricity, utilize hyperchannel physiograph 110(Biopac System) carry out at two body muscle positions of experimenter that surface myoelectric is measured, analysis of fatigue, ten thousand point/seconds of electromyographic signal sample frequency 400KHZ(40).
Fig. 3 is the electrode attaching method synoptic diagram of back myoelectricity in the embodiments of the invention.Fig. 4 is the electrode attaching method synoptic diagram of shank myoelectricity in the embodiments of the invention.
In the present embodiment, adopt erector spinae as detection muscle, thereby these two body muscle positions are respectively back flesh 200, shank flesh 300.
Before myoelectricity is measured, need to 3 electrodes respectively be set along the direction of the meat fiber of back flesh 200, shank flesh 300, in the present embodiment, electrode adopts Pasting at the surface electrode of muscle surface.
As shown in Figure 3, direction along the meat fiber of back flesh 200, the other erector spinae belly of muscle 202 of opening certain distance arranges 3 electrodes on backbone 201 right sides, respectively as a reference electrode 111, a positive electrode 112 and a negative electrode 113, distance L 3 between reference electrode 111 and the backbone 201 is 3cm, and this reference electrode 111 is positioned at the position take the third lumbar vertebra level as mid point.Positive electrode 112 and negative electrode 113 are positioned at the upper and lower side of reference electrode 111, and the distance L 1 between positive electrode 112 and the reference electrode 111 is 3cm, and the distance L 2 between negative electrode 113 and the reference electrode 111 is 3cm, and the myoelectricity that obtains back flesh 200 changes.
As shown in Figure 4, direction along the meat fiber of shank flesh 300, at left leg lateral of tibia tibialis anterior belly of muscle bump pad 3 electrodes are set, respectively as a reference electrode 114, a positive electrode 115 and a negative electrode 116, reference electrode 114 on this belly of muscle bump pad peak position, positive electrode 115 and negative electrode 116 are positioned at the upper and lower side of reference electrode 114, distance L 4 is 3cm between positive electrode 115 and the reference electrode 114, and distance L 5 is 3cm between negative electrode 116 and the reference electrode 114.
In the present embodiment, the hyperchannel physiograph 110(Biopac System that utilizes) be to be widely used in the world at present, the physiological signal registering instrument is led in powerful computerization more, sampling rate is ten thousand point/seconds of 400KHZ(40).
S-2-4 step: as depicted in figs. 1 and 2, for temperature, when humidity is measured, in the present embodiment, the variation that 3 temperature sensors 117,3 humidity sensors 118 obtain respectively temperature, humidity is set between experimenter and seat.
Fig. 5 is temperature, humidity sensor attaching method synoptic diagram in the embodiments of the invention.
In the present embodiment, require experimenter's trousers unification to be textile black fabric, upper garment is not done requirement.The residing room temperature of experimenter should be controlled at about 20 ℃.As shown in Figure 5, temperature sensor 117 and humidity sensor 118 all adopt the sheet type sensor, be arranged on the pressure distribution measurement cushion 101 and contact with the experimenter, 3 humidity sensors 118 are placed on respectively the left leg of experimenter, left back and left uropygium bone below, and 3 temperature sensors 117 are placed on respectively the right leg of experimenter, right back and right uropygium bone below.
In the present embodiment, humidity sensor 118 laser corrections reach+5% relative humidity degree of accuracy, and degree of accuracy can reach 2% relative humidity after the calibration.Temperature sensor 117 measuring accuracy that adopt are ± 0.5 ℃.
The S-3 step:
After seat comfort objective parameter evaluation system 100 connected debugging and finish, need the experimenter naturally to be seated in the seat, allow the experimenter carry out the preparation of acceptance test.
The S-4 step:
Set unified time shaft, guarantee to gather simultaneously on the axle at one time the variation of above-mentioned pressure, angle, myoelectricity, temperature and humidity objective parameter, and simultaneous display is on the display screen 119 of seat comfort objective parameter evaluation system 100.
After the test beginning, in 90 minutes, gather and amount to 18 analysis data points, also just divide for 18 subcycles tests in 5 minutes take per 5 minutes as one-period, the data of the variation of above-mentioned these objective parameter can be according to each subcycle test in 5 minutes, just calculated a qualitative modeling in per 5 minutes and process, the data of the variation of objective parameter with
Form represent.
The S-5 step:
In each 5 minutes subcycles test, when arriving the 4th minute, the experimenter need to rely on the backrest of seat to carry out the action of backward reclining, this backward the reclining action to continue 1 minute.So, the experimenter will keep first nature to be seated in state continuance 4 minutes, and then keeps continuing 1 minute, circulates with this until the test of whole 90 minutes finishes again.The experimenter is the periodically-varied elevation angle on the seat, and each objective parameter of synchronous acquisition changes the natural parameter that all comprises by the natural sitting posture generation and changes and changed by the reclining parameter that the reclining sitting posture produces.
In the data acquisition process of pressure, angle, per 1 minute is sections record data, calculates the method for a mean value in per 5 minutes and processes, and 90 minutes build-in tests amount to 18 and analyze data point.
In the data acquisition process of myoelectricity, will be by back flesh 200, shank flesh 300 gathers original surface electromyography signal, process by full-wave rectification function (full – wave rectification) and smoothing function (smoothing) that the signal that utilizes data processing software to carry is processed in (signal processing), and be that a sections carries out mark by per 1 minute, utilize the frequency spectrum that data processing software carries/fatigue report (frequency/fatigue report) and standard surface myoelectricity to report that (standard EMG report) carries out respectively processing and the derivation of median frequency data (median frequency, MF).After surface myoelectric diagram data (sEMG) derivation with back flesh 200, shank flesh 300, calculated the method for a mean value in per 5 minutes and process, 90 minutes test amounts to 18 and analyzes data points.
In the data acquisition process of temperature, humidity, to choose three's maximal value by per 5 minutes as a sections from the temperature variation data that right leg, right back and this 3 place, right uropygium bone below gather, the method that three's maximal value is averaged is processed, experiment in 90 minutes amounts to 18 and analyzes data point, and the humidity delta data is from consistent from the acquisition process of left leg, left back and this synthermal delta data of acquiring and processing method of 3 of left uropygium bone below.
The S-6 step:
To gather each objective parameter of coming change process after, use statistical software to after treatment data analysis, utilize at one time the Spss18.0 analysis software that each objective parameter is changed under the axle and carry out in twos paired sample t detection, contrast in twos statistical analysis, analysis draws the correlativity between each objective parameter, and the significant difference between human body elevation angle and each objective parameter, between each objective parameter.
Wherein, the angle that can only choose hip joint 107 aspect measurement of angle is come pair analysis.Also can analyze the at one time correlativity of axle downforce, angle, myoelectricity, temperature, humidity, such as the correlativity between human body elevation angle and the pressure, whether there is significant difference between temperature, humidity and the electromyographic signal, level of significance is decided to be p＜0.05, if p＜0.05, then in twos contrast exists significant difference between the two; If p〉0.05, then in twos contrast do not have significant difference between the two, comprehensively come seat comfort is carried out objective evaluation.
The S-7 step:
After the data that collect were processed, based on experimenter's somatic data with according to the objective evaluation index of existing human body comfort canonical parameter as this seat comfort, analysis result drew evaluation conclusion.
The S-8 step:
When the seat of tested person did not relatively meet the human factor engineering and designs, it was relatively poor to draw comfortableness, designs conclusion to be improved.
The S-9 step:
When the seat of tested person meets the human factor engineering and designs, draw the good conclusion of comfortableness.
According to the seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method of embodiment, can better be improved design, more meet the principle of human factor engineering's design.
The effect of embodiment and effect
The seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method that provides according to present embodiment, because set axle unified time when carrying out evaluation test, make pressure, angle, myoelectricity, temperature, these five objective factors of humidity estimate task and begin simultaneously, also just can be implemented in the seat comfort Multifactor Comprehensive Evaluation of different time node, utilize a plurality of objective factors as evaluation index so that seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method is more perfect, comprehensive.In addition, data analysis can make things convenient for, scientifically analyze pressure, angle, myoelectricity, temperature, humidity for the sex correlativity of seat comfort after the test, and can analyze the elevation angle of experimenter's health and the correlativity between each objective factor.
Above-mentioned embodiment is preferred case of the present invention, is not used for limiting protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method is characterized in that having following steps:
(1) measurement experimenter's somatic data;
When (2) measuring for pressure, adopt a plurality of pressure distribution measurement cushions, the pressure that obtains surface of contact between experimenter and the seat changes;
When (3) measuring for angle, respectively at least 3 marks when being erectility, the experimenter are being set in line at least one health bending part of experimenter, and these at least 3 marks lay respectively at flex point place, the joint of each health bending part as a summit of measurement of angle when the experimenter enters state for seat, with the avris point as measurement of angle that is positioned at both sides, described summit certain distance, described mark is followed the tracks of to obtain the angle variation of health bending part;
When (4) measuring for myoelectricity, direction along meat fiber arranges a reference electrode, is positioned at a positive electrode and a negative electrode of described reference electrode both sides at least one body muscle position of experimenter respectively, and the myoelectricity that obtains the body muscle position changes;
(5) for temperature, when humidity is measured, the variation that at least one temperature sensor, at least one humidity sensor obtain respectively temperature, humidity is set between experimenter and seat;
(6) experimenter's periodically-varied elevation angle is on the seat set axle unified time, guarantees that the objective parameter of pressure, angle, myoelectricity, temperature and the humidity of synchronous acquisition on the axle at one time changes;
(7) to gather each objective parameter of coming change process after, utilize at one time data analysis software that each objective parameter is changed under the axle and carry out in twos paired sample t detection, analysis draws the correlativity between each objective parameter, and the significant difference between human body elevation angle and each objective parameter, between each objective parameter;
(8) based on experimenter's somatic data and the human body comfort canonical parameter objective evaluation index as this seat comfort, analysis result draws evaluation conclusion.
2. the seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method described in according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Shoulder height, knee height and elbow height when wherein, described somatic data is experimenter's age, height, body weight, brachium and sitting posture.
3. the seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method described in according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Wherein, when measuring for pressure, adopt two pressure distribution measurement cushions to be separately positioned on the cushion, backrest of seat, the seat pressure that obtains respectively surface of contact between experimenter and cushion, the backrest changes, depended on pressure changes.
4. the seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method described in according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Wherein, when measuring for angle, described health bending part comprises shoulder joint, waist, elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint and ankle-joint, and the quantity that is arranged on the described mark of each health bending part is 3,
Utilize the high-precision optical positioning system simultaneously 3 marks of each health bending part to be carried out dynamic track and localization to realize measurement of angle.
5. the seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method described in according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Wherein, when measuring for myoelectricity, the quantity at described body muscle position is two, is respectively back flesh, shank flesh,
Adopt the hyperchannel physiograph, the other erector spinae belly of muscle of opening 3cm arranges positive electrode, negative electrode and reference electrode on the backbone right side, and this reference electrode is positioned at the position take the third lumbar vertebra level as mid point,
Belly of muscle bump pad at the tibialis anterior of left leg lateral of tibia arranges positive electrode, negative electrode and reference electrode, and this reference electrode is positioned at the peak position of described belly of muscle bump pad,
Positive electrode, negative electrode be in the both sides of reference electrode, has certain distance along direction and the reference electrode among of meat fiber.
6. the seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method described in according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Wherein, described temperature sensor and described humidity sensor all adopt the sheet type sensor, and quantity is 3 respectively, be arranged on the described pressure distribution measurement cushion to contact with the experimenter,
3 temperature sensors are placed on respectively leg, back and the uropygium bone below of experimenter's one side,
3 humidity sensors are placed on respectively leg, back and the uropygium bone below of experimenter's opposite side.
7. the seat comfort objective parameter evaluation method described in according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
Wherein, the experimenter is the periodically-varied elevation angle on the seat, and each objective parameter of synchronous acquisition changes the natural parameter that all comprises by the natural sitting posture generation and changes and changed by the reclining parameter that the reclining sitting posture produces.
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