CN103304040B - Method for treating nitrogen-containing waste water by utilizing carbon fiber felt-immobilized pseudomonas aeruginosa - Google Patents

Method for treating nitrogen-containing waste water by utilizing carbon fiber felt-immobilized pseudomonas aeruginosa Download PDF

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CN103304040B
CN103304040B CN201310193029.1A CN201310193029A CN103304040B CN 103304040 B CN103304040 B CN 103304040B CN 201310193029 A CN201310193029 A CN 201310193029A CN 103304040 B CN103304040 B CN 103304040B
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carbon fiber
pseudomonas aeruginosa
fiber felt
nitrogenous effluent
immobilization
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CN103304040A (en
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魏群
于大禹
乔楠
陈瑞佳
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Northeast Electric Power University
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Northeast Dianli University
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Abstract

The invention relates to a method for treating nitrogen-containing waste water by utilizing carbon fiber felt-immobilized pseudomonas aeruginosa. The method comprises the steps of: treating carbon fiber felts so as to immobilize pseudomonas aeruginosa, adding the obtained 200-600 small carbon fiber felts with length and width of both 4mm and thickness of 5mm and used for immobilizing the pseudomonas aeruginosa into nitrogen-containing waste water, carrying out continuous treatment on the nitrogen-containing waste water, wherein the quality of the nitrogen-containing waste water is as follows: the nitrate NO<3-> is 0.5-3.5mg/L, chemical oxygen demand (COD) is 350-460mg/L, and the dissolved oxygen level is 6.5mg/L; controlling the continuous inflowing of the nitrogen-containing waste water, wherein the inflowing velocity is at 1mL/min; continuously treating nitrogen-containing waste water for 240 hours at the temperature of 20DEG C, detecting the nitrate NO<3-> and COD removal rate for every 24 hours, wherein the highest nitrate NO<3-> removal rate of the nitrogen-containing waste water can achieve 95.1%, and the highest COD removal rate can achieve 80.9%. The pseudomonas aeruginosa comes from the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, CGMCC. The method has the advantages of being strong in operability, simple to operate, high in nitrogen removal efficiency, small in needed water treatment space and the like.

Description

A kind of method of utilizing carbon fiber felt immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa to process nitrogenous effluent
Technical field
The invention belongs to using microbe and field of environment engineering technology, relate to a kind of utilize novel fixation support treatment based on immobilized microorganisms nitrogenous effluent method.Relate in particular to and utilize carbon fiber felt immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa to process nitrogenous effluent.
Background technology
A large amount of nitrogenous effluents enter water body, can accelerate the eutrophication process of water body.At present, the processing mode of nitrogenous effluent mainly contains chemical method, Physical and biological process etc.Wherein Physical and chemical method have that cost is higher, operating process is complicated, very easily environment are caused to secondary pollution problems.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can carry out denitrification under aerobic conditions, thereby realizes denitrogenation.Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by the respiratory of self, can be nitrogen by nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide reduction.
The problems such as although Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be processed nitrogenous effluent under aerobic conditions, and it also exists processing efficiency low in suspension culture degraded system, and large, the anti-high load capacity of water treatment space is poor, solid-liquid separation is difficult.
The conventional method of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa has entrapping method, absorption method etc., and conventional fixation support has wood chip, polyurethane foam, polyvinyl alcohol, alginate calcium.But there are a lot of problems in above-mentioned carrier, as preparation process compared with complicated, specific surface area is little, immobilization efficiency is low, bad mechanical strength.And that carbon fiber felt has specific surface area is large, absorption property is good, and regenerative power is strong, is therefore a kind of comparatively desirable Pseudomonas aeruginosa fixation support.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is: a kind of method of utilizing carbon fiber felt immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa to process nitrogenous effluent is provided, by the processing to carbon fiber felt, become the excellent carrier of immobilized microorganism, and then for immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa, set up a kind of simple, effective means of processing nitrogenous effluent, utilize the immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa of carbon fiber felt biological activity in to the process of nitrogenous effluent more stable, required water treatment space reduces, and fixation support carbon fiber felt physical strength is high, durable, can reuse repeatedly.
Realizing the technical scheme that the object of the invention adopts is, a kind of carbon fiber felt immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa of utilizing is processed the method for nitrogenous effluent, it is characterized in that, it comprises the following steps:
(1) preparation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa nutrient solution
Be that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 is linked in the aseptic seed culture medium of 100mL by being kept at strain number on inclined-plane, the per-cent that in described seed culture medium, each amounts of components accounts for seed culture medium quality consumption is respectively: glucose 2%; Peptone 0.5%; Yeast extract paste 0.3%; Na 2hPO 412H 2o 0.2%; KH 2pO 40.1%; MgSO 47H 20 0.025%; Citric acid 0.2%; PH5.8; On the gas bath constant-temperature table of 30 ℃ of temperature, cultivate 48h with 150rpm, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria suspension that obtains having activated, leaves the bacteria suspension obtaining in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature in and saves backup;
(2) pre-treatment of carbon fiber felt
By wide the block length 100mm that is, the carbon fiber felt that thickness is 5mm is put into deionized water and is boiled 30min; To naturally cooling, the carbon fiber felt obtaining is placed in to 4 ℃ of Refrigerator stores of temperature for subsequent use;
(3) carbon fiber felt is the immobilization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 to strain number
The polyvinyl alcohol of quality 10g and quality 0.6g sodium alginate are joined in 100mL distilled water, with boiling water bath heating, polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate are dissolved and obtain mixing solutions, in heat-processed, use glass stick uniform stirring mixing solutions; Mixing solutions is cooled to after room temperature, adds wherein quality 1.0g Powdered Activated Carbon, mixes; The Pseudomonas aeruginosa nutrient solution that adds wherein 20~40mL that above-mentioned steps (1) obtains, obtains pre-embedding bacterium liquid after mixing; The carbon fiber felt that above-mentioned steps (2) is obtained is put into the above-mentioned pre-embedding bacterium liquid making and is soaked 30~60min; Carbon fiber felt after soaking is put into saturated boric acid solution again, in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature, place 3h, make carbon fiber felt gelation, above-mentioned saturated boric acid solution contains the calcium chloride that concentration is 2% and regulates pH value through sodium carbonate solution is 7.0; By the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa with distilled water flushing for several times after, being cut into fritter that length and width are 4mm, to be placed in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature stand-by; Use before the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the thieving paper surperficial moisture that exhausts;
(4) processing of the carbon fiber felt of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that immobilization bacterial strain is numbered CGMCC NO:1.00238 to nitrogenous effluent
The carbon fiber felt fritter that the immobilization bacterial strain that the length and width that 200~600 above-mentioned steps (3) are made are 4mm is numbered the Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 joins in nitrogenous effluent, nitrogenous effluent is processed continuously, and above-mentioned nitrogenous effluent water quality is as follows: nitrate NO 3 -: 0.5~3.5mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 350~460mg/L, dissolved oxygen content: 6.5mg/L; Control nitrogenous effluent and intake continuously, water inlet flow velocity is 1mL/min; In 20 ℃ of temperature, process continuously nitrogenous effluent 240h, detect the nitrate NO of nitrogenous effluent every 24h 3 -with chemical oxygen demand COD clearance, realize the processing of nitrogenous effluent.
Described Pseudomonas aeruginosa derives from Chinese common micro-organisms culture presevation administrative center, and strain number is CGMCC NO:1.00238.
Compared with prior art there is significant progress and positive effect in the present invention:
1. the application that the present invention is carbon fiber felt provides new thinking and approach;
2. fixation support carbon fiber felt specific surface area is large, and bioaffinity is strong, and mechanize intensity is large, and immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa is carried out denitrogenation of waste water processing repeatedly;
3. the method for the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa processing nitrogenous effluent is workable, simple to operate, and nitric efficiency is high, and required water treatment space is little;
4. the nitrate NO of pair nitrogenous effluent 3 -clearance is up to 95.1%, and chemical oxygen demand COD clearance is up to 80.9%.
Embodiment
A kind of method of utilizing carbon fiber felt immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa to process nitrogenous effluent of embodiment 1, it comprises the following steps:
(1) preparation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa nutrient solution:
Be that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 is linked in the aseptic seed culture medium of 100mL by being kept at strain number on inclined-plane, the per-cent that in described seed culture medium, each amounts of components accounts for seed culture medium quality consumption is respectively: glucose 2%; Peptone 0.5%; Yeast extract paste 0.3%; Na 2hPO 412H 2o 0.2%; KH 2pO 40.1%; MgSO 47H 20 0.025%; Citric acid 0.2%; PH5.8; On the gas bath constant-temperature table of 30 ℃ of temperature, cultivate 48h with 150rpm, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria suspension that obtains having activated, leaves the bacteria suspension obtaining in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature in and saves backup; Above-mentioned Pseudomonas aeruginosa derives from Chinese common micro-organisms culture presevation administrative center, and strain number is 0CGMCC NO:1.00238;
(2) pre-treatment of carbon fiber felt:
By wide the block length 100mm that is, the carbon fiber felt that thickness is 5mm is put into deionized water and is boiled 30min; To naturally cooling, the carbon fiber felt obtaining is placed in to 4 ℃ of Refrigerator stores of temperature for subsequent use; Above-mentioned carbon fiber felt is purchased from Dalian Xingke Carbon Fiber Co., Ltd, brand: Xing Ke; Model: CCF-DLXKTSMZ-5;
(3) carbon fiber felt is the immobilization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 to strain number:
The polyvinyl alcohol of quality 10g and quality 0.6g sodium alginate are joined in 100mL distilled water, with boiling water bath heating, polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate are dissolved and obtain mixing solutions, in heat-processed, use glass stick uniform stirring mixing solutions; Mixing solutions is cooled to after room temperature, adds wherein quality 1.0g Powdered Activated Carbon, mixes; The Pseudomonas aeruginosa nutrient solution that adds wherein the 20mL that above-mentioned steps (1) obtains, obtains pre-embedding bacterium liquid after mixing; The carbon fiber felt that above-mentioned steps (2) is obtained is put into the above-mentioned pre-embedding bacterium liquid making and is soaked 60min; Carbon fiber felt after soaking is put into saturated boric acid solution again, in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature, place 3h, make carbon fiber felt gelation, above-mentioned saturated boric acid solution contains the calcium chloride that concentration is 2% and regulates pH value through sodium carbonate solution is 7.0; By the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa with distilled water flushing for several times after, being cut into fritter that length and width are 4mm, to be placed in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature stand-by; Use before the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the thieving paper surperficial moisture that exhausts;
(4) processing of the carbon fiber felt of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that immobilization bacterial strain is numbered CGMCC NO:1.00238 to nitrogenous effluent:
The carbon fiber felt fritter that the immobilization bacterial strain that the length and width that 200 above-mentioned steps (3) are made are 4mm is numbered the Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 joins in nitrogenous effluent, nitrogenous effluent is processed continuously, and above-mentioned nitrogenous effluent water quality is as follows: nitrate NO 3 -: 0.5mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 350mg/L, dissolved oxygen content: 6.5mg/L; Control nitrogenous effluent and intake continuously, water inlet flow velocity is 1mL/min; In 20 ℃ of temperature, process continuously nitrogenous effluent 240h, measure the water quality of nitrogenous effluent every 24h.The treatment effect of nitrogenous effluent is as shown in table 1:
The carbon fiber felt of table 1 immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa is to nitrate NO in nitrogenous effluent 3 -: 0.5mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 350mg/L, the treatment effect that dissolved oxygen content is 6.5mg/L
Figure 172172DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
As can be seen from Table 1, by the immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa of carbon fiber felt to nitrate NO in nitrogenous effluent 3 -: 0.5mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 350mg/L, the treatment effect that dissolved oxygen content is 6.5mg/L is obviously better than Pseudomonas aeruginosa itself to nitrate NO in nitrogenous effluent 3 -: 0.5 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 350mg/L, dissolved oxygen content is the treatment effect of 6.5 mg/L, waste water treatment efficiency gets a promotion, and carbon fiber felt itself does not affect water treatment effect.
A kind of method of utilizing carbon fiber felt immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa to process nitrogenous effluent of embodiment 2, it comprises the step identical with embodiment 1 (1) and (2), its difference step is:
(3) carbon fiber felt is the immobilization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 to strain number:
The polyvinyl alcohol of quality 10g and quality 0.6g sodium alginate are joined in 100mL distilled water, with boiling water bath heating, polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate are dissolved and obtain mixing solutions, in heat-processed, use glass stick uniform stirring mixing solutions; Mixing solutions is cooled to after room temperature, adds wherein quality 1.0g Powdered Activated Carbon, mixes; The Pseudomonas aeruginosa nutrient solution that adds wherein the 30mL that above-mentioned steps (1) obtains, obtains pre-embedding bacterium liquid after mixing; The carbon fiber felt that above-mentioned steps (2) is obtained is put into the above-mentioned pre-embedding bacterium liquid making and is soaked 45min; Carbon fiber felt after soaking is put into saturated boric acid solution again, in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature, place 3h, make carbon fiber felt gelation, above-mentioned saturated boric acid solution contains the calcium chloride that concentration is 2% and regulates pH value through sodium carbonate solution is 7.0; By the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa with distilled water flushing for several times after, being cut into fritter that length and width are 4mm, to be placed in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature stand-by; Use before the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the thieving paper surperficial moisture that exhausts;
(4) processing of the carbon fiber felt of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that immobilization bacterial strain is numbered CGMCC NO:1.00238 to nitrogenous effluent:
The carbon fiber felt fritter that the immobilization bacterial strain that the length and width that 400 above-mentioned steps (3) are made are 4mm is numbered the Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 joins in nitrogenous effluent, nitrogenous effluent is processed continuously, and above-mentioned nitrogenous effluent water quality is as follows: nitrate NO 3 -: 2mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 420mg/L, dissolved oxygen content: 6.5mg/L: control nitrogenous effluent and intake continuously, water inlet flow velocity is 1mL/min; At 20 ℃, process continuously nitrogenous effluent 240h, measure the water quality of nitrogenous effluent every 24h.The treatment effect of nitrogenous effluent is as shown in table 2:
The carbon fiber felt of table 2 immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa is to nitrate NO in nitrogenous effluent 3 -: 2mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 420mg/L, the treatment effect that dissolved oxygen content is 6.5mg/L
As can be seen from Table 2, by the immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa of carbon fiber felt to nitrate NO in nitrogenous effluent 3 -: 2mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 420mg/L, the treatment effect that dissolved oxygen content is 6.5mg/L is obviously better than Pseudomonas aeruginosa itself to nitrate NO in nitrogenous effluent 3 -: 2mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 420mg/L, the treatment effect that dissolved oxygen content is 6.5mg/L, waste water treatment efficiency gets a promotion, and carbon fiber felt itself does not affect water treatment effect.
A kind of method of utilizing carbon fiber felt immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa to process nitrogenous effluent of embodiment 3, it comprises the step identical with embodiment 1 (1) and (2), its difference step is:
(3) carbon fiber felt is the immobilization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa of (CGMCC NO:1.00238) to strain number:
The polyvinyl alcohol of quality 10g and quality 0.6g sodium alginate are joined in 100mL distilled water, with boiling water bath heating, polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate are dissolved and obtain mixing solutions, in heat-processed, use glass stick uniform stirring mixing solutions; Mixing solutions is cooled to after room temperature, adds wherein quality 1.0g Powdered Activated Carbon, mixes; The Pseudomonas aeruginosa nutrient solution that adds wherein the 40mL that above-mentioned steps (1) obtains, obtains pre-embedding bacterium liquid after mixing; The carbon fiber felt that above-mentioned steps (2) is obtained is put into the above-mentioned pre-embedding bacterium liquid making and is soaked 30min; Carbon fiber felt after soaking is put into saturated boric acid solution again, in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature, place 3h, make carbon fiber felt gelation, above-mentioned saturated boric acid solution contains the calcium chloride that concentration is 2% and regulates pH value through sodium carbonate solution is 7.0; By the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa with distilled water flushing for several times after, being cut into fritter that length and width are 4mm, to be placed in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature stand-by; Use before the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the thieving paper surperficial moisture that exhausts;
(4) processing of the carbon fiber felt of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that immobilization bacterial strain is numbered CGMCC NO:1.00238 to nitrogenous effluent:
The carbon fiber felt fritter that the immobilization bacterial strain that the length and width that 600 above-mentioned steps (3) are made are 4mm is numbered the Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 joins in nitrogenous effluent, nitrogenous effluent is processed continuously, and above-mentioned nitrogenous effluent water quality is as follows: nitrate NO 3 -: 3.5mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 460mg/L, dissolved oxygen content: 6.5mg/L; Control nitrogenous effluent and intake continuously, water inlet flow velocity is 1mL/min; In 20 ℃ of temperature, process continuously nitrogenous effluent 240h, measure the water quality of nitrogenous effluent every 24h.The treatment effect of nitrogenous effluent is as shown in table 3:
The carbon fiber felt of table 3 immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa is to nitrate NO in nitrogenous effluent 3 -: 3.5mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 460mg/L, the treatment effect that dissolved oxygen content is 6.5mg/L
Figure 697886DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
As can be seen from Table 3, by the immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa of carbon fiber felt to nitrate NO in nitrogenous effluent 3 -: 3.5mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 460mg/L, the treatment effect that dissolved oxygen content is 6.5mg/L is obviously better than Pseudomonas aeruginosa itself to nitrate NO in nitrogenous effluent 3 -: 3.5mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 460mg/L, the treatment effect that dissolved oxygen content is 6.5mg/L, waste water treatment efficiency gets a promotion, and carbon fiber felt itself does not affect water treatment effect.
Specific embodiments of the invention have been made detailed explanation to content of the present invention, but do not limit to the present embodiment, and any apparent change that those skilled in the art's enlightenment according to the present invention is done all belongs to the scope of rights protection of the present invention.

Claims (2)

1. utilize carbon fiber felt immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa to process a method for nitrogenous effluent, it is characterized in that, it comprises the following steps:
(1) preparation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa nutrient solution
Be that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 is linked in the aseptic seed culture medium of 100mL by being kept at strain number on inclined-plane, the per-cent that in described seed culture medium, each amounts of components accounts for seed culture medium quality consumption is respectively: glucose 2%; Peptone 0.5%; Yeast extract paste 0.3%; Na 2hPO 412H 2o 0.2%; KH 2pO 40.1%; MgSO 47H 20 0.025%; Citric acid 0.2%; PH5.8; On the gas bath constant-temperature table of 30 ℃ of temperature, cultivate 48h with 150rpm, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria suspension that obtains having activated, leaves the bacteria suspension obtaining in 4 ℃ of refrigerators in and saves backup;
(2) pre-treatment of carbon fiber felt
By wide the block length 100mm that is, the carbon fiber felt that thickness is 5mm is put into deionized water and is boiled 30min; To naturally cooling, the carbon fiber felt obtaining is placed in to 4 ℃ of Refrigerator stores of temperature for subsequent use;
(3) carbon fiber felt is the immobilization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 to strain number
The polyvinyl alcohol of quality 10g and quality 0.6g sodium alginate are joined in 100mL distilled water, with boiling water bath heating, polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate are dissolved and obtain mixing solutions, in heat-processed, use glass stick uniform stirring mixing solutions; Mixing solutions is cooled to after room temperature, adds wherein quality 1.0g Powdered Activated Carbon, mixes; The Pseudomonas aeruginosa nutrient solution that adds wherein 20~40mL that above-mentioned steps (1) obtains, obtains pre-embedding bacterium liquid after mixing; The carbon fiber felt that above-mentioned steps (2) is obtained is put into the above-mentioned pre-embedding bacterium liquid making and is soaked 30~60min; Carbon fiber felt after soaking is put into saturated boric acid solution again, in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature, place 3h, make carbon fiber felt gelation, above-mentioned saturated boric acid solution contains the calcium chloride that concentration is 2% and regulates pH value through sodium carbonate solution is 7.0; By the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa with distilled water flushing for several times after, being cut into fritter that length and width are 4mm, to be placed in 4 ℃ of refrigerators of temperature stand-by; Use before the carbon fiber felt of immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the thieving paper surperficial moisture that exhausts;
(4) processing of the carbon fiber felt of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that immobilization bacterial strain is numbered CGMCC NO:1.00238 to nitrogenous effluent
The carbon fiber felt fritter that the immobilization bacterial strain that the length and width that 200~600 above-mentioned steps (3) are made are 4mm is numbered the Pseudomonas aeruginosa of CGMCC NO:1.00238 joins in nitrogenous effluent, nitrogenous effluent is processed continuously, and above-mentioned nitrogenous effluent water quality is as follows: nitrate NO 3 -: 0.5~3.5mg/L, chemical oxygen demand COD: 350~460mg/L, dissolved oxygen content: 6.5mg/L; Control nitrogenous effluent and intake continuously, water inlet flow velocity is 1mL/min; In 20 ℃ of temperature, process continuously nitrogenous effluent 240h, detect the nitrate NO of nitrogenous effluent every 24h 3 -with chemical oxygen demand COD clearance, realize the processing of nitrogenous effluent.
2. a kind of method of utilizing carbon fiber felt immobilization pseudomonas aeruginosa to process nitrogenous effluent according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described Pseudomonas aeruginosa derives from Chinese common micro-organisms culture presevation administrative center, and strain number is CGMCC NO:1.00238.
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