CN103249508A - Dewax method for investment casting - Google Patents
Dewax method for investment casting Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103249508A CN103249508A CN201180058749.6A CN201180058749A CN103249508A CN 103249508 A CN103249508 A CN 103249508A CN 201180058749 A CN201180058749 A CN 201180058749A CN 103249508 A CN103249508 A CN 103249508A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- wax
- hot fluid
- water
- housing
- wax pattern
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
- B22C9/04—Use of lost patterns
- B22C9/043—Removing the consumable pattern
Abstract
A method for controlling the dewaxing of a ceramic investment casting shell assembly is provided whereby the shells are immersed in a fluid having a relatively low boiling point, e.g., below about 230F. The fluid must be hot enough to transfer heat though the shell assembly so as to melt the wax pattern, but low enough so as to limit steam generation as a result of moisture in the shell. By controlling the rate of immersion of the shell in the hot fluid bath, shell cracking can be greatly reduced.
Description
The cross reference of related application
The application requires the priority of No. the 61/391st, 159, the U.S. Provisional Application of No. the 13/269th, 773, the novel application of U.S. utility submitting on October 10th, 2011 and submission on October 8th, 2010.By reference, incorporate whole disclosures of these applications into this paper.
The field
The invention provides a kind of for the improved method of removing dewax from the model casting housing.The present invention relates to adopt specific heat-transfer fluid and inverted directional solidification (inverted directional solidification).Wax is removed, and housing is produced or do not produce pressure hardly.By using this technology, can eliminate some restrictive conditions in position of forcing on the model casting machine to prevent or to reduce housing and ftracture.
Background
United States Patent (USP) the 7th as Yang, 926, record in 542B2 number, accurate model casting is usually directed to make up the wax pattern assembly (wax pattern assembly) that is contained in the ceramic case mould (shell mold), and whole disclosures of described patent are incorporated this paper by reference into.From the ceramic case mould, remove the wax pattern assembly, and subsequently in the other step of casting process, fill the shell mould that obtains with motlten metal.Removing the wax pattern assembly from the ceramic case mould can be by the realization that makes of heat, and heat causes the fusing of wax and therefore flows out the ceramic case mould.Necessary heat can obtain by wax pattern assembly and ceramic case mould are placed in the high steam autoclave.As the selectable method that gives heat to combination, can carry out flash fire.Therefore although can heat and except dewax, such process can cause pressure and produce cracking and other defective in the ceramic case mould.The wax pattern assembly has than its high thermal coefficient of expansion of ceramic case mould wherein of living in.Therefore, heating these assemblies can cause the thermal expansion of wax bigger than ceramic case mould.The thermal expansion of the not to scale (NTS) of wax pattern assembly causes ring-like pressure and pressure at the ceramic case mould, therefore causes cracking, cracking can finally cause metal casting fracture, metal crack or space junk during dewaxing process.
Accurate model casting parts comprise the ceramic core body that is positioned at the wax pattern component internal sometimes, and described wax pattern assembly has complicated, asymmetric shape usually.The thickness of the wax pattern between ceramic core body and ceramic case mould is different in different positions.Use by autoclave or by flash fire, the dewaxing of wax pattern assembly causes whole wax pattern surface to be heated simultaneously.Therefore, the ceramic core body different pressure of diverse location place experience thereon.During dewaxing process, the pressure differential on the ceramic core body can move it or rupture.And, obtaining pressure differential between the part of cup those wax pattern assemblies farthest near falling a part of wax pattern assembly of cup (pour cup) and location from falling.That falls cup exists authorized pressure the alleviating near falling those part places of cup of wax pattern assembly, simultaneously will bigger pressure gives away from falling the wax pattern assembly of cup.This pressure differential can cause ceramic core body to break away from original position.In order to reduce by the caused defective of the thermal expansion of wax pattern assembly, the ceramic case mould can be made by extra layer, makes the higher and therefore pressure that given by the wax of thermal expansion of tolerance of its intensity.Yet if adopt thinner ceramic case mould, by comparison, the use of thicker ceramic case mould still also can cause casting flaw and waste product.In addition, the use of thicker ceramic case mould can make some parts be difficult to casting and maybe can not cast, and owing to need extra material and time, can increase the cost of casting process.
Although there is unique deficiency in each in the preceding method, they all have a common point.To melt the energy applications of wax to whole housing in uniform relatively mode simultaneously.This uniformity of applied energy is considered to cause the problem place of ftractureing for a long time.Be used for overcoming method by the caused cracking of even application of heat and be for type (pattern) and cast gate two kinds of different waxes of use usually.The wax of cast gate need have the fusing point than low 10 degrees Fahrenheits of wax of type usually, to help to reduce the cracking from the pressure of inner wax.Except cost increased, two kinds of different wax uses in housing unit also had the shortcoming that makes the wax recovery and reuse more difficult.
In order to solve about by some problems in the foregoing problems of the pressure that causes of dewaxing, Yang its ' propose to use hot oil bath in the mode of localization in 542 patents.More accurately, Yang has described and has related to water-wet shell mould, then saturated housing is immersed in the method in the hot oil bath, and wherein deep fat is higher than the boiling point of water and preferably far above the boiling point of water, for example between 300 °F-500 °F.This causes the moisture in the housing to be transformed into steam again, and steam transfers to the other parts of housing, causes the hot-zone of housing.The heating that takes place along the hot-zone of housing is transferred on the wax pattern by shell wall, causes the fusing of wax pattern.Under the Yang method, the steam of generation upcountry moves from shell wall, thereby wax pattern is gone out the center of shell mould and gone out the hole cup.The use of steam exists as getting rid of the mode of gathering of wax on shell wall.
Although Yang has realized that as hereinafter also describing in detail, the Yang method need shift than the energy that method of the present invention is significantly Duoed just obtain similar result to the improvement based on other known method of the local heat of ceramic shell.
General introduction
Method having thus described the invention is different from the method for paraffin removal in the past very much.Be not simultaneously with energy even be applied on the whole housing, but energy is applied on the little level band that clearly defines of housing.Then, band is by step by step along moving on the housing.Owing to be not the whole wax of heating, so this directed paraffin removal is applied to less pressure on the ceramic shell.Only heating a fraction of wax and liquid wax simultaneously only flows out and does not produce pressure.
If the pressure of inner wax is significantly reduced, the housing cracking can be reduced, if indelible words.In addition, can eliminate the restrictive condition of pressing heat (autoclave) or flash fire dewaxing process to work acceptably be used to making.In other words, the engineer no longer is subjected to constructing the restriction of the past mode of housing, or is subjected to using the restriction for the usual method of dewaxing anticracking.Adopt some benefits of method disclosed herein to comprise and reduce or eliminate following needs:
A large amount of immersions and/or extreme thickness of shell.
The wax that fusing point is different.
Improved wax reclaims.
The housing that carries out with for example wax, metal wire, ceramic thread (ceramic string), ceramic rod improves.
Dewaxing air vent (Dewax vent).
Repair the crackle in the housing.
Casting inclusion owing to cracked housing and transaxle and repairing.
In addition, can use and the at present used diverse wax of wax.For example, the rapid solidification time after the wax with high-termal conductivity injects for wax is suitable, but they are not used, and is poor because they show in the current dewaxing process that adopts.Adopt the method shown in current, this restriction is eliminated and the model casting engineer has the bigger free degree and comes the wax that has superiority more at application choice.
From the description that this paper provides, applicable scope in addition will become obvious.The expection of description in this general introduction and particular instance only is used for the purpose set forth, and and the scope of unexpected restriction present disclosure.
Accompanying drawing
Accompanying drawing described herein is illustrative purpose and the not all possible enforcement that only is used for selected embodiment, and and the scope of unexpected restriction present disclosure.
Fig. 1 is the schematic side elevation that makes the art methods of ceramic case mould dewaxing; And
Fig. 2 is according to the process of ceramic shell dewaxing of the present invention and the schematic side elevation of equipment.
Corresponding Ref. No. represents to spread all over the corresponding component of the several views among the figure.
Describe in detail
The present invention relates to a kind of improved method that makes the dewaxing of ceramic case mould, to reduce (if indelible words) mould cracking.Although think the method according to this invention, the shell mould of different shape, size and composition will be useful, but comprise in the following material one or more have that refractory material forms those should be useful on patentability: zircon, zirconia, yittrium oxide, aluminium oxide, alumina silicate and vitreous silica and combination thereof.By limiting examples, useful housing adhesive comprises the colloidal silica of colloidal silica, silester, zirconium carbonate ammonium, zirconium acetate, colloidal alumina, colloidal zirconia, colloidal state yittrium oxide, sodium and potassium silicate and alumina coated.
In order to show the feasibility according to the process for dewaxing of instruction of the present invention fully, designed and made up the model machine that is used for directed paraffin removal.Adopt hot oil bath, such as what instructed by Yang, produce initial data.The temperature of oil and the speed that housing is fallen in the oil are variable.In this work, also assessed the method that keeps wax to separate with oil.
For housing prepare the dewaxing test block and be used in the prototype equipment of the present invention and the dewaxing process of standard in to compare.Suitable test block need ftracture in standard procedure and not ftracture in directed dewaxing process.Therefore, adopt the specific wax pattern have with the different samples of different thickness of shell and shell type to construct the dewaxing test block.In addition, think that housing will ftracture in pressing the dewaxing of heat or flash fire, but in the directed fusion process that adopts deep fat, do not ftracture.Notice that cone and cast gate all are formed has sharpened edge, to promote cracking wittingly.Wax in the cone must be advanced by the limited outflow housing of sentencing.
At Molalla, the IMDS Cencast place of Oregon, wax is injected into and assembles.Some waxes become housing and some at Boring at the Cencast place, the Calcagno Foundry place of Oregon becomes housing.At Sweet Home, the Ti-Squared Technologies of Oregon manages those housings of waiting to press heat everywhere.The directional heat oil dewaxing is to use Portland, and the prototype equipment of the Buntrock Technology Lab of Oregon is finished.
At the Cencast place, all wax components experience twice bed material and soak (prime dip).The wax component of accepting Fibercoat 1109 backings (Backup) is also soaked at the Cencast place.Immersion is 2 times bed material+2 time or 3 times backing+sealings in proper order.Lack a backing and make thinner housing.At Calcagno Foundry place, the vitreous silica backing housing of standard is employed in a similar fashion.All backing plaster is 30 * 50 vitreous silica.
After wax was soaked and dewaxes, they were burned to remove remaining wax, oil and carbon.Then, at through-wall crack, come visual examination wax with magnifying glass, remove and cut each cone simultaneously.Calculate the underbead crack of cone.Also observe with regard to the crackle on the cast gate.
The result
| The backing housing | BU soaks number of times | Average thickness of shell | The dewaxing type | Outside crackle | Underbead crack | The cast gate crackle |
| FC1109 | 2 | 0.25 | Flash fire | 0 | 7 | N/A |
| ? | 2 | 0.25 | Press heat | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| ? | 2 | 0.25 | Directed | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| Vitreous silica | 3 | 0.25 | Flash fire | 13 | 32 | N/A |
| ? | 3 | 0.25 | Press heat | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| ? | 3 | 0.25 | Directed | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Proof presses heat and directed fusing both to be better than the flash fire dewaxing, and when carrying out the flash fire dewaxing, Fibercoat1109 is more much better than vitreous silica housing system.Be clear that this test wax component is as broad as long between pressure heat and directed dewaxing.
Two other housing is manufactured but only be the vitreous silica housing.Using immersion makes housing thinner few one time.In addition, the size of wax cast gate has been limited about 50%.Housing dewaxes in autoclave and a housing dewaxes in adopting the directed melting unit of deep fat as heat-transfer fluid.
The result of these two test moulds is in following demonstration.
| The backing housing | BU soaks number of times | Average thickness of shell | The dewaxing type | Outside crackle | Underbead crack | The cast gate crackle |
| Vitreous silica | 2 | 0.17 | Press heat | 2 | 2 | 12 |
| ? | 2 | 0.17 | Directed | 0 | 7 | 2 |
Press the heat fusing quartz envelopes to have and pass and the serious cone that ftractures around the top.Press all limited cast gate crackings of hot housing, and in adopting the orientation fusing process for dewaxing of deep fat, two limited cast gate crackings.Therefore, although adopt the orientation of deep fat to heat the improvement that demonstrates above other known method, this method has himself known shortcoming.For example, deep fat does not provide heat transmission efficiently and therefore must move with high temperature.This causes higher energy consumption again.In addition, as shown in Figure 1 and described as Yang, by produce steam wittingly above the submergence of deep fat height, the actual local heat of housing is impaired.Be clear that, also need to improve.
Mention these tests before and also assessed the method that keeps wax to separate to promote easier wax recovery with deep fat.Wax component is clamped on the platform of will be fallen in the hot fluid firmly.As the part of equipment design, under the cup-shaped zone of assembly, in platform, there is a hole.Pipe is fixed on the hole, makes that melting the wax that will flow through pipe and leave outlet, enters in the bucket of collecting wax or the pallet.Observe, at the place that begins of circulation, the extraordinary wax of quality comes out and is collected in the bucket.Yet along with carrying out and the more wax of circulation are withdrawn from housing unit, some deep fats penetrate permeable shell wall and flow in the bucket with wax.Because deep fat has the composition that is different from wax, this does not expect very much, because the mixing of deep fat and wax will make that the recovery of wax is more difficult.
With at hand all these data assessments method of the present invention, these digital proofs the inventor's theory: directed heating can be effectively utilized more than other known method.
Adopt as shown in Figure 2 comprise water-bath 10, system and assembly that the cup 12 and being used for of falling reclaims the collecting region (not shown) of wax pattern material.System also comprises the ceramic case mould 20 of the wax pattern 30 with the alternative disposal that is contained in wherein.Fill water-bath with the hot water of capacity, to advance above housing along with bath, optionally submergence shell mould and wax pattern.Found through experiments, form based on the wax pattern of utilizing, the average travel rate of about 1 inch per minute is proved to be suitable.Housing can be immersed in the hot fluid speed usually at about 0.2 inch per minute clock in the scope of about 5.0 inch per minute clocks, depend on the global shape of fusible pattern shell casting composition and thickness of shell, wax pattern material thickness and housing design.
Use hot water and assessment under 190,195 and 200 respectively.Purpose be with sufficiently high temperature so that enough heat is delivered on the housing, but avoid the generation of steam.When housing unit descended gradually with the Mean Speed of about 1 inch per minute, all these tests were successful.With this extra methodology, wax can easily reclaim and recycling.Extra improvement is that soluble-salt is added in the water, such as calcium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, iron chloride etc.Soluble-salt is dissolved into the elevation of boiling point that makes fluid in the water, makes to utilize higher temperature, for example, up to about 230 °F.Surpassing under 230 the temperature, the risk that steam generates occurring.All above-mentioned salt be obtain easily and cost quite low; And wax can easily separate, and is used for recovery and reuse.
Assess a kind of extra technology, with further improvement according to directed process for dewaxing of the present invention.Before being installed to water-bath equipment, come at first wetting housing by being immersed in the bucket with water.The big fan (not shown) is installed above hot fluid bath.This plays the top cooling that makes housing unit and makes from the evaporation of water of housing unit limited.Can also adopt extra technology, such as not raying of the top heat that hides housing unit.Yet at first the technology with water-wet housing and use fan is enough to make the cooling of housing unit top and prevents the housing cracking.
Housing unit is progressively fallen into can be by being placed on housing unit in the equipment on the fixed platform and filling jar gradually with hot fluid and finish in the hot fluid.This can easily realize with valve and/or limiter tube connector that hot fluid is filled jar gradually by making it possible to.
Although according to the present invention, be heated and remain below water under the temperature of its boiling point, randomly the water of handling with soluble-salt is considered to carry out the preferred version that housing heats gradually, but can also adopt other solution, such as the hot wax that is similar to for wax pattern or dimethyl silscone.
Except the cost benefit, use hot water rather than the deep fat of being instructed by Yang provide extra benefit, and reason is that hot water has higher thermal capacitance.The specific heat of deep fat or hot wax is about 0.5; This means for each pound fluid (deep fat) that loses 1 degrees Fahrenheit temperature, only can utilize the energy of 0.5BTU to come heated shell and make wax melt.On the other hand, glassware for drinking water has 1.0 specific heat; This means each pound hot water for the temperature that loses 1 degrees Fahrenheit, can utilize a whole BTU energy to come heated shell and make wax melt.Therefore, water has promoted more effective transmission of energy, and this helps to explain its successful use under the temperature lower than deep fat or hot wax.
The other benefit of using hot bath is to heat more controlled and localization more.From this more controlled of hot water and more the heating of localization housing is produced less pressure because wax is dissolved at controllable interface place more, basically only in the level of hot water submergence or be lower than the below horizontal of hot water submergence.Owing to produce steam as the deep fat method of instructing by Yang because of the moisture in the housing, so its thermal treatment zone comprises the zone of immersion level top.
Note, use hot-water heating system of the present invention, compare with the thermal treatment zone that having of Yang is wider, wherein the directionality of the thermal treatment zone (as representing with D) that is melted of wax is stronger and more restricted.Because wax expands when melting, exist less pressure to be applied on the housing in the hot bath, because the length of (the present invention) D as shown in Figure 2 is than the weak point of Fig. 1 (prior art).
Based on setting forth and purpose of description provides the aforementioned description of embodiment.Be not to be contemplated to detailed description or restriction present disclosure.The individual element of specific implementations or feature are not limited to this specific embodiment usually, but are interchangeable under applicable situation and can be used for selected embodiment, even show or describe especially.Identical things can also change in many ways.Do not think that such change runs counter to present disclosure, and expect that all such changes are included within the scope of present disclosure.
Claims (20)
1. method that is used for making the cast housing assembly dewaxing that comprises wax pattern said method comprising the steps of:
A) provide to comprise and be heated the fusing point that surpasses described wax pattern but the bath that is lower than the fluid of about 230 ° boiling temperature; And
B) be used for controlled speed described cast housing assembly being immersed into the device of described hot fluid, to melt described wax pattern.
2. the method for claim 1, wherein said hot fluid is water.
3. method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said hot water is heated at the temperature between about 190 and 230.
4. method as claimed in claim 3, wherein said hot water is heated at the temperature between about 190 and 210.
5. method as claimed in claim 2 is wherein added soluble-salt in described water, to realize higher operating temperature.
6. the method for claim 1, wherein in being immersed in described hot fluid before, described housing is used water-wet.
7. method as claimed in claim 6 is wherein added fan to described equipment, with the not submergence part of the described housing unit of further cooling.
8. the method for claim 1, wherein said hot fluid is dimethyl silscone.
9. the method for claim 1, wherein said hot fluid are the wax that has with the composition same composition of described wax pattern.
10. the method for claim 1, wherein said housing unit are immersed in speed in the described hot fluid between about 0.2 inch per minute clock and about 5.0 inch per minute clocks.
11. a system that is used for dewaxing comprises:
The ceramic case mould;
Wax pattern, described wax pattern are positioned in the described ceramic case mould;
Hot fluid bath, described hot fluid bath are maintained at and are lower than about 230 °F but be higher than under the temperature of melting temperature of described wax pattern, and are configured to described ceramic case mould is contained in wherein;
Fall cup, the described cup that falls engages described ceramic case mould and is arranged and makes the molten wax of described wax pattern flow out described ceramic case mould and by the described cup that falls, and
Device, described device are used for controlled speed described ceramic case mould being immersed in the described hot fluid bath.
12. system as claimed in claim 11, wherein said hot fluid is water.
13. system as claimed in claim 12, wherein said hot water is heated at the temperature between about 190 and 230.
14. system as claimed in claim 13, wherein said hot water is heated at the temperature between about 190 and 210.
15. system as claimed in claim 12 wherein adds soluble-salt in described water, to realize higher operating temperature.
16. system as claimed in claim 11, wherein in being immersed in described hot fluid before, described housing is used water-wet.
17. system as claimed in claim 16 wherein adds fan to described equipment, with the not submergence part of the described housing unit of further cooling.
18. system as claimed in claim 11, wherein said hot fluid is dimethyl silscone.
19. system as claimed in claim 11, wherein said hot fluid is the wax that has with the composition same composition of described wax pattern.
20. system as claimed in claim 11, wherein said housing unit is immersed in speed in the described hot fluid between about 0.2 inch per minute clock and about 5.0 inch per minute clocks.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US39115910P | 2010-10-08 | 2010-10-08 | |
| US61/391,159 | 2010-10-08 | ||
| US13/269,773 | 2011-10-10 | ||
| PCT/US2011/055597 WO2012048321A2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2011-10-10 | Dewax method for investment casting |
| US13/269,773 US20120085507A1 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2011-10-10 | Dewax method for investment casting |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103249508A true CN103249508A (en) | 2013-08-14 |
Family
ID=45924215
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201180058749.6A Pending CN103249508A (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2011-10-10 | Dewax method for investment casting |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20120085507A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2624983A2 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN103249508A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR112013008524A2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2012048321A2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111804874A (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2020-10-23 | 石家庄盛华企业集团有限公司 | Secondary shell dewaxing process |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104399891A (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2015-03-11 | 温州兰理工科技园有限公司 | Casting method combining investment precise shell-making process with vacuum suction molding technology |
| CN104785718B (en) * | 2015-03-25 | 2018-04-17 | 池州市华兴天骑精密机械铸造有限公司 | It is a kind of to make casting die device with wax-pattern |
| CN107297455A (en) * | 2015-12-29 | 2017-10-27 | 丽水市知科科技有限公司 | A kind of precision castings evaporative pattern wax melting pond |
| CN105414478B (en) * | 2015-12-29 | 2017-12-05 | 湖南省金峰机械科技有限公司 | A kind of precision castings evaporative pattern wax melting pool structure and its wax melting method |
| CN115971418B (en) * | 2022-12-06 | 2023-12-26 | 江苏神铸智能科技有限公司 | Accurate foundry goods dewaxing machine with steam washing function |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1364124A (en) * | 1919-08-18 | 1921-01-04 | Entpr Foundry Company | Method of removing patterns from molds |
| US1914718A (en) * | 1930-05-26 | 1933-06-20 | Harry C Hagman | Wax eliminator |
| US6889745B2 (en) * | 2002-09-10 | 2005-05-10 | Metal Casting Technology, Incorporated | Method of heating casting mold |
| JP4103812B2 (en) * | 2003-03-05 | 2008-06-18 | 株式会社Ｉｈｉ | Mold manufacturing method |
| US20070215315A1 (en) * | 2004-07-26 | 2007-09-20 | Metal Casting Technology, Incorporated | Method and apparatus for removing a fugitive pattern from a mold |
| US7926542B2 (en) * | 2008-05-30 | 2011-04-19 | Xi Yang | Low stress dewaxing system and method |
-
2011
- 2011-10-10 EP EP11831746.0A patent/EP2624983A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-10-10 US US13/269,773 patent/US20120085507A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-10-10 CN CN201180058749.6A patent/CN103249508A/en active Pending
- 2011-10-10 BR BR112013008524A patent/BR112013008524A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-10-10 WO PCT/US2011/055597 patent/WO2012048321A2/en active Application Filing
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111804874A (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2020-10-23 | 石家庄盛华企业集团有限公司 | Secondary shell dewaxing process |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2012048321A3 (en) | 2012-05-31 |
| WO2012048321A2 (en) | 2012-04-12 |
| BR112013008524A2 (en) | 2016-07-12 |
| EP2624983A2 (en) | 2013-08-14 |
| US20120085507A1 (en) | 2012-04-12 |
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Application publication date: 20130814 |