CN103218484A - Method for optimizing diurnal lighting of exit section of long tunnel of express way - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for optimizing diurnal lighting of an exit section of a long tunnel of an express way. The method comprises the steps of collecting data of tunnel lighting parameters, visual adaptation time and driver pupil area, establishing a driver pupil area and illuminance model, an illuminance and tunnel depth model and a driver visual adaption model, making a three-dimensional curved surface among the driver pupil area, the visual adaptation time and the corresponding environmental illuminance by utilizing software, establishing a function model according to parameters obtained through the curved surface and finally obtaining the relationship among the tunnel exit distance, the vehicle speed and the tunnel optimized illuminance according to calculation. By using the method, not only can the problem of dark adaptation caused by illuminance difference when a vehicle is driven in a nighttime tunnel environment be eliminated and traffic accidents evoked by visual disorder be reduced, but also electric energy consumption of tunnel lighting facilities can be greatly decreased at the same time.

Description

The highway long tunnel outlet section optimization method that throws light between daytime

Technical field

The present invention relates to the traffic safety field, be specifically related to a kind of highway long tunnel outlet section optimization method that throws light between daytime

Background technology

Along with the highway in China construction advances to western part gradually, increasing vcehicular tunnel is built to and puts into effect.The tunnel has the advantages that as the special tectonic thing on the road environment seals, inside and outside difference is big, and especially lighting environment difference is extremely obvious.Limited by structure, environmental quality, the tunnel becomes accident stain or section occurred frequently on the road.In case the generation road traffic accident exists rescue difficulty, traffic organization is complicated, loss is heavier problem again, the on-road efficiency of road had very big influence.In the system of people, car, road and environment, the driver is the deciding factor that influences traffic safety.And drive with the vision is guiding, the process of relevant information cyclic process, generation decision-making.In said process, visual perception is a deciding factor.Limited by the human eye physiological function, when ambient light illumination changes, can produce bright, dark adatpation problem, cause visual cognition function obstacle in short-term, have a strong impact on traffic safety.For improving tunnel internal and external environment consistance, reduce the generation of the problems referred to above, often lighting installation to be set in the tunnel environment, to improve the visual field environment.In the tunnel ventilation lighting criteria of China, provide tunnel illumination correlation parameter and method for designing in more detail, but exist problems to fail to consider comprehensively, cause the very big potential safety hazard of existence.In the actual tunnel illumination, consider the simplification of facility operating technique and operation management, illumination actual value and standard there are differences again, greatly differ from each other with driver's demand, further increase the weight of the potential safety hazard that environmental catastrophe brings.Meanwhile, tunnel illumination not only needs to dispose more dynamo-electric facility, and expends a large amount of electric energy in the operation, causes operation cost high.

At the tunnel illumination problem, carried out many research both at home and abroad and made certain gains, but all failed clearly to address the above problem.Zhao Weihua, Liu Haoxue etc. utilize eye movement instrument research driver visual signature parameter Changing Pattern in tunnel driving process, and set up model analysis.Tongji University utilizes the pupil area change to carry out tunnel traffic safety level evaluation, and has proposed a lot of conclusions.But, the pupil area change fully owing to driver's psychological stress degree, and is not considered ambient light illumination and the influence of dark adatpation time from research contents and method.Zhang Yalin studies highway short tunnel lighting problem, but the dark adatpation problem that short tunnel produced and not obvious.Equally, Tu Geng etc. have studied the short tunnel lighting parameter, but do not relate to correlation values under the long tunnel condition.Nearly 2 years tunnel illumination Study on Problems then more concentrates on the use problem of LED.Abroad, how to carry out tunnel portal section brightness value between proposition daytime with the traffic safety relational angle from driver's vision variation and light for the research of tunnel illumination.Each parameter that is proposed in the external tunnel illumination standard then mainly is based on the CIE curve and customizes.But because road speed is different with transportation condition, add domestic and international driver's physiology and mental difference, there are bigger difference in the computing method of its correlation parameter and domestic demand.But because road speed and transportation condition difference, its each segment length computing method and domestic demand exist than big-difference.

Though above-mentioned research has obtained some achievements, all fail clearly to solve above-mentioned relevant issues.Therefore, based on the problem in existing tunnel illumination research and the practice, cognitive and Changing Pattern is started with from driver's vision, is research object with tunnel environment illumination, has proposed a kind of highway long tunnel outlet section optimization method that throws light between daytime.

Summary of the invention

The objective of the invention is to, a kind of highway long tunnel outlet section optimization method that throws light between daytime is provided.

In order to realize above-mentioned task, the present invention takes following technical solution:

A kind of highway long tunnel outlet section optimization method that throws light between daytime, this method may further comprise the steps:

Step 1 is obtained tunnel illumination parameter, visual adaptation time, driver's pupil area data;

Step 2 is set up driver's pupil area and illuminance model respectively according to tunnel illumination parameter, visual adaptation time, driver's pupil area data of step 1 collection, illumination and tunnel depth model and driver's vision adaptive model;

Wherein driver's pupil area and illuminance model are:

Getting driver's pupil area is that Q, tunnel environment illumination are l, the graph of a relation that freeway tunnel outlet section data sample between daytime is set up ln (Q/l) and ln (l) the line retrace analysis of going forward side by side, and driver's pupil area and the relation of ambient light illumination existence suc as formula (1):

Formula (1) is write as

Form, arrangement obtains the relation function of driver's pupil area Q and tunnel environment illumination l, as the formula (2):

Q＝e ^8.509×l ^-0.101 (2)

Illumination and tunnel depth model:

Tunnel environment illumination l is the power relation with the distance outlet apart from d, and the relational expression of match is:

l＝104554d ^-1.5043 (3)

The driver's vision adaptive model:

Make up driver's pupil area Q driver binary biquadratic function that visual adaptation time t answers tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel:

Q＝x ₀+x ₁t ⁴+x ₂t ³+x ₃t ²+x ₄t+x ₅l ⁴+x ₆l ³+x ₇l ²+x ₈l+x ₉tl ³+x ₁₀tl ²+x ₁₁tl+x ₁₂t ²l ²+ (4)

x ₁₃t ²l+x ₁₄t ³l+ε

In the formula: ε～N (0, σ ²), the variable of expression stochastic error;

By visual adaptation time t and many measurement statistics of corresponding tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel, obtain i group numerical value to driver's pupil area Q and driver:

(t _i ⁴,t _i ³,t _i ²,t _i ¹,l _i ⁴,l _i ³,l _i ²,l _i ¹,t _il _i ³,t _il _i ²,t _il _i,t _i ²l _i ²,t _i ²l _i,t _i ³l _i,y _i),i＝1,2,…,n.(5)

It is as follows to constitute system of equations:

$\left\{\begin{array}{c}{y}_1=x_0+x_1{t_1}^4+\·\·\·+x_{14}{t_1}^3{l}_1+{\mathrm{\ϵ}}_1\\ y_2=x_0+x_1{t_2}^4+\·\·\·+x_{14}{t_2}^3{l}_2+{\mathrm{\ϵ}}_2\\ \·\\ \·\\ \·\\ y_n=x_0+x_1{t_n}^4+\·\·\·+x_{14}{t_n}^3{l}_n+{\mathrm{\ϵ}}_n\end{array}\right.---\left(6\right)$

Wherein: ε ₁, ε ₂..., ε _nIt is separate,

System of equations is changed into matrix form suc as formula (7):

Y＝λX+ε (7)

Wherein: $Y=\left[\begin{array}{c}{y}_1\\ y_2\\ \·\\ \·\\ \·\\ y_n\end{array}\right],$ $\mathrm{\λ}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}1& {t_1}^4& {t_1}^3& \·\·\·& {t_1}^3{l}_1\\ 1& {t_2}^4& {t_2}^3& \·\·\·& {t_2}^3{l}_2\\ \·& \·& \·& \·& \·\\ \·& \·& \·& \·& \·\\ \·& \·& \·& \·& \·\\ 1& {t_n}^4& {t_n}^3& \·\·\·& {t_n}^3{l}_n\end{array}\right],$ $X=\left[\begin{array}{c}{x}_0\\ x_1\\ \·\\ \·\\ \·\\ x_{14}\end{array}\right]$

Vector Y, λ is known, utilizes least square method, calculates the estimated value of vectorial X, process is as follows:

Definition can obtain formula (8) according to least square method:

$F(x_0,x_1,\·\·\·,x_{14})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\mathrm{\Σ}}}{(y_i-x_0-x_1{t_i}^4-\·\·\·-x_{14}{t_i}^3{l}_i)}^2---\left(8\right)$

The least-squares estimation value of vector X, separating in the time of should satisfying F and get minimum value asked partial derivative to Q, can obtain the normal equations group suc as formula (9):

$\left\{\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="0"\; label="n\; x"\; filenames="HDA00003004225900022.png,HDA00003004225900031.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">n</figure-callout>}{x}_{}{}_0+x_1\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^4+\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;+x_{14}\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^3{l}_i=\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{y}_i\\ {\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="0"\; label="x"\; filenames="HDA00003004225900022.png,HDA00003004225900031.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">x</figure-callout>}}_0\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^4+x_1\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^4{t_i}^4+\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;+x_{14}\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^4{t_i}^3{l}_i=\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^4{y}_i\\ \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;\\ {\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="0"\; label="x"\; filenames="HDA00003004225900022.png,HDA00003004225900031.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">x</figure-callout>}}_0\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^3{l}_i+x_1\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^3{l}_i{t_i}^4+\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;+x_{14}\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^3{l}_i{t_i}^3{l}_i=\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^3{l}_i{y}_i\end{array}\right.---\left(9\right)$

Corresponding matrix form is λ ^TY=λ ^Tλ X, λ ^Tλ row full rank, so vectorial X has unique solution, in the binary biquadratic function formula (4) with its substitution driver pupil area Q and driver visual adaptation time t and corresponding tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel, promptly obtain driver's vision and adapt to function model, as the formula (10):

Q＝3125.66+0.751t ⁴+15.962t ³+47.229t ²+718.849t+0.066l ² (10)

-3.324l+0.225tl ²-11.667tl-0.746t ²l ²+4.142t ²l-0.303t ³l

Step 3: the illumination of long tunnel outlet section is optimized between daytime

Utilize matlab software to make three-dimension curved surface between driver's pupil area Q, visual adaptation time t, the respective environment illumination l, driver's vision adapts in the function model, the pupil area is made dependent variable, respectively driver visual adaptation time t and corresponding tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel are asked partial derivative, set up formula (11) system of equations:

$\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{\&PartialD;Q}{\&PartialD;t}=0\\ \frac{\&PartialD;Q}{\&PartialD;l}=0\end{array}\right.---\left(11\right)$

(t l), is the driver and adapts to the controlled variable that tunnel environment illumination change vision requires to obtain a series of data sets; Choose the desired value in the data set, be decided to be visual adaptation time t _nCorresponding brightness value l _n

The driver is adapted to the illumination controlled variable that tunnel environment illumination change vision requires, carry out corresponding regression fit according to the driver's vision adaptation time, its relational expression is:

l＝-4×10 ^-10t ⁶-1×10 ^-6t ⁵+0.0002t ⁴-0.0155t ³+0.4037t ²

-3.417t+11.991

R ²=0.9853 (12)

In the formula, R is the related coefficient of l and t;

Set up function model according to formula (12) and find the solution the different visual adaptations of driver needed ambient light illumination value under the time, until tunnel exit; And then according to

$d={\&Integral;}_0^t\mathrm{vtdt}=\frac{1}{2}{\mathrm{vt}}^2---\left(13\right)$

In the formula, d is the distance apart from tunnel exit, and t is the visual adaptation time, and v is a running velocity, determines apart from the relation between tunnel exit segment distance d and the driver's vision adaptation time t;

Formula (12) substitution formula (13) is obtained formula (14), can obtain apart from tunnel exit apart from the relation between d, speed of a motor vehicle v and the tunnel optimization illumination l.

$l=-3.2\&times;{10}^{-9}\&times;v^3{d}^3-4\sqrt{2}\&times;{10}^{-6}{v}^{\frac{5}{2}}{d}^{\frac{5}{2}}+0.0008v^2{d}^2-0.031\sqrt{2}{v}^{\frac{3}{2}}{d}^{\frac{3}{2}}+$ (14)

$0.8074\mathrm{vd}-3.417\sqrt{2}{\left(\mathrm{vd}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}+11.991$

When the driver is sailed out of the tunnel, will face the light adaptation problem.Especially under existing lighting condition, the light adaptation problem is more serious, and the driver can't see road ahead information clearly at all, and this also is the major incentive of tunnel exit accident between a lot of daytimes.Simultaneously, a large amount of intensive luminous environments that lighting caused are to be cost with higher power consumption, promptly waste energy and influence safety.This method is started with from driver's visual cognition and Changing Pattern, more existing research method ratio, and result of study is accurately and reliably; Can not only eliminate when night, tunnel environment was driven a vehicle after having used this method, the dark adatpation problem that causes because of differences of illumination intensities, reduce the traffic hazard that dysopia is brought out, simultaneously can reduce tunnel illumination facility power consumption significantly, significant to solving safety that present tunnel exists and energy-conservation this that contradictions of growing that disappear.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is a process flow diagram of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is the detailed artwork of collection point in the data acquisition zone;

Fig. 3 is driver's pupil area and tunnel environment illumination scatter diagram;

Fig. 4 is that tunnel environment illumination changes scatter diagram with the tunnel depth;

Fig. 5 is a tunnel outlet section driver pupil area change curved surface between daytime;

Fig. 6 is that the tunnel exit driver changes the controlled variable distribution plan that requires between daytime to ambient light illumination;

Fig. 7 is that tunnel outlet section road illumination reference value changes synoptic diagram between daytime;

Fig. 8 is lighting parameter contrast before and after tunnel outlet section is optimized between daytime.

Embodiment

The highway long tunnel outlet section of the present invention optimization method that throws light between daytime mainly comprises the following steps:

Step 1 is gathered related data

One, gathers the preparatory stage

1, instrument

(1) dynamic vision tester, the Eye Link II type eye movement instrument that adopts Canadian SR Research company to produce.Instrument is made up of control module, scene camera, the first-class part of optics.Control module comprises the main test-run a machine of eye movement instrument and by test-run a machine, main be responsible for to experiment driver's especially eye movement data of dynamic vision characterisitic parameter gather, record, data processing processing.The effect of scene camera is with the what comes into a driver's collection in the driver's vision scope and is presented on the main test-run a machine display screen.Optical head comprises two cameras and other optical elements, and main effect is with in driver's eye movement information input instrument when driving.Driver's eye sight line angle, blinkpunkt position coordinates are tested and write down to data acquisition software that the utilization of eye movement instrument is provided for oneself and data analysis software, dynamic vision characterisitic parameters such as eye movement speed, track and pupil area.Sample frequency is selected 500 hertz, and pupil size resolution is 1%.

(2) to select model for use be that digital illuminometer, the model of LX1330B is the color luminance meter of M118660 to the experiment of illuminometer and nitometer, is used for measuring and record real vehicle experimentation tunnel outlet section ambient light illumination value and brightness value between daytime.The RS232 interface can be connected with computing machine, carries out data storage, analysis, printing in computing machine.

(3) contactless fifth wheel instrument, because the closure in tunnel, GPS is no signal in the tunnel, can't use, experiment adopts the contactless fifth wheel instrument of ISKRA-1D type to gather experiment car speed and acceleration information in the tunnel, sample frequency is 10 hertz, and error is ± 3km/h to guarantee that the experiment speed of a motor vehicle is in the scope that error allows.

2, the data acquisition object chooses

Be to guarantee the confidence level of driving safety and experimental result in the gatherer process, by the sampling picked at random have different occupation, drive experience, the suitable age and suitably the driver of driving age as experimental subjects.Require experimental subjects to have good driving habits, and visual function do not have obstacle, eyesight is all more than 0.8, and no physiological defect and heavy, serious accident experience.

Two, data acquisition plan

Optimize the definite of the characterization parameter needs that illumination is optimized with the parameter tunnel outlet section in view of illumination, the data of collection comprise long tunnel outlet section ambient light illumination value, driver's pupil area, visual adaptation time between daytime.

1, the illumination brightness data is gathered

Begin to measure from the about 300m of distance tunnel exit inside, every 0.5m 1 collection point is set at longitudinal direction, laterally every 0.25m 1 collection point is set, blocks of data pickup area size is 3m * 1m, comprises 35 collection points.The mean value of 35 collection point brightness values can be obtained with minimum value, maximal value, vertical uniformity coefficient, total uniformity coefficient of illumination in the time domain as this regional brightness value.The brightness value collection is identical with it.The detailed laying situation of collection point is referring to shown in Figure 2 in the data acquisition zone.

2, driver's pupil area, visual adaptation time data are gathered

Driver's pupil area change is utilized the monitoring of eye movement instrument in the tunnel experiment, the data software system of providing for oneself by the eye movement instrument, derives the pupil data.The driver's vision adaptation time is to utilize contactless fifth wheel instrument, GPS, stopwatch and eye movement instrument video record comprehensively to determine.

Step 2 is set up driver's pupil area and illuminance model respectively according to tunnel illumination parameter, visual adaptation time, driver's pupil area data of step 1 collection, illumination and tunnel depth model and driver's vision adaptive model;

1. driver's pupil area and illuminance model

Getting driver's pupil area is that Q, tunnel environment illumination are l, the graph of a relation that freeway tunnel outlet section data sample between daytime is set up ln (Q/l) and ln (l) the line retrace analysis of going forward side by side, driver's pupil area and the relation of ambient light illumination existence suc as formula (1).

Formula (1) is write as

Form, arrangement obtains the relation function of driver's pupil area Q and tunnel environment illumination l, as the formula (2).

Q＝e ^8.509×l ^-0.101 (2)

Characterize driver's psychoreaction amount with driver's pupil area, tunnel environment illumination characterizes the environmental stimuli amount, and this is consistent with the Stevens law in the experimental psychology, i.e. psychoreaction amount and physical stimulation amount meet power law.

2. illumination and tunnel depth model

The process from tunnel internal to outlet between daytime, because the influence of extraneous natural light, the distance outlet is near more, and tunnel environment illumination can be high more, and the ambient light illumination of different tunnels depth correspondence is gathered in experiment, and carries out regretional analysis according to the data scatter diagram, referring to shown in Figure 7.Tunnel environment illumination l and distance outlet is the power relation apart from d as can be seen, and the relational expression of match is

l＝104554d ^-1.5043 (3)

3. driver's vision adaptive model

In the tunnel driving process, meet power law between driver's pupil area and the ambient light illumination, tunnel environment illumination is that the driver's vision adaptation time exists the power relation with distance, sets up correlation model, can draw the relation between pupil area and adaptation time, the illumination, it is as follows that it sets up detailed process:

Make up driver's pupil area Q driver binary biquadratic function that visual adaptation time t answers tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel:

Q＝x ₀+x ₁t ⁴+x ₂t ³+x ₃t ²+x ₄t+x ₅l ⁴+x ₆l ³+x ₇l ²+x ₈l+x ₉tl ³+x ₁₀tl ²+x ₁₁tl+x ₁₂t ²l ²+ (4)

x ₁₃t ²l+x ₁₄t ³l+ε

In the formula: ε～N (0, σ ²) normal distribution, the variable of expression stochastic error.

By visual adaptation time t and many measurement statistics of corresponding tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel, obtain i group numerical value to driver's pupil area Q and driver:

(t _i ⁴,t _i ³,t _i ²,t _i ¹,l _i ⁴,l _i ³,l _i ²,l _i ¹,t _il _i ³,t _il _i ²,t _il _i,t _i ²l _i ²,t _i ²l _i,t _i ³l _i,y _i),i＝1,2,…,n.(5)

It is as follows to constitute system of equations:

$\left\{\begin{array}{c}{y}_1=x_0+x_1{t_1}^4+\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;+x_{14}{t_1}^3{l}_1+{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_1\\ y_2=x_0+x_1{t_2}^4+\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;+x_{14}{t_2}^3{l}_2+{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_2\\ \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;\\ y_n=x_0+x_1{t_n}^4+\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;+x_{14}{t_n}^3{l}_n+{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}}_n\end{array}\right.---\left(6\right)$

Wherein: ε ₁, ε ₂..., ε _nSeparate.

System of equations is changed into matrix form suc as formula (7):

Y＝λX+ε (7)

Wherein: $Y=\left[\begin{array}{c}{y}_1\\ y_2\\ \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;\\ y_n\end{array}\right],$ $\mathrm{\&lambda;}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}1& {t_1}^4& {t_1}^3& \&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;& {t_1}^3{l}_1\\ 1& {t_2}^4& {t_2}^3& \&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;& {t_2}^3{l}_2\\ \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;& \&CenterDot;\\ 1& {t_n}^4& {t_n}^3& \&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;& {t_n}^3{l}_n\end{array}\right],$ $X=\left[\begin{array}{c}{x}_0\\ x_1\\ \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;\\ x_{14}\end{array}\right]$

Vector Y, λ is known, utilizes least square method, calculates the estimated value of vectorial X.Process is as follows:

Definition can obtain formula (8) according to least square method:

$F(x_0,x_1,\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;,x_{14})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{\mathrm{\&Sigma;}}}{(y_i-x_0-x_1{t_i}^4-\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;-x_{14}{t_i}^3{l}_i)}^2---\left(8\right)$

The least-squares estimation value of vector X, separating in the time of should satisfying F and get minimum value asked partial derivative to Q, can obtain the normal equations group suc as formula (9):

$\left\{\begin{array}{c}n{x}_0+x_1\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^4+\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;+x_{14}\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^3{l}_i=\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{y}_i\\ x_0\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^4+x_1\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^4{t_i}^4+\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;+x_{14}\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^4{t_i}^3{l}_i=\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^4{y}_i\\ \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;\\ \&CenterDot;\\ x_0\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^3{l}_i+x_1\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^3{l}_i{t_i}^4+\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;\&CenterDot;+x_{14}\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^3{l}_i{t_i}^3{l}_i=\mathrm{\&Sigma;}{t_i}^3{l}_i{y}_i\end{array}\right.---\left(9\right)$

Corresponding matrix form is λ ^TY=λ ^Tλ X, λ ^Tλ row full rank, so vectorial X has unique solution, the binary biquadratic function with its substitution driver pupil area Q and driver visual adaptation time t and corresponding tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel promptly obtains driver's vision and adapts to function model.As the formula (10):

Q＝3125.66+0.751t ⁴+15.962t ³+47.229t ²+718.849t+0.066l ² (10)

-3.324l+0.225tl ²-11.667tl-0.746t ²l ²+4.142t ²l-0.303t ³l

Step 3, the illumination of long tunnel outlet section is optimized between daytime

1. pupil rate of change of area

By tunnel outlet section driver's vision adaptive model between daytime as can be known, two factors that mainly influence the pupil area are visual adaptation time and ambient light illumination.The pupil rate of change of area is subjected to the influence of visual adaptation pace of change and ambient light illumination pace of change.Statistical results show, the critical velocity that changes with the visual adaptation time based on driver's pupil area of traffic safety is at-6mm ²/ s is to 4mm ²Between/the s.In the visual adaptation process, driver's pupil area corresponding the variation change to occur with ambient light illumination, when the pupil area is tending towards 0 when no longer acute variation taking place with the pace of change of ambient light illumination, illustrates that driver's vision has adapted to lighting environment basically.By above analysis as can be known, when the pupil rate of change of area satisfies requiring of visual adaptation time and ambient light illumination simultaneously, could guarantee that the driver passes through the tunnel smoothly safely under very little vision load.

2. illumination optimal control parameter determines

Adapt to function model according to tunnel outlet section driver's vision between the daytime of trying to achieve, utilize Matlab software drawing three-dimensional curved surface, make the three-dimension curved surface between driver's pupil area Q, visual adaptation time t, the respective environment illumination l, referring to shown in Figure 5.

Seek those the fastest points of time variation on the three-dimension curved surface, be the pupil area change rate and be 0 point, the basicly stable acute variation that no longer takes place of pupil this moment, vision is in zero load adaptive state substantially, with these as driver's illumination optimal control parameter that the illumination change vision requires that conforms.

The method for solving of illumination optimal control parameter is as follows: adapt in the function model at driver's vision, the pupil area is made dependent variable, respectively driver visual adaptation time t and corresponding tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel is asked partial derivative, sets up formula (11) system of equations:

$\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{\&PartialD;Q}{\&PartialD;t}=0\\ \frac{\&PartialD;Q}{\&PartialD;l}=0\end{array}\right.---\left(11\right)$

Find the solution differential equation group, (t l), is the driver and adapts to the controlled variable that tunnel environment illumination change vision requires can to obtain a series of data sets.Choose the desired value in the data set, be decided to be visual adaptation time t _nCorresponding brightness value l _n,

The driver is adapted to the illumination controlled variable that tunnel environment illumination change vision requires, carry out corresponding regression fit according to the driver's vision adaptation time, its relational expression is:

l＝-4×10 ^-10t ⁶-1×10 ^-6t ⁵+0.0002t ⁴-0.0155t ³+0.4037t ²R ²=0.9853 (12)

-3.417t+11.991

In the formula, R is the related coefficient of l and t.

By further determining the brightness value of different tunnels depth correspondence, realize the tunnel outlet section lighting parameter is optimized, thereby determine the illumination prioritization scheme.Set up function model according to formula (12) and find the solution the different visual adaptations of driver needed ambient light illumination value under the time, until tunnel exit.According to driver's vision adaptation time t and Vehicle Speed, determine apart from the relation between tunnel exit segment distance d and the driver's vision adaptation time t.Its relational expression is as follows:

$d={\&Integral;}_0^t\mathrm{vtdt}=\frac{1}{2}{\mathrm{vt}}^2---\left(13\right)$

In the formula, d is the distance apart from tunnel exit, and t is the visual adaptation time, and v is a running velocity.

Formula (12) substitution formula (13) can be obtained optimizing relation between the illumination l apart from tunnel exit apart from d, speed of a motor vehicle v and tunnel, is shown below:

$l=-3.2\&times;{10}^{-9}\&times;v^3{d}^3-4\sqrt{2}\&times;{10}^{-6}{v}^{\frac{5}{2}}{d}^{\frac{5}{2}}+0.0008v^2{d}^2-0.031\sqrt{2}{v}^{\frac{3}{2}}{d}^{\frac{3}{2}}+$ (14)

$0.8074\mathrm{vd}-3.417\sqrt{2}{\left(\mathrm{vd}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}+11.991$

Thus, the present invention is based on the problem in existing tunnel illumination research and the practice, starting with from driver's vision cognition and Changing Pattern, is research object with tunnel environment illumination, and we have provided tunnel illumination l and the Optimization Model that exports apart from blurting out apart from d and running velocity v.Below specifically provide the successful Application embodiment of this model, further specify overall technical architecture of the present invention.

Embodiment

Five the tunnel highway long tunnel outlet sections in south are between daytime

1. the illumination controlled variable is determined

After utilization EyeLink II is carried out the collection of eye movement data in the Nan Wutai tunnel, set up (t according to above-mentioned steps, l) after the relational expression, it is as shown in table 1 below as the illumination controlled variable that the illumination change vision requires that conforms of tunnel exit driver between daytime to choose the suitable visual adaptation time.

Table 1 controlled variable that the tunnel exit driver change to require ambient light illumination between daytime (t, l)

Aforementioned calculation obtains tunnel exit driver between daytime and conforms that (t l) is meant when the driver's vision adaptation time is t the illumination controlled variable that the illumination change vision requires, and vision is if reach the bigger load sense of comfortable nothing, is l to the brightness value of ambient lighting requirement.

2. lighting parameter optimization

At the existing tunnel lighting condition, with about 300 meters of distance tunnel exit lighting parameter is optimized design, set up function model according to formula (12) and find the solution the different visual adaptations of driver needed ambient light illumination value under the time, until tunnel exit.According to driver's vision adaptation time t and Vehicle Speed v, determine apart from tunnel exit apart from d.Final determine between daytime in the tunnel outlet section illumination parameters optimization under the outlet different distance, and then determine the illumination prioritization scheme that the as shown in table 2 below and lighting parameter trend of concrete scheme is referring to shown in Figure 7.

Table 2 is tunnel outlet section road illumination reference value between daytime

3. assessment is optimized in illumination

Can obtain illumination parameters optimization and the variation tendency of investigating tunnel illumination parameter on the spot under the different tunnels depth of tunnel outlet section between daytime by data,, and be analyzed referring to shown in Figure 8.

By the lighting parameter contrast before and after optimizing, find the existing lighting parameter design in tunnel excessively, illumination parameter after optimize, and it is near more apart from tunnel exit, both gaps are big more, this not only causes unnecessary energy dissipation, and has a strong impact on the driver's vision function, is unfavorable for traffic safety.Optimize back tunnel illumination parameter and significantly reduce, significant to solving the safety that present tunnel exists with contradictions of energy-conservation these those length that disappear.

Claims (1)

1. highway long tunnel outlet section optimization method that throws light between daytime, it is characterized in that: this method comprises the following steps:

Step 1 is obtained tunnel illumination parameter, visual adaptation time, driver's pupil area data;

Step 2 is set up driver's pupil area and illuminance model respectively according to tunnel illumination parameter, visual adaptation time, driver's pupil area data of step 1 collection, illumination and tunnel depth model and driver's vision adaptive model;

Wherein driver's pupil area and illuminance model are:

Getting driver's pupil area is that Q, tunnel environment illumination are l, the graph of a relation that freeway tunnel outlet section data sample between daytime is set up ln (Q/l) and ln (l) the line retrace analysis of going forward side by side, and driver's pupil area and the relation of ambient light illumination existence suc as formula (1):

Formula (1) is write as

Form, arrangement obtains the relation function of driver's pupil area Q and tunnel environment illumination l, as the formula (2):

Q＝e ^8.509×l ^-0.101 (2)

Illumination and tunnel depth model:

Tunnel environment illumination l is the power relation with the distance outlet apart from d, and the relational expression of match is:

l＝104554d ^-1.5043 (3)

The driver's vision adaptive model:

Make up driver's pupil area Q driver binary biquadratic function that visual adaptation time t answers tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel:

Q＝x ₀+x ₁t ⁴+x ₂t ³+x ₃t ²+x ₄t+x ₅l ⁴+x ₆l ³+x ₇l ²+x ₈l+x ₉tl ³+x ₁₀tl ²+x ₁₁tl+x ₁₂t ²l ²+ (4)

x ₁₃t ²l+x ₁₄t ³l+ε

In the formula: ε～N (0, σ ²), the variable of expression stochastic error;

By visual adaptation time t and many measurement statistics of corresponding tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel, obtain i group numerical value to driver's pupil area Q and driver:

(t _i ⁴,t _i ³,t _i ²,t _i ¹,l _i ⁴,l _i ³,l _i ²,l _i ¹,t _il _i ³,t _il _i ²,t _il _i,t _i ²l _i ²,t _i ²l _i,t _i ³l _i,y _i),i＝1,2,…,n.(5)

It is as follows to constitute system of equations:

Wherein: ε ₁, ε ₂..., ε _nIt is separate,

System of equations is changed into matrix form suc as formula (7):

Y＝λX+ε (7)

Wherein:

Vector Y, λ is known, utilizes least square method, calculates the estimated value of vectorial X, process is as follows:

Definition can obtain formula (8) according to least square method:

The least-squares estimation value of vector X, separating in the time of should satisfying F and get minimum value asked partial derivative to Q, can obtain the normal equations group suc as formula (9):

Corresponding matrix form is λ ^TY=λ ^Tλ X, λ ^Tλ row full rank, so vectorial X has unique solution, in the binary biquadratic function formula (4) with its substitution driver pupil area Q and driver visual adaptation time t and corresponding tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel, promptly obtain driver's vision and adapt to function model, as the formula (10):

Q＝3125.66+0.751t ⁴+15.962t ³+47.229t ²+718.849t+0.066l ² (10)

-3.324l+0.225tl ²-11.667tl-0.746t ²l ²+4.142t ²l-0.303t ³l

Step 3, the illumination of long tunnel outlet section is optimized between daytime

Utilize matlab software to make three-dimension curved surface between driver's pupil area Q, visual adaptation time t, the respective environment illumination l, driver's vision adapts in the function model, the pupil area is made dependent variable, respectively driver visual adaptation time t and corresponding tunnel environment illumination l in the tunnel are asked partial derivative, set up formula (11) system of equations:

(t l), is the driver and adapts to the controlled variable that tunnel environment illumination change vision requires to obtain a series of data sets; Choose the desired value in the data set, be decided to be visual adaptation time t _nCorresponding brightness value l _n

The driver is adapted to the illumination controlled variable that tunnel environment illumination change vision requires, carry out corresponding regression fit according to the driver's vision adaptation time, its relational expression is:

l＝-4×10 ^-10t ⁶-1×10 ^-6t ⁵+0.0002t ⁴-0.0155t ³+0.4037t ²R ²=0.9853 (12)

-3.417t+11.991

In the formula, R is the related coefficient of l and t;

Set up function model according to formula (12) and find the solution the different visual adaptations of driver needed ambient light illumination value under the time, until tunnel exit; And then according to

In the formula, d is the distance apart from tunnel exit, and t is the visual adaptation time, and v is a running velocity, determines apart from the relation between tunnel exit segment distance d and the driver's vision adaptation time t;

Formula (12) substitution formula (13) is obtained formula (14), can obtain optimizing relation between the illumination l apart from d, speed of a motor vehicle v and tunnel apart from tunnel exit:

(14)

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