CN103199796A - 16 quadrature amplitude modulator - Google Patents
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- CN103199796A CN103199796A CN2013100851606A CN201310085160A CN103199796A CN 103199796 A CN103199796 A CN 103199796A CN 2013100851606 A CN2013100851606 A CN 2013100851606A CN 201310085160 A CN201310085160 A CN 201310085160A CN 103199796 A CN103199796 A CN 103199796A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a 16 quadrature amplitude modulator which comprises an injection locking oscillator, an injection current array, a local oscillator current array, a switch capacitor array, a reverse circuit, a control logic circuit and an output buffer circuit, wherein the injection locking oscillator functions as a frequency synthesizer, and an injection current phase is utilized as a reference phase; phase modulation is realized through the switch capacitor array and the reverse circuit, and an amplitude modulation is realized through the injection current array and the local oscillator current array; and input data is changed into control data through the control logic circuit so as to control the injection current array, the local oscillator current array, the switch capacitor array and the reverse circuit. Eight points (close to the reference phase) in a 16-point star-type star map comprise four phases and two amplitudes, the switch capacitor array can be set through four-way multi-bit control word so as to realize and the difference between the output and the reference phase; and different amplitudes can be realized through the injection current array and the local oscillator current array, the eight points close to the reference phase can realize the other eight points in the star map, thus realizing the 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of radio frequency integrated circuits, be specifically related to a kind of new realization 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) device, this modulation circuit can be used for the short distance high-speed communication system.
Background technology
In wireless communication system, can realize that transfer of data is very important efficiently.Power consumption, data transfer rate and modulation efficiency are the important indicators in the efficient data transmission.Power consumption is unusual important index, and reducing power consumption not only can energy savings, in the cruising time of improving battery life and portable equipment, also can improve the stability of equipment simultaneously; Data transfer rate referred in the unit interval can data quantity transmitted (bit number), and high data rate transfers has been very important product demand; And modulation efficiency refers to the bit number (bit) that each character of carrier wave (symbol) after modulated can carry, and high efficiency modulation not only can take full advantage of finite bandwidth, improves data transfer rate, also can reduce power consumption.
In the wireless communication system of main flow, the frequency synthesis device is absolutely necessary now.Frequency synthesizer provides the carrier signal of modulation and demodulation for Receiver And Transmitter.Frequency synthesizer mainly comprises voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), frequency divider (divider), and phase demodulation/frequency discriminator (PFD), charge pump (CP) and low pass filter (LPF) etc., as shown in Figure 1.This a series of circuit module needs bigger power consumption, and design difficulty is also bigger simultaneously.In order to carry out high-quality modulation and demodulation, require frequency synthesizer that lower phase noise is arranged, and voltage controlled oscillator is important noise contribution circuit, exchange noise for to sacrifice power consumption usually.In the single channel communication system, injection locking technique is a kind of scheme of substituting preferably, because its simplicity of design, power consumption is lower, and phase noise is determined by the phase noise of the low frequency signal that injects, so phase noise is better, need not exchange for power consumption.
Data transfer rate and modulation efficiency are undivided.For same symbol rate (symbol rate), modulation efficiency doubles, and data transfer rate also doubles.Modulation efficiency is that 1 modulation system comprises amplitude shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK) and frequency shift keying (FSK) etc., and its modulation realizes easily, but efficient is lower, can not carry out high-speed data transmission for limited bandwidth.The modulation efficiency of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is 2, and namely for identical bandwidth (identical symbol rate), the data transfer rate of QPSK is the twice of ASK, PSK and FSK.The modulation efficiency of 8PSK is 3, and under identical bandwidth situation, its data transfer rate is 1.5 times of QPSK.The modulation efficiency of 16QAM is 4, and data transfer rate further increases.Along with the increase of modulation efficiency, the difficulty of design also increases gradually, and the error rate of data is also increasing simultaneously.
Transmitter based on injection locking technique has obtained great concern, and main cause is that its modulation realizes that simply power consumption is lower.The article of now having delivered has [1] (S.Diao, et al., " A50-Mb/s CMOS QPSK/O-QPSK Transmitter Employing Injection Locking for Direct Modulation; " IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.60, no.1, pp.120-130, Jan.2012.) and [2] (M-M.Izad and C-H.Heng, " A17pJ/bit915MHz8PSK/O-QPSK Transmitter for High Data Rate Biomedical Applications; " in Proc.IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf., Sep.2012, pp.1-4.) etc., as shown in Figure 2.Its modulation efficiency is respectively 2 and 3, and data transfer rate is respectively 50bps and 55Mbps, and energy consumption is respectively 120pJ/bit and 17pJ/bit.And it is too numerous to enumerate based on the transmitter of frequency synthesizer, before injection locking technique is applied in the transmitter, in most of transmitter frequency synthesizer to be arranged, such as [3] (Y.-H.Liu, C.-L.Li, and T.-H.Lin, " A200-pJ/b MUX-based RF transmitter for implantable multichannel neural recording, " IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.57, no.10, pp.2533 – 2541, Oct.2009.), its modulation efficiency is 2, data transfer rate is 17.5Mbps, and energy consumption is 200pJ/bit.Transmitter based on injection locking has High Data Rate as can be seen, the advantage of low energy consumption.Based on injection locking technique, more the transmitter of high modulate efficiency might be realized, this can further improve data transfer rate and reduce the single-bit power consumption.Modulation system only relates to phase place in the list of references [1-2], does not deliver about the article of amplitude modulation(PAM) based on the transmitter of injection locking technique, and the present invention introduces amplitude modulation(PAM) on the basis of 8QPSK, realizes 16QAM.
Existing transmitter based on injection locking technique all be phase place modulation (PSK), high-order be modulated to 8PSK, not have the bibliographical information of being correlated with at amplitude modulation(PAM).
Summary of the invention
Technology of the present invention is dealt with problems: overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of realization 16 quadrature amplitude modulator are provided, under the situation of identical bandwidth, improve data transfer rate, with the two-forty that satisfies present Wireless Telecom Equipment, the requirement of low-power consumption.
The technology of the present invention solution: a kind of realization 16 quadrature amplitude modulator comprise: injection locked oscillator 1, injection current source array 2, local oscillator current source array 3, switched capacitor array 4, negater circuit 5, control logic circuit 6 and output buffer 7; But be connected on after the current source parallel connection of described injection current source array 2 by No. four switches between the common source end and ground of ascending pipe of injection locked oscillator 1, but but in the current source of No. four switches, there is the switch in the circuit source of No. one switch to be in closed condition always; But be connected on after the current source parallel connection of described local oscillator current source array 3 by No. four switches between the common source end and ground of dynatron of injection locked oscillator 1, but but in the current source of four switches, there is the switch of the current source of No. one switch to be in closed condition always; The two ends of described switched capacitor array 4 are connected on the difference output two ends of injection locked oscillator 1 respectively; The input of described negater circuit 5 links to each other with the difference output end of injection locked oscillator 1, and the output of negater circuit 5 links to each other with output buffer 7; The input of control logic circuit 6 namely wants modulated signal and four tunnel control words to form by four tunnel single-bit parallel datas; 3 control signal, the control signal of 3 local oscillator current source array 3, the control signal of switched capacitor array 4 and control signals of negater circuit 5 of injecting current source array 3 of output output of control logic circuit 6; Control logic circuit 6 respectively with the switch that injects current array current source 2, local oscillator current source array current supply switch, the switch of switched capacitor array 4 links to each other with negater circuit 5 switches.
Injection locked oscillator 1 plays the effect of frequency synthesizer, injects current phase as the reference phase place; Realize the phase place modulation by switched capacitor array 4 and negater circuit 5, realize amplitude modulation(PAM) by injecting current array 2 and local oscillator current array 3; The input data change the control data into by control logic circuit 6, and current array 2, local oscillator current array 3, switched capacitor array 4 and negater circuit 5 are injected in control.
Principle of the present invention: the present invention realizes 4 kinds of phase places by the by-pass cock capacitor array, realizes 8 kinds of phase places altogether by negater circuit again, realizes 2 kinds of output amplitudes by control injection current array and local oscillator current array.As 16 planispheres among Fig. 3, can be with the current phase injected as the reference phase place, near 8 points the fixed phase are classified as first, 8 remaining points classify as second portion, 8 of second portion points are can be by 8 points of first are oppositely realized as can be seen, so in circuit, introduce negater circuit, that is to say and to realize that modulation efficiency is 4 modulation, as long as realize near 8 points of the first of fixed phase.8 points of first comprise phase place and 2 kinds of amplitudes in 4.For injection locking technique, under the condition that quality factor (Q) are determined and injection intensity is certain of injected frequency, oscillator LC parallel network, the phase place of output and the free oscillation frequency of oscillator are one-to-one relationship, so realize this 4 kinds of phase places, 4 kinds of free oscillation frequencies must be arranged, therefore in the modulation circuit structure, introduced switched capacitor array and 4 kinds of control words, for different points, different control words is set, realizes different free oscillation frequencies.For four points in the interior circle of first, though four kinds of control words have realized 4 kinds of phase places, but be different near two some output amplitudes of fixed phase with output amplitude away from two points of fixed phase.This be because inject and situation that the local oscillator electric current is certain under, the amplitude of output signal changes with the variation of phase deviation, deviation is more big, output amplitude is more little.Can think that in addition amplitude and the phase place of output are the even function relations, namely output phase identical to size, that direction is opposite is offset, and can think that the amplitude of output signal is identical.Therefore, four control words, once or two kinds inject four points that electric current and two kinds of local oscillator electric currents can be realized planisphere first inner ring.Compare with four points of inner ring, four points of the outer ring just amplitude of output become big, and phase place does not change, and therefore can realize that big output amplitude gets final product on the basis of four points of inner ring.For the oscillator that is operated in the current limited district, can realize the increase in proportion of output amplitude by the amplitude that increases injection and local oscillator electric current in proportion, and guarantee that phase place is almost constant.This is because when oscillator is operated in the current limited district, amplitude and the bias current of output are directly proportional, namely output and bias current are linear relationships, only on amplitude, stretch in proportion so can guarantee the polar plot that injects electric current, local oscillator electric current and resultant current, and the angle between the current phasor is constant.Therefore injection electric current and the local oscillator electric current with four points of first's inner ring increases in proportion, can realize four points in the first outer ring.In sum, by four control words, two or four kind inject 16 points that electric current, four kinds of local oscillator electric currents and reverse network can be realized planisphere, implementation efficiency is 4 modulation system.
The present invention's beneficial effect compared with prior art is:
(1) the present invention has introduced the amplitude modulation(PAM) function, the modulation efficiency of raising, the availability of frequency spectrum and data transfer rate.Existing emitting structural based on injection locking technique has only the phase place modulation, there is not amplitude modulation(PAM), modulation system is QPSK or the 8PSK(document [1-2] that sees reference), and the present invention expands to current source array by injection electric current and local oscillator electric current with injection locked oscillator, introducing amplitude control on the basis of existing phase control, be on the basis of 3 8PSK in modulation efficiency, realized that modulation efficiency is 4 16QAM, has improved data transfer rate.
(2) the present invention has reduced the required energy of single bit data, and namely identical power consumption can realize better data transfer rate.Compare existing QPSK modulator approach based on injection locking technique, control logic circuit complexity of the present invention can increase a little, but the power consumption of its increase is very little to the contribution of total power consumption, the introducing of amplitude modulation(PAM) increases injection and local oscillator electric current simultaneously, and output amplitude increases, and this has just increased whole power consumption, but under the situation of guaranteeing certain error vector magnitude (EVM), data transfer rate doubles, and power consumption is unnecessary doubling, thereby has reduced the required energy of single-bit.Compare the 16QAM based on frequency synthesizer, the modulation circuit structure that the present invention proposes is simplified greatly, has reduced power consumption, and short distance low-consumption wireless communication equipment is had good application prospects.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is QPSK transmitter traditional in the prior art, comprising frequency synthesizer, and frequency mixer, phase shifter etc.;
Fig. 2 is based on the direct transmitter of the QPSK/O-QPSK of modulation of injection locking technique, the document that sees reference [1] in the prior art;
Fig. 3 will carry out the planisphere of modulation signal and implementation thereof for the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the realization figure of the new modulated structure of the present invention's proposition;
Fig. 5 A is the way of realization of switched capacitor array among the present invention;
Fig. 5 B is the element circuit way of realization of switched capacitor array among the present invention.
Embodiment
Following with reference to accompanying drawing detailed description the specific embodiment of the present invention.
In the star 16QAM planisphere that Fig. 3 the present invention will realize, comprise 16 points, each point represents that with 4 bits 8 phase places are arranged in 16 points, 2 amplitudes, thereby round and cylindrical in being divided into.Phase difference in the interior circle between adjacent two points is 45 degree, and every bit is 1 to the distance of the origin of coordinates, and the semidiameter of interior circle and cylindrical is the spacing between adjacent 2 in the interior circle.
In injection locking technique, inject the stack of electric current and local oscillator current phasor and obtain total electric current, total electric current and LC parallel network determine the voltage output amplitude in the impedance at injected frequency place, and the phase place of output voltage is identical with the local oscillator electric current.Generally speaking, the frequency of oscillation of injection locked oscillator is near the self-resonant frequency of LC parallel network, can think the LC parallel network the impedance at injected frequency place with the impedance phase at self-resonant frequency place with, so the output amplitude of voltage is determined by (inject with local oscillator stack obtain) total current.In the invention process example, can inject electric current as a reference, change the phase place of local oscillator electric current by the self-resonant frequency that changes the LC parallel network, namely change the phase place of output voltage.Difference between injected frequency and the LC parallel network self-resonant frequency determines the phase difference between local oscillator electric current and the total current, and injects electric current and local oscillator electric current decision resultant current size, also affects size and the phase place of output voltage.Can draw, the self-resonant frequency by changing the LC parallel network and out of phase and the different amplitude of injecting electric current and the realization output voltage of local oscillator electric current realize that namely QAM modulates.
For an injection locked oscillator, formula is arranged
ω wherein
0Be respectively self-resonant frequency and the quality factor of LC parallel network, ω with Q
InjBe the frequency of injecting, K namely injects the ratio (I of electric current and local oscillator electric current for injecting intensity
Inj/ I
Osc, I wherein
InjFor injecting electric current, its phase place is fixed phase, I
OscBe the local oscillator electric current, its phase place is output phase), θ is poor with fixed phase of local oscillator electric current, the i.e. phase place of output voltage.As can be seen, for a given Q and ω
Inj, can be by changing ω
0Realize different θ.Have in addition
With ω
0Ratio be far smaller than 1, i.e. ω
0≈ ω
Inj, can be with the ω on equation the right
0Change ω into
InjSo realize-θ, as long as regulate ω
0Realize
Get final product.I
InjWith I
OscThe resultant current size be
So the voltage swing of output is by I
Osc, I
InjDetermine with θ.Provided the method that realizes four points of positive phase in the first among Fig. 3.0010 by I
Inj_1With I
Osc_1Synthetic, I
Osc_1With I axle clamp angle 45 degree, namely output voltage and fixed phase angle 22.5 are spent.Amplify I in proportion
Inj_1With I
Osc_1, by I
Osc_2With I
Osc_2Synthesize and to realize 1010 points.For 0000 point, can be by I
Inj_1And I
Osc_3Realize I
Osc_3Vertical with the I axle, namely output voltage and fixed phase face angle 67.5 are spent.Because it is big that θ becomes, so want I
Osc_3＞I
Osc_1, finally obtain the resultant current of identical size.For point 1000, amplify I in proportion
Inj_1And I
Osc_3Get final product, namely by I
Inj_2And I
Osc_4Synthetic.And 4 points of minus phase in the realization first only need to change it about the ω of fixed phase in the face of the point of title
0Get final product.So 4 ω of 8 points in the first
0, 2 I
InjWith 4 I
OscRealize.In addition also can be by 4 ω
0, 4 I
InjWith 4 I
OscRealize, increased the flexibility ratio of design like this.8 points of second portion can oppositely be realized about the point in the first of former point symmetry by it, namely increase the phase shift of 180 degree.
Concrete realization circuit is realized 8 kinds of phase places and 2 kinds of amplitudes in Fig. 4, comprise injection locked oscillator 1, inject current source array 2, local oscillator current source array 3, switched capacitor array 4, negater circuit 5, control logic circuit 6 and output buffer 7.
Four control word Con_word come the c[1:n of configuration switch capacitor array 4 among Fig. 4], thus 4 ω produced
0, and four current sources that inject four current sources of current source array 2 and local oscillator current source array 3 are used for being implemented in two kinds of amplitudes under the out of phase.Inject the switch of a current source of current source array 2 and close always, other current sources are difference, specifically see Fig. 4.It is in order to improve the symmetry of current mirroring circuit that a switch cuts out always.Local oscillator current source array 3 is identical operation principles with injecting current source array 2.All input data all realize that by control logic circuit 6 control logic circuit 6 can obtain by the row truth table to the mapping of control data.
During top circuit was described, current source, switch, switched capacitor array all were mature technologies, and different implementations can be arranged, so just use current source, switch and switched capacitor array illustrate, do not relate to specific implementation.Control logic circuit 6 is set according to concrete execution mode, provides a concrete realization example below:
Truth table:
| Data_1 | Data_2 | Data_3 | Data_4 | a[1:3] | b[1:3] | K | c[1:n] |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 0 | Con_word_1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 111 | 111 | 0 | Con_word_1 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 000 | 000 | 0 | Con_word_2 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 110 | 110 | 0 | Con_word_2 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 000 | 000 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 110 | 110 | 0 | Con_word_3 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 100 | 0 | |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 111 | 111 | 0 | Con_word_4 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 100 | 1 | Con_word_1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 111 | 111 | 1 | Con_word_1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 000 | 000 | 1 | Con_word_2 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 110 | 110 | 1 | Con_word_2 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 000 | 000 | 1 | Con_word_3 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 110 | 110 | 1 | Con_word_3 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 1 | Con_word_4 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 111 | 111 | 1 | Con_word_4 |
Fig. 5 A is switched capacitor array 4, and the number of its switching capacity unit and the size of specific capacitance are determined by the precision decision of required frequency modulation and the scope of frequency modulation.In switched capacitor array 4, also can add a varactor unit, in order to reach better precision.
Fig. 5 B is a unit in the switched capacitor array, and this switch can reduce transistor conduct resistance to the influence of the quality factor of whole LC parallel network.
By above-mentioned analysis as can be seen, add on the basis of existing technology and inject current array and local oscillator current array, the amplitude modulation function of realization, and then in conjunction with existing phasing technique, 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) of realization.
The non-elaborated part of the present invention belongs to techniques well known.
It is a kind of to should be pointed out that above enforcement is just used, and is not limited thereto in the practical application.In real world applications, as long as realize the changes in amplitude of injection locking by changing injection electric current and local oscillator electric current, all belong to protection content of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. realize 16 quadrature amplitude modulator for one kind, it is characterized in that comprising: injection locked oscillator (1), injection current source array (2), local oscillator current source array (3), switched capacitor array (4), negater circuit (5), control logic circuit (6) and output buffer (7); Described injection current source array (2) but be connected on after the current source parallel connection by No. four switches between the common source end and ground of ascending pipe of injection locked oscillator (1), but but in the current source of No. four switches, have the switch in the circuit source of No. one switch to be in closed condition always; Described local oscillator current source array (3) but be connected on after the current source parallel connection by No. four switches between the common source end and ground of dynatron of injection locked oscillator (1), but but in the current source of four switches, have the switch of the current source of No. one switch to be in closed condition always; The two ends of described switched capacitor array (4) are connected on the difference output two ends of injection locked oscillator (1) respectively; The input of described negater circuit (5) links to each other with the difference output end of injection locked oscillator (1), and the output of negater circuit (5) links to each other with output buffer (7); The input of control logic circuit (6) namely wants modulated signal and four tunnel control words to form by four tunnel single-bit parallel datas; 3 control signal, the control signal of 3 local oscillator current source array (3), the control signal of switched capacitor array (4) and control signals of negater circuit (5) of injecting current source array (3) of output output of control logic circuit (6); Control logic circuit (6) links to each other with negater circuit (5) switch with the switch of the current source that injects current source array (2), the current supply switch of local oscillator current source array (3), the switch of switched capacitor array (4) respectively.
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| CN201310085160.6A CN103199796B (en) | 2013-03-18 | 2013-03-18 | One realizes 16 quadrature amplitude modulator |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310085160.6A CN103199796B (en) | 2013-03-18 | 2013-03-18 | One realizes 16 quadrature amplitude modulator |
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| CN103199796B CN103199796B (en) | 2016-08-03 |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106788402A (en) * | 2017-02-28 | 2017-05-31 | 桂林电子科技大学 | A kind of uniform wideband voltage controlled oscillator of band separation |
| FR3101213A1 (en) | 2019-09-24 | 2021-03-26 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | PHASE AND / OR AMPLITUDE MODULATION DEVICE |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101820250A (en) * | 2010-04-15 | 2010-09-01 | 复旦大学 | Wideband orthogonal dual-mode voltage controlled oscillator |
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2013
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Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101820250A (en) * | 2010-04-15 | 2010-09-01 | 复旦大学 | Wideband orthogonal dual-mode voltage controlled oscillator |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| MEHRAN M.IZAD等: "《Proc.IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf》", 30 September 2012 * |
| SHENGXI DIAO等: "A50-Mb/s CMOS QPSK/O-QPSK Transmitter Employing Injection Locking for Direct Modulation", 《IEEE TRANSACTION ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES》 * |
| 周功孩等: "带自适应体偏置的宽带LCVCO自动幅度控制策略", 《现代电子技术》 * |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106788402A (en) * | 2017-02-28 | 2017-05-31 | 桂林电子科技大学 | A kind of uniform wideband voltage controlled oscillator of band separation |
| CN106788402B (en) * | 2017-02-28 | 2023-03-28 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Broadband voltage-controlled oscillator with uniform frequency band interval |
| FR3101213A1 (en) | 2019-09-24 | 2021-03-26 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | PHASE AND / OR AMPLITUDE MODULATION DEVICE |
| EP3799300A1 (en) | 2019-09-24 | 2021-03-31 | Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives | Device for phase modulation or phase and amplitude modulation |
| EP3799301A1 (en) | 2019-09-24 | 2021-03-31 | Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives | Device and method for amplitude modulation |
| US11316503B2 (en) | 2019-09-24 | 2022-04-26 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Device for phase and/or amplitude modulation |
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