CN103185708B - Online detection apparatus and method for soil elements - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种土壤元素在线检测装置与方法,该装置包括入土检测部件和激光发射及检测系统,所述入土检测部件通过光纤与所述激光发射及检测系统连接,所述入土检测部件包括壳体和设置在所述壳体内的聚焦透镜,所述激光发射及检测系统包括激光发射系统、激光采集系统和控制系统,所述激光发射系统分别与所述聚焦透镜及所述控制系统连接,所述激光采集系统分别与所述聚焦透镜及所述控制系统连接。该方法包括如下入土检测、采集土壤等离子体衰减光谱信息、形成待测土壤的激光等离子体光谱及计算待测土壤中元素成分的含量步骤。本发明可在大田环境下实现土壤的在线和原位检测。
An online detection device and method for soil elements, the device includes a soil penetration detection component and a laser emission and detection system, the soil penetration detection component is connected to the laser emission and detection system through an optical fiber, and the soil penetration detection component includes a housing and a device The focusing lens in the housing, the laser emission and detection system includes a laser emission system, a laser collection system and a control system, the laser emission system is connected with the focus lens and the control system respectively, and the laser collection system The system is respectively connected with the focusing lens and the control system. The method includes the following steps of soil entry detection, collecting soil plasma attenuation spectrum information, forming laser plasma spectrum of the soil to be tested and calculating the content of elemental components in the soil to be tested. The invention can realize the on-line and in-situ detection of soil in the field environment.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及一种土肥检测方法和装置,特别是一种对大田土壤养分进行实时、在线快速检测分析的土壤元素(特别是氮磷钾元素)在线检测装置与方法。The invention relates to a soil and fertilizer detection method and device, in particular to an online detection device and method for soil elements (especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements) for real-time, on-line rapid detection and analysis of field soil nutrients.
背景技术 Background technique
土壤养分检测是测土配方施肥的基础环节,是精细施肥管理的重要前提和保障,它通过对土壤中氮、磷、钾、有机质、水分、电导率、pH值等重要信息的检测,协调分析土壤供肥力、作物需肥量和肥料养分含量之间的关系,确定科学合理的施肥种类、数量、时间和方法。目前土壤养分实验室检测中采用了大量的大(中)型检测仪器进行分析,如高效气相色谱仪、离子色谱仪、连续流动注射分析仪和分光光度仪等,虽可实现多化学成分的同时测量,检测结果稳定、精度较高。但在实践应用过程中,现行方法也存在如下弊端:第一,检测价格偏高。受检测仪器、人员培训及化学试剂成本限制,目前土壤检测实验室对单样本的测试费用在100~200元左右,在产出投入盈利状况不明显的情况下,大多数农民很难主动推行农田养分检测。第二,检测结果代表性差。我国人均耕地面积不足0.1hm2,生产管理分散,耕地肥力差异较大。然而,《测土配方施肥技术规范(试行)》提出的田间采样单元为5~15hm2。这样的土壤样品采集方法对我国北方一些大规模农场可能适用,而对我国普遍存在的小规模农田适用性不强。第三,测土时效性较差。从采集土样,送至县级以上实验室,经实验室测定后反馈测土信息,到最终给出施肥指导建议的周期至少需5~10天。实际应用中,农民往往拿到了实验室的分析结果,却错过了作物施肥的最佳时间。因此,这已成为精细农业实践中实现节本增效、精细变量施肥面临的瓶颈性问题。而土壤在线速测技术相较于常规实验室分析方法,时效性更好,成本更低廉,测试设备更简便,测试精度不必过高只需满足应用要求即可,因此该技术是农业土壤养分测量领域的研究热点,随着测土配方施肥在全国范围内推广应用,迫切需要推进研究快速、可靠的土壤肥料在线测试方法。Soil nutrient detection is the basic link of soil testing and formula fertilization, and is an important prerequisite and guarantee for fine fertilization management. It coordinates and analyzes important information such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, moisture, electrical conductivity, and pH value in the soil. The relationship between soil fertility, crop fertilizer requirements and fertilizer nutrient content, determine the scientific and reasonable type, quantity, time and method of fertilization. At present, a large number of large (medium) detection instruments are used in soil nutrient laboratory testing, such as high-efficiency gas chromatography, ion chromatography, continuous flow injection analyzer and spectrophotometer, etc., although multiple chemical components can be simultaneously analyzed. Measurement, the detection result is stable and the precision is high. However, in the process of practical application, the current method also has the following disadvantages: first, the detection price is relatively high. Limited by the cost of testing instruments, personnel training and chemical reagents, the cost of testing a single sample in a soil testing laboratory is currently around 100 to 200 yuan. It is difficult for most farmers to take the initiative to promote farmland when the profitability of output and input is not obvious. Nutrient testing. Second, the representativeness of the test results is poor. The per capita arable land area in China is less than 0.1hm 2 , the production management is scattered, and the arable land fertility varies greatly. However, the field sampling unit proposed in "Technical Specifications for Soil Testing and Formulated Fertilization (Trial)" is 5~15hm 2 . This method of soil sample collection may be applicable to some large-scale farms in northern my country, but it is not applicable to small-scale farmlands that are common in my country. Third, the timeliness of soil testing is poor. It takes at least 5 to 10 days from collecting soil samples, sending them to laboratories above the county level, and feeding back soil testing information after laboratory testing, to finally giving guidance on fertilization. In practical applications, farmers often get the laboratory analysis results, but miss the best time for crop fertilization. Therefore, this has become a bottleneck problem in the practice of precision agriculture to achieve cost-saving and efficiency-enhancing, fine variable fertilization. Compared with conventional laboratory analysis methods, soil online rapid measurement technology has better timeliness, lower cost, simpler testing equipment, and the testing accuracy does not need to be too high as long as it meets the application requirements. With the popularization and application of soil testing and formula fertilization nationwide, it is urgent to promote the research on fast and reliable online testing methods for soil and fertilizer.
土壤是复杂多相的聚合体,受多因素的影响土壤养分在线快速检测技术一直都是精准农业前端信息获取难以突破的技术瓶颈,因此探索适用于农田现场土壤氮磷钾快速在线实时检测方法,并开发专用检测仪器装备,对于高效、精确地了解农田土壤养分空间分布状况,降低土地化肥施用,减少环境污染,提升农产品品质,保证现代农业快速可持续发展,促进农业科技进步有着重要的现实意义。Soil is a complex multi-phase aggregate, which is affected by multiple factors. The online rapid detection technology of soil nutrients has always been a technical bottleneck that is difficult to break through in the acquisition of front-end information for precision agriculture. And the development of special testing equipment is of great practical significance for efficiently and accurately understanding the spatial distribution of soil nutrients in farmland, reducing the use of land chemical fertilizers, reducing environmental pollution, improving the quality of agricultural products, ensuring the rapid and sustainable development of modern agriculture, and promoting the progress of agricultural science and technology. .
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种用于大田环境下土壤氮磷钾等元素检测的方法以及装置,以解决土肥在线快速检测的技术瓶颈,实现土壤的在线和原位检测。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method and device for detecting elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the field environment, so as to solve the technical bottleneck of online rapid detection of soil and fertilizer, and realize online and in-situ detection of soil.
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供了一种土壤元素在线检测装置,其中,包括入土检测部件和激光发射及检测系统,所述入土检测部件通过光纤与所述激光发射及检测系统连接,所述入土检测部件包括壳体和设置在所述壳体内的聚焦透镜,所述激光发射及检测系统包括激光发射系统、激光采集系统和控制系统,所述激光发射系统分别与所述聚焦透镜及所述控制系统连接,所述激光采集系统分别与所述聚焦透镜及所述控制系统连接,所述激光采集系统用于采集待测土壤等离子衰减过程中生成的原子光谱信号并传输至所述控制系统,所述控制系统处理分析所述原子光谱信号并与土壤成分定量分析模型比较计算得到待测土壤中元素成分的含量。In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides an online detection device for soil elements, which includes a soil penetration detection component and a laser emission and detection system, the soil penetration detection component is connected to the laser emission and detection system through an optical fiber, and the soil penetration The detection component includes a housing and a focusing lens arranged in the housing, and the laser emitting and detecting system includes a laser emitting system, a laser acquisition system and a control system, and the laser emitting system is connected with the focusing lens and the control system respectively. System connection, the laser acquisition system is connected with the focusing lens and the control system respectively, the laser acquisition system is used to collect the atomic spectrum signal generated in the soil plasma decay process to be measured and transmit it to the control system, the The control system processes and analyzes the atomic spectrum signal and compares it with the soil component quantitative analysis model to calculate the content of element components in the soil to be tested.
上述的土壤元素在线检测装置,其中,所述入土检测部件还包括破土机构,所述破土机构设置在所述壳体的前端,用于减小所述壳体在土壤中前进的工作阻力,所述破土机构包括犁型开沟器,所述犁型开沟器设置在所述壳体的前端底部。The above-mentioned soil element online detection device, wherein, the soil penetration detection part further includes a soil breaking mechanism, the soil breaking mechanism is arranged at the front end of the casing, and is used to reduce the working resistance of the casing moving forward in the soil, so The ground-breaking mechanism includes a plow-type furrow opener, and the plow-type furrow opener is arranged at the bottom of the front end of the housing.
上述的土壤元素在线检测装置,其中,所述破土机构还包括破土刃,所述破土刃设置在所述犁型开沟器的上方并安装在所述壳体上。In the above online detection device for soil elements, the soil breaking mechanism further includes a soil breaking blade, and the soil breaking blade is arranged above the plow opener and mounted on the housing.
上述的土壤元素在线检测装置,其中,所述入土检测部件还包括一刮板,用于平整待测土壤的检测面,所述刮板设置在所述犁型开沟器的后方并安装在所述壳体的底端。The above-mentioned soil element online detection device, wherein, the soil-entry detection part further includes a scraper for leveling the detection surface of the soil to be tested, and the scraper is arranged behind the plow opener and installed on the bottom of the housing.
上述的土壤元素在线检测装置,其中,所述入土检测部件还包括一遮光板,用于屏蔽外界杂光的干扰,所述遮光板安装在所述壳体的底部并相对于所述刮板设置。The above-mentioned soil element online detection device, wherein, the soil penetration detection part further includes a shading plate for shielding the interference of external stray light, and the shading plate is installed at the bottom of the housing and arranged relative to the scraper .
上述的土壤元素在线检测装置,其中,所述激光采集系统包括单色仪、直接频率合成器、检测控制器和延时产生器,所述单色仪通过光纤与所述聚焦透镜连接,所述直接频率合成器与所述单色仪连接,所述检测控制器分别与所述单色仪及所述控制系统连接,所述延时产生器分别与所述检测控制器及所述控制系统连接。The above-mentioned online detection device for soil elements, wherein the laser acquisition system includes a monochromator, a direct frequency synthesizer, a detection controller and a delay generator, the monochromator is connected to the focusing lens through an optical fiber, and the The direct frequency synthesizer is connected with the monochromator, the detection controller is respectively connected with the monochromator and the control system, and the delay generator is connected with the detection controller and the control system respectively .
上述的土壤元素在线检测装置,其中,所述入土检测部件还包括一测距传感器,用于实时检测所述壳体的入土深度,所述测距传感器通过一支架安装在所述壳体的上端并与所述控制系统连接。The above-mentioned soil element online detection device, wherein, the soil penetration detection part further includes a distance measuring sensor for real-time detection of the soil penetration depth of the casing, and the distance measurement sensor is installed on the upper end of the casing through a bracket And connected with the control system.
为了更好地实现上述目的,本发明还提供了一种土壤元素在线检测方法,采用上述的土壤元素在线检测装置,其中,包括如下步骤:In order to better achieve the above object, the present invention also provides a method for online detection of soil elements, using the above-mentioned online detection device for soil elements, which includes the following steps:
a、入土检测,使所述入土检测部件到达待测土壤指定深度;a. Soil penetration detection, so that the soil penetration detection component reaches the specified depth of the soil to be tested;
b、采集土壤等离子体衰减光谱信息,所述控制系统启动激光发射及检测系统,所述激光发射系统发射激光并通过所述光纤传导入所述聚焦透镜,经所述聚焦透镜汇聚光线后直接照射于土壤待测面,得到待测土壤等离子衰减过程中生成的原子光谱信号并经所述光纤传导至所述激光采集系统中,所述激光采集系统采集所述原子光谱信号并经AD转换后传输至所述控制系统;b. Collect soil plasma attenuation spectrum information, the control system starts the laser emission and detection system, the laser emission system emits laser light and transmits it to the focusing lens through the optical fiber, and directly irradiates it after the light is converged by the focusing lens On the surface of the soil to be measured, the atomic spectrum signal generated during the plasma attenuation process of the soil to be measured is obtained and transmitted to the laser collection system through the optical fiber, and the laser collection system collects the atomic spectrum signal and transmits it after AD conversion to said control system;
c、形成待测土壤的激光等离子体光谱,所述控制系统处理并分析所述原子光谱信号,得到待测土壤的激光等离子体光谱;c. Forming the laser plasma spectrum of the soil to be measured, the control system processes and analyzes the atomic spectrum signal to obtain the laser plasma spectrum of the soil to be measured;
d、计算待测土壤中元素成分的含量,利用待测土壤的激光等离子体光谱和土壤成分定量分析模型,计算得到待测土壤中元素成分的含量。d. Calculate the content of elemental components in the soil to be tested, and use the laser plasma spectrum of the soil to be tested and the quantitative analysis model of soil components to calculate the content of elemental components in the soil to be tested.
上述的土壤元素在线检测方法,其中,所述土壤成分定量分析模型采用如下步骤获得:The above-mentioned method for online detection of soil elements, wherein the quantitative analysis model of the soil components is obtained by the following steps:
s1、采用a~c所述的步骤得到待测土壤的激光等离子体光谱;s1. Obtain the laser plasma spectrum of the soil to be tested by using the steps described in a to c;
s2、建立光谱数据样品集,对所述激光等离子体光谱进行预处理,删除所述激光等离子体光谱的数据异样样本点,建立删选后的所述激光等离子体光谱的数据样品集;s2. Establishing a spectral data sample set, preprocessing the laser plasma spectrum, deleting abnormal data sample points of the laser plasma spectrum, and establishing a deleted data sample set of the laser plasma spectrum;
s3、建立土壤成分定量分析模型,根据确定波长的土壤养分元素特征等离子光谱线,采用内标法对所述激光等离子体光谱的数据样品集校正分析,并建立所述土壤成分定量分析模型。s3. Establishing a soil component quantitative analysis model, using the internal standard method to correct and analyze the data sample set of the laser plasma spectrum according to the characteristic plasma spectral line of the soil nutrient elements at a determined wavelength, and establishing the soil component quantitative analysis model.
上述的土壤元素在线检测方法,其中,步骤s3中,确定土壤氮元素为744.23nm和746.83nm,土壤磷元素为255.32nm和253.56nm,土壤钾元素为766.49nm和769.90nm的波长处的光谱发射强度和内标元素发射强度之比,利用二元线性回归方法建立所述土壤成分定量分析模型。The above-mentioned soil element online detection method, wherein, in step s3, it is determined that the soil nitrogen element is 744.23nm and 746.83nm, the soil phosphorus element is 255.32nm and 253.56nm, and the soil potassium element is the spectral emission at the wavelength of 766.49nm and 769.90nm Intensity and internal standard element emission intensity ratio, using binary linear regression method to establish the quantitative analysis model of the soil components.
本发明的技术效果在于:本发明克服了传统农田土肥检测技术价格高、代表性低、时效性差的不足,解决了土肥在线快速检测的技术瓶颈,实现了土壤的“在线”和“原位”检测。本发明的装置可直接悬挂于拖拉机后,实现土壤氮磷钾等元素大范围在线检测,在较短时间内生成土壤养分空间分布图,有效地指导后续精准农业变量化作业。The technical effect of the present invention is: the present invention overcomes the shortcomings of traditional farmland soil and fertilizer detection technology such as high price, low representativeness, and poor timeliness, solves the technical bottleneck of online rapid detection of soil and fertilizer, and realizes "online" and "in situ" of soil detection. The device of the present invention can be directly hung behind a tractor to realize large-scale online detection of elements such as soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and generate a spatial distribution map of soil nutrients in a relatively short period of time, effectively guiding subsequent precision agricultural variable operations.
以下结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行详细描述,但不作为对本发明的限定。The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, but not as a limitation of the present invention.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1为本发明一实施例的检测装置结构示意图;Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a detection device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图2为本发明一实施例的入土检测部件结构示意图;Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a soil penetration detection component according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图3为土壤氮元素等离子光谱特征谱线;Fig. 3 is soil nitrogen element plasma spectrum characteristic line;
图4为土壤磷元素等离子光谱特征谱线;Fig. 4 is soil phosphorus element plasma spectrum characteristic line;
图5为土壤钾元素等离子光谱特征谱线;Fig. 5 is soil potassium element plasma spectrum characteristic line;
图6为本发明一实施例的检测方法流程图;6 is a flow chart of a detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图7为本发明一实施例的建立土壤成分定量分析模型流程图。Fig. 7 is a flowchart of establishing a quantitative analysis model of soil components according to an embodiment of the present invention.
其中,附图标记Among them, reference signs
1 入土检测部件1 Soil entry detection parts
11 壳体11 Housing
12 聚焦透镜12 focus lens
13 破土机构13 Ground-breaking institutions
131 开沟器131 Openers
132 破土刃132 Earth Breaker
14 刮板14 scraper
15 遮光板15 visor
16 测距传感器16 distance sensor
17 支架17 bracket
18 透镜安装座18 lens mount
2 激光发射及检测系统2 Laser emission and detection system
21 激光发射系统21 Laser emission system
22 激光采集系统22 Laser acquisition system
221 单色仪221 Monochromator
222 直接频率合成器222 direct frequency synthesizer
223 检测控制器223 detection controller
224 延时产生器224 delay generator
23 控制系统23 control system
3 光纤3 optical fiber
31 入射光纤31 incident fiber
32 采集光纤32 collection fiber
A 检测点A detection point
B 土壤层表面B Soil layer surface
C 土壤待测面C Soil surface to be tested
a~d、s1~s3 步骤a~d, s1~s3 steps
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
下面结合附图对本发明的结构原理和工作原理作具体的描述:Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, structural principle and working principle of the present invention are specifically described:
参见图1,图1为本发明一实施例的检测装置结构示意图。本发明的土壤元素在线检测装置,包括入土检测部件1和激光发射及检测系统2,所述入土检测部件1通过光纤3与所述激光发射及检测系统2连接,所述入土检测部件1包括壳体11和设置在所述壳体11内的聚焦透镜12,壳体优选钢材质,所述激光发射及检测系统2包括激光发射系统21、激光采集系统22和控制系统23,所述激光发射系统21分别与所述聚焦透镜12及所述控制系统23连接,所述激光采集系统22分别与所述聚焦透镜12及所述控制系统23连接,所述激光采集系统22用于采集待测土壤等离子衰减过程中生成的原子光谱信号并传输至所述控制系统23,所述控制系统23处理分析所述原子光谱信号并与土壤成分定量分析模型比较计算得到待测土壤中元素成分的含量。本实施例中,光纤3包括入射光纤31和采集光纤32,聚焦透镜12优选为两个,该两个聚焦透镜12分别通过透镜安装座18定位于壳体11的腔内,调整透镜安装座18使其两聚焦透镜12焦点位于土壤待测面C并会聚与同一检测点A上。在透镜安装座18上端分别连有入射光纤31和采集光纤32,调整入射光纤31和采集光纤32的位置并分别固定,使入射光纤31和采集光纤32的端口分别位于两聚焦透镜12的另一焦点处。Referring to FIG. 1 , FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a detection device according to an embodiment of the present invention. The soil element on-line detection device of the present invention comprises a soil penetration detection component 1 and a laser emission and detection system 2, the soil penetration detection component 1 is connected to the laser emission and detection system 2 through an optical fiber 3, and the soil penetration detection component 1 includes a shell body 11 and the focusing lens 12 arranged in the housing 11, the housing is preferably made of steel, the laser emission and detection system 2 includes a laser emission system 21, a laser acquisition system 22 and a control system 23, the laser emission system 21 are respectively connected with the focus lens 12 and the control system 23, the laser collection system 22 is connected with the focus lens 12 and the control system 23 respectively, and the laser collection system 22 is used to collect the soil plasma to be measured The atomic spectrum signal generated during the attenuation process is transmitted to the control system 23, and the control system 23 processes and analyzes the atomic spectrum signal and compares it with the soil component quantitative analysis model to calculate the content of element components in the soil to be tested. In this embodiment, the optical fiber 3 includes an incident optical fiber 31 and a collection optical fiber 32, preferably two focusing lenses 12, and the two focusing lenses 12 are respectively positioned in the cavity of the housing 11 through the lens mounting seat 18, and the lens mounting seat 18 is adjusted The focal points of the two focusing lenses 12 are located on the surface C of the soil to be measured and converge on the same detection point A. The upper end of the lens mount 18 is connected with incident optical fiber 31 and collecting optical fiber 32 respectively, adjust the positions of incident optical fiber 31 and collecting optical fiber 32 and fix them respectively, so that the ports of incident optical fiber 31 and collecting optical fiber 32 are located at the other side of two focusing lenses 12 respectively. focus.
参见图2,图2为本发明一实施例的入土检测部件结构示意图。本实施例中,所述入土检测部件1还包括破土机构13,所述破土机构13设置在所述壳体11的前端,用于减小所述壳体11在土壤中前进的工作阻力,所述破土机构13包括开沟器131,优选犁型结构的开沟器,所述犁型结构的开沟器131设置在所述壳体11的前端底部。所述破土机构13还包括破土刃132,所述破土刃132设置在所述开沟器131的上方并安装在所述壳体11上,或者所述开沟器131与所述壳体11之间设置一肋板,所述破土刃132设置在该肋板的前端,也可与该肋板为一体结构。本实施例中,所述入土检测部件1还可包括一刮板14,用于平整待测土壤待测面C,所述刮板14设置在所述开沟器131的后方并安装在所述壳体11的底端。所述入土检测部件1还可包括一遮光板15,用于屏蔽外界杂光的干扰,进一步了提高检测的精度,所述遮光板15安装在所述壳体11的底部并相对于所述刮板14设置。Referring to FIG. 2 , FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a soil penetration detection component according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the soil-entry detection component 1 further includes a soil-breaking mechanism 13, which is arranged at the front end of the housing 11 to reduce the working resistance of the housing 11 advancing in the soil. The ground breaking mechanism 13 includes a furrow opener 131 , preferably a plow-shaped furrow opener, and the plow-shaped furrow opener 131 is arranged at the bottom of the front end of the housing 11 . The soil breaking mechanism 13 also includes a soil breaking blade 132, and the soil breaking blade 132 is arranged above the ditch opener 131 and installed on the housing 11, or between the ditch opener 131 and the housing 11. A rib is arranged between them, and the soil-breaking blade 132 is arranged on the front end of the rib, and can also be integrated with the rib. In this embodiment, the soil penetration detection component 1 may also include a scraper 14 for leveling the surface C of the soil to be tested. The scraper 14 is arranged behind the opener 131 and installed on the The bottom end of the housing 11. The soil-entry detection part 1 can also include a shading plate 15, which is used to shield the interference of stray light from the outside, and further improves the accuracy of detection. The shading plate 15 is installed on the bottom of the housing 11 and relatively Plate 14 is provided.
本实施例中,所述激光采集系统22包括单色仪221、直接频率合成器222、检测控制器223和延时产生器224,所述单色仪221通过光纤3与所述聚焦透镜12连接,所述直接频率合成器222与所述单色仪221连接,所述检测控制器223分别与所述单色仪221及所述控制系统23连接,所述延时产生器224分别与所述检测控制器223及所述控制系统23连接。为实现土壤养分在同一土壤深度的“原位”检测,所述入土检测部件1还可包括一测距传感器16,用于实时检测所述壳体11的入土深度,可通过驱动相应的电控机械单元,保持土壤养分检测的均一深度,所述测距传感器16可通过一支架17安装在所述壳体11的上端并与所述控制系统23连接。In this embodiment, the laser acquisition system 22 includes a monochromator 221, a direct frequency synthesizer 222, a detection controller 223 and a delay generator 224, and the monochromator 221 is connected to the focusing lens 12 through an optical fiber 3 , the direct frequency synthesizer 222 is connected with the monochromator 221, the detection controller 223 is connected with the monochromator 221 and the control system 23 respectively, and the delay generator 224 is respectively connected with the The detection controller 223 is connected to the control system 23 . In order to realize the "in situ" detection of soil nutrients at the same soil depth, the soil penetration detection part 1 may also include a ranging sensor 16 for real-time detection of the soil penetration depth of the housing 11, which can be driven by corresponding electronically controlled The mechanical unit maintains a uniform depth of soil nutrient detection. The distance measuring sensor 16 can be installed on the upper end of the housing 11 through a bracket 17 and connected to the control system 23 .
参见图6,图6为本发明一实施例的检测方法流程图。本发明的土壤元素在线检测方法,包括如下步骤:Referring to FIG. 6, FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a detection method according to an embodiment of the present invention. The soil element online detection method of the present invention comprises the following steps:
步骤a、入土检测,使所述入土检测部件1到达待测土壤指定深度;Step a, soil penetration detection, making the soil penetration detection component 1 reach the specified depth of the soil to be tested;
步骤b、采集土壤等离子体衰减光谱信息,所述控制系统23启动激光发射及检测系统2,所述激光发射系统21发射激光并通过所述光纤3传导入所述聚焦透镜12,经所述聚焦透镜12汇聚光线后直接照射于土壤待测面C,得到待测土壤等离子衰减过程中生成的原子光谱信号并经所述光纤3传导至所述激光采集系统22中,所述激光采集系统22采集所述原子光谱信号并经AD转换后传输至所述控制系统23;Step b, collecting soil plasma attenuation spectrum information, the control system 23 starts the laser emission and detection system 2, the laser emission system 21 emits laser light and transmits it to the focusing lens 12 through the optical fiber 3, and the focusing The lens 12 condenses the light and directly irradiates the surface C of the soil to be measured to obtain the atomic spectrum signal generated during the plasma attenuation process of the soil to be measured, and transmits it to the laser collection system 22 through the optical fiber 3, and the laser collection system 22 collects The atomic spectrum signal is transmitted to the control system 23 after AD conversion;
步骤c、形成待测土壤的激光等离子体光谱,所述控制系统23处理并分析所述原子光谱信号,得到待测土壤的激光等离子体光谱;Step c, forming the laser plasma spectrum of the soil to be tested, the control system 23 processes and analyzes the atomic spectrum signal to obtain the laser plasma spectrum of the soil to be tested;
步骤d、计算待测土壤中元素成分的含量,利用待测土壤的激光等离子体光谱和土壤成分定量分析模型,计算得到待测土壤中元素成分的含量。Step d, calculating the content of elemental components in the soil to be tested, using the laser plasma spectrum of the soil to be tested and the quantitative analysis model of soil components to calculate the content of elemental components in the soil to be tested.
参见图7,图7为本发明一实施例的建立土壤成分定量分析模型流程图。所述土壤成分定量分析模型可采用如下步骤获得:Referring to Fig. 7, Fig. 7 is a flowchart of establishing a quantitative analysis model of soil components according to an embodiment of the present invention. Described soil component quantitative analysis model can adopt following steps to obtain:
步骤s1、采用步骤a~c所述的步骤得到待测土壤的激光等离子体光谱;Step s1, adopting the steps described in steps a to c to obtain the laser plasma spectrum of the soil to be tested;
步骤s2、建立光谱数据样品集,对所述激光等离子体光谱进行预处理,删除所述激光等离子体光谱的数据异样样本点,建立删选后的所述激光等离子体光谱的数据样品集;Step s2, establishing a spectral data sample set, performing preprocessing on the laser plasma spectrum, deleting abnormal data sample points of the laser plasma spectrum, and establishing a deleted data sample set of the laser plasma spectrum;
步骤s3、建立土壤成分定量分析模型,根据确定波长的土壤养分元素特征等离子光谱线,采用内标法对所述激光等离子体光谱的数据样品集校正分析,并建立所述土壤成分定量分析模型。Step s3, establishing a soil component quantitative analysis model, and using the internal standard method to calibrate and analyze the data sample set of the laser plasma spectrum according to the characteristic plasma spectral line of the soil nutrient elements at a determined wavelength, and establish the soil component quantitative analysis model.
其中,确定土壤氮元素为744.23nm和746.83nm,土壤磷元素为255.32nm和253.56nm,土壤钾元素为766.49nm和769.90nm的波长处的光谱发射强度和内标元素发射强度之比,利用二元线性回归方法建立所述土壤成分定量分析模型。Wherein, it is determined that the soil nitrogen element is 744.23nm and 746.83nm, the soil phosphorus element is 255.32nm and 253.56nm, and the soil potassium element is the ratio of the spectral emission intensity at the wavelength of 766.49nm and 769.90nm and the emission intensity of the internal standard element, using two A linear regression method was used to establish the quantitative analysis model of the soil components.
激光光谱分析采用高能激光脉冲直接击中土壤样品表面,在分析材料表面形成高强度激光光斑(等离子体),将样品中的待测元素激发至高能态,当它们回到基态时会发出各自的特征光谱,对此光谱进行探测可同时获得土壤中的所有元素种类和含量信息。该方法采用激光束直接激发,很少的土壤样品就可以进行高通量的分析,可实现土壤的“在线”和“原位”检测,又由于该方法通常可在数秒内完成一次测量,故可实现“实时”和“快速”检测,相较其他土肥分析技术具有明显优势。Laser spectroscopy uses high-energy laser pulses to directly hit the surface of the soil sample, forming a high-intensity laser spot (plasma) on the surface of the analyzed material, which excites the elements to be measured in the sample to a high-energy state, and when they return to the ground state, they emit their respective The characteristic spectrum, the detection of this spectrum can simultaneously obtain all the element types and content information in the soil. This method uses laser beams to directly excite, and few soil samples can be used for high-throughput analysis, which can realize "on-line" and "in-situ" detection of soil, and because this method can usually complete a measurement within a few seconds, so It can realize "real-time" and "rapid" detection, and has obvious advantages over other soil and fertilizer analysis technologies.
本发明一实施例的具体工作过程可如下完成:The concrete work process of an embodiment of the present invention can be finished as follows:
1、将本发明的土壤元素在线检测装置悬挂于拖拉机后部,首先通过超声波测距传感器16检测装置当前入土深度(即土壤待测面C到土壤层表面B的距离),然后使入土检测部件1到达待测土壤指定深度,可采用电控机械装置驱动该入土检测部件1入土,在农田前进作业过程中,通过犁型开沟和刮板14共同作用,形成平整的土壤待测剖面;1, the soil element on-line detection device of the present invention is hung on the tractor rear portion, at first by the ultrasonic ranging sensor 16 detection device current depth of penetration (i.e. the distance from the soil surface to be measured C to the surface of the soil layer B), and then the penetration detection part 1. When the specified depth of the soil to be tested is reached, the soil entry detection part 1 can be driven into the soil by an electronically controlled mechanical device. During the forward operation of the farmland, a flat soil section to be tested is formed through the joint action of the plow type ditch and the scraper 14;
2、利用激光发射及检测系统进行激光发射及土壤等离子体衰减光谱数据采集;2. Use the laser emission and detection system to collect laser emission and soil plasma attenuation spectrum data;
启动Nd:YAG激光器,发射激光波长为1064nm,脉宽8ns,重复频率10Hz,最大脉冲能量为200mJ。激光通过入射光纤31传导进入壳体11内的光路系统,经聚焦透镜12汇聚光线后直接照射于土壤待测剖面,待测土壤在瞬间高能激光束的照射下达到击穿阈值,局部诱导生成等离子体,在等离子衰减过程中生成的原子光谱信号经聚焦透镜12会聚后,信号光斑完全入射到采集光纤32的端口中,采集光纤32同AOTF单色仪221连接。通过控制直接频率合成器222的频率输出,经声光相互作用,实现电调谐入射光波长扫描。由上位机设置延时产生器224的最优采样延时时间和采样门宽,Nd:YAG激光器发射脉冲激光后触发延时产生器224工作,经采样延时后驱动检测控制器223实现光谱信号的采集检测,电信号经AD转换后发送入上位机,通过上位机的处理分析,得到待测土壤的激光等离子体光谱。设定拖拉机在田间作业的速度为5公里/小时,激光发射和土壤等离子信号采集用时在2秒钟,因此土壤氮磷钾采样间距为2米,完全符合大田土肥检测的实际需要。;Start the Nd:YAG laser, the emission wavelength is 1064nm, the pulse width is 8ns, the repetition frequency is 10Hz, and the maximum pulse energy is 200mJ. The laser light enters the optical path system in the housing 11 through the incident optical fiber 31, and after the light is converged by the focusing lens 12, it is directly irradiated on the section of the soil to be tested. The soil to be tested reaches the breakdown threshold under the instantaneous high-energy laser beam irradiation, and locally induces the generation of plasma. After the atomic spectrum signal generated during the plasma attenuation process is converged by the focusing lens 12, the signal spot is completely incident on the port of the collection fiber 32, and the collection fiber 32 is connected to the AOTF monochromator 221. By controlling the frequency output of the direct frequency synthesizer 222, through the acousto-optic interaction, the electrical tuning of the incident light wavelength scanning is realized. The optimal sampling delay time and sampling gate width of the delay generator 224 are set by the host computer, and the delay generator 224 is triggered after the Nd:YAG laser emits pulsed laser light, and the detection controller 223 is driven to realize the spectral signal after the sampling delay. The electrical signal is sent to the host computer after AD conversion, and the laser plasma spectrum of the soil to be tested is obtained through the processing and analysis of the host computer. The speed of the tractor in the field is set to 5 km/h, and the laser emission and soil plasma signal acquisition takes 2 seconds. Therefore, the sampling distance of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2 meters, which fully meets the actual needs of field soil and fertilizer detection. ;
3、通过对光谱数据预处理,删除异常样本点,建立样品集,随后采用内标法对样品集光谱数据校正分析,并建立土壤氮磷钾成分定量分析的数学模型。3. Through the preprocessing of the spectral data, delete abnormal sample points, establish a sample set, and then use the internal standard method to correct and analyze the spectral data of the sample set, and establish a mathematical model for the quantitative analysis of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium components.
采集的土壤等离子光谱数据按照本发明的检测方法步骤,通过数据预处理,删除异常样本点,根据土壤氮元素等离子光谱特征谱线在744.23nm和746.83nm,土壤磷元素255.32nm和253.56nm,土壤钾元素766.49nm和769.90nm处光谱发射强度和内标元素发射强度之比,通过二元线性回归建立土壤常规养分预测分析模型;The collected soil plasma spectrum data is in accordance with the detection method steps of the present invention, and through data preprocessing, abnormal sample points are deleted. According to the soil nitrogen element plasma spectrum characteristic line at 744.23nm and 746.83nm, soil phosphorus element 255.32nm and 253.56nm, soil The ratio of the spectral emission intensity of the potassium element at 766.49nm and 769.90nm to the emission intensity of the internal standard element is used to establish a soil conventional nutrient prediction and analysis model through binary linear regression;
4、对土壤未知养分含量样品,采集土壤等离子体衰减光谱数据,然后利用上述3中所建立的定量分析模型计算出土壤中养分成分的含量,随之实现对待测土壤养分含量的定量分析。4. For samples with unknown nutrient content in the soil, collect soil plasma attenuation spectrum data, and then use the quantitative analysis model established in the above 3 to calculate the content of nutrient components in the soil, and then realize the quantitative analysis of the nutrient content of the soil to be measured.
其中,对所述激光等离子体光谱进行预处理方法,主要用于删除光谱数据异常样本点。由于激光能量波动、样品不均匀等因素造成光谱强度波动较大,重现性差,致使模型的预测能力大大降低。为此,采用置信度为95%的T检验方法对样本光谱强度进行删选,删选后的光谱数据建立样品集。Wherein, the method for preprocessing the laser plasma spectrum is mainly used to delete abnormal sample points of the spectral data. Due to factors such as laser energy fluctuations and sample inhomogeneity, the spectral intensity fluctuates greatly and the reproducibility is poor, which greatly reduces the predictive ability of the model. For this reason, the T-test method with a confidence level of 95% was used to delete the spectral intensity of the samples, and the spectral data after deletion were used to establish a sample set.
所述的内标法即光谱内标校正方法:本实施例中,以检测土壤所含氮磷钾元素为例进行说明。优选土壤氮元素等离子光谱特征谱线在744.23nm和746.83nm处(参见图3),土壤磷元素等离子光谱特征谱线在255.32nm和253.56nm(参见图4),土壤钾元素等离子光谱特征谱线在766.49nm和769.90nm处(参见图5)。为了消除土壤养分光谱检测严重的基体效应,选定土壤中某含量大致不变的元素为内标元素,对土壤养分元素的等离子谱线强度做内标处理,如土壤氮元素255.32nm处等离子谱线强度处理如下:The internal standard method is the spectral internal standard correction method: In this embodiment, the detection of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements contained in soil is taken as an example for illustration. The preferred soil nitrogen element plasma spectrum characteristic line is at 744.23nm and 746.83nm (see Figure 3), the soil phosphorus element plasma spectrum characteristic line is at 255.32nm and 253.56nm (see Figure 4), and the soil potassium element plasma spectrum characteristic line at 766.49nm and 769.90nm (see Figure 5). In order to eliminate the serious matrix effect of soil nutrient spectrum detection, an element with roughly constant content in the soil is selected as an internal standard element, and the plasma line intensity of soil nutrient elements is treated as an internal standard, such as the plasma spectrum of soil nitrogen at 255.32nm Line strengths are handled as follows:
其中,为土壤氮元素255.32nm处光谱强度内标值,为土壤氮元素255.32nm处光谱原始强度值,Ir为土壤内标元素特征谱线原始强度值。in, is the internal standard value of the spectral intensity of soil nitrogen at 255.32nm, is the original intensity value of the soil nitrogen spectrum at 255.32nm, and Ir is the original intensity value of the characteristic spectral line of the soil internal standard element.
本发明所述土壤成分定量分析模型,采用二元线性回归方法,分别建立土壤氮磷钾元素含量的预测分析模型,实现对待测土壤养分含量的定量分析。以土壤氮元素含量定量分析模型为例:The soil component quantitative analysis model of the present invention adopts a binary linear regression method to respectively establish a predictive analysis model for the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements in the soil, so as to realize the quantitative analysis of the nutrient content of the soil to be measured. Take the quantitative analysis model of soil nitrogen content as an example:
其中,YN为土壤中氮元素的含量,和分别为土壤氮元素在255.32nm和253.56nm处光谱强度内标值,a1、a2以及b为模型标定系数。Among them, Y N is the content of nitrogen in the soil, and are the internal standard values of the spectral intensity of soil nitrogen at 255.32nm and 253.56nm respectively, and a 1 , a 2 and b are model calibration coefficients.
本实施例中,激光发射及检测系统2例如可由Nd:YAG激光器、AOTF单色仪、直接频率合成器(DDS)、检测控制器223、延时产生器224以及上位机构成。Nd:YAG激光器和AOTF单色仪221利用入射光纤31和采集光纤32分别实现激光传送和土壤等离子体光谱的采集。直接频率合成器222(DDS)与AOTF单色仪221直接相连,通过DDS的指定频率的波形输出经射频驱动后控制AOTF单色仪221的分光器件改变单色衍射光波长。为有效提高土壤等离子信号的信噪比和谱线分辨率,上位机发送命令控制延时产生器224,选择合适的采样延迟时间驱动光谱检测控制器223,实现待测土壤离散原子光谱的检测。In this embodiment, the laser emission and detection system 2 can be composed of, for example, a Nd:YAG laser, an AOTF monochromator, a direct frequency synthesizer (DDS), a detection controller 223 , a delay generator 224 and a host computer. The Nd:YAG laser and the AOTF monochromator 221 use the incident optical fiber 31 and the collection optical fiber 32 to realize laser transmission and soil plasma spectrum collection respectively. The direct frequency synthesizer 222 (DDS) is directly connected to the AOTF monochromator 221, and the waveform output of the specified frequency through the DDS is driven by radio frequency to control the spectroscopic device of the AOTF monochromator 221 to change the wavelength of the monochromatic diffracted light. In order to effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio and spectral line resolution of the soil plasma signal, the host computer sends commands to control the delay generator 224, selects an appropriate sampling delay time to drive the spectrum detection controller 223, and realizes the detection of the discrete atomic spectrum of the soil to be measured.
本发明在入土检测部件1的壳体11内集成完整的激光发射及光谱检测光路系统,破土刃132大幅减小了装置入土阻力,而犁型开沟器131、刮板14以及遮光板15设计为高效、准确完成土壤养分在线检测创造了良好的工作环境。该装置结构简单,安装于农业机械后可以快速在线采集大田土壤信息,为农田土壤养分空间分布提供可靠数据保障。本发明适合进行大范围土壤氮磷钾元素检测,可以在较短时间生成土壤养分空间分布图,有效指导后续精准农业变量化作业。The present invention integrates a complete laser emission and spectrum detection optical path system in the casing 11 of the soil entry detection component 1, the soil breaking blade 132 greatly reduces the resistance of the device to entry into the soil, and the design of the plow opener 131, the scraper 14 and the light shield 15 Create a good working environment for efficient and accurate online soil nutrient detection. The device has a simple structure and can quickly collect field soil information online after being installed on agricultural machinery, providing reliable data guarantee for the spatial distribution of farmland soil nutrients. The invention is suitable for detecting nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements in a large range of soil, and can generate a spatial distribution map of soil nutrients in a short period of time to effectively guide subsequent precision agricultural variable operations.
本发明针对现有技术农田土肥检测技术价格高、代表性低、时效性差的不足,提出一种专用于土壤氮磷钾元素在线检测的方法和装置,以解决土肥在线快速检测的技术瓶颈,实现土壤的“在线”和“原位”检测。在该方法中,找到了适合大田工况环境下实现在线快速检测的土壤氮磷钾元素特征光谱波长点,并提出了系统科学的光谱数据处理方法,为建立准确的土壤养分含量定量分析预测模型提供可靠保障。Aiming at the deficiencies of the prior art farmland soil and fertilizer detection technology, such as high price, low representativeness, and poor timeliness, a method and device dedicated to the on-line detection of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium elements are proposed to solve the technical bottleneck of on-line rapid detection of soil and fertilizer, and realize Soil "on-line" and "in-situ" testing. In this method, the characteristic spectral wavelength points of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements suitable for on-line rapid detection under field conditions were found, and a systematic and scientific spectral data processing method was proposed to establish an accurate quantitative analysis and prediction model for soil nutrient content. Provide reliable protection.
当然,本发明还可有其它多种实施例,在不背离本发明精神及其实质的情况下,熟悉本领域的技术人员当可根据本发明作出各种相应的改变和变形,但这些相应的改变和变形都应属于本发明所附的权利要求的保护范围。Certainly, the present invention also can have other multiple embodiments, without departing from the spirit and essence of the present invention, those skilled in the art can make various corresponding changes and deformations according to the present invention, but these corresponding Changes and deformations should belong to the scope of protection of the appended claims of the present invention.
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