CN103178241B - A kind of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery - Google Patents

A kind of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery Download PDF

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CN103178241B
CN103178241B CN201310074992.8A CN201310074992A CN103178241B CN 103178241 B CN103178241 B CN 103178241B CN 201310074992 A CN201310074992 A CN 201310074992A CN 103178241 B CN103178241 B CN 103178241B
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anode
lithium ion
preparation
ion battery
strip
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CN103178241A (en
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邓耀明
余红明
孙峰
陈杰
吴凯
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Dongguan Amperex Technology Ltd
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    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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Abstract

The invention belongs to technical field of lithium ion, more particularly to a kind of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery, comprise the following steps:Step one, the preparation of anode slurry:Anode active material, water-based thickener, aqueous adhesive and conductive agent are added to the water, anode slurry is made after stirring;Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry is uniformly coated in anode collector, then dried in 60~120 DEG C of drying box, anode strip is made;Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:The anode strip that step 2 is obtained carries out secondary baking sofening treatment in the environment of being placed in 250~450 DEG C.Relative to prior art, the anode strip prepared using the method for the present invention has that pliability is good, absorbent is high and the low feature of impedance, and the lithium ion battery of the anode strip prepared comprising the method using the present invention has good low temperature performance, with having extended cycle life, the characteristics of thickness swelling is low is circulated.

Description

A kind of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of lithium ion, more particularly to a kind of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery.
Background technology
Lithium ion battery is since the commercialization, due to its energy density height, operating voltage height, memory-less effect, circulation longevity Many advantages, such as life is long and environmentally safe and the power supply for being widely used as various mobile devices.At present, lithium ion battery has been Enter the large-scale practical stage.
The performance of lithium ion battery is dependent on electrode, electrolyte and the battery material that is contained therein, and the characteristic of electrode Active material, collector and the binding agent then included dependent on electrode, wherein, the effect of binding agent is to provide active material Between and the bonding force between active material and collector, electronics and lithium ion is smoothly moved and is reduced in electrode Electrode internal resistance.
In recent years, the research and development of lithium ion battery all achieves gratifying achievement, the especially lifting in energy density Aspect is achieved compared with much progress, but the linguistic term for being directed to the cryogenic property of lithium ion battery relatively lags behind, and causes low temperature Performance becomes the bottleneck that restriction lithium ion battery market and application field are further expanded.The aqueous anode of current lithium ion battery Piece typically uses sodium carboxymethylcellulose and SBR styrene butadiene rubberses(SBR)Mixed system as binding agent, due to carboxylic first Fragility is very strong after base sodium cellulosate is dried, thus the anode strip made using this compound system dry it is latter as show and compare It is crisp, it is easy to demoulding phenomenon occur in the manufacturing process of battery core, this point using winding process during battery is made Show particularly evident, had a strong impact on the excellent rate of battery;Additionally, due between sodium carboxymethylcellulose and each composition of electrolyte The difference of affinity, causing the bath composition of polarity can not infiltrate into the active material particle of electrode so that anode strip The internal resistance increase of interface resistance and battery, this phenomenon shows more obvious in low temperature, is embodied in battery Easily analysis lithium, and with the increase of coating weight, the phenomenon of battery analysis lithium is also more serious, has a strong impact on the security of battery Energy.
In view of this, it is necessory to provide a kind of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery, to improve lithium ion battery Cryogenic property, while improve the excellent rate of battery.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to:In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, a kind of making of anode sheet of lithium ion battery is provided Method, to improve the cryogenic property of lithium ion battery, while the excellent rate of battery is improved, to overcome method making of the prior art Anode strip is easily stripped, so as to influence the excellent rate of battery, and the lithium ion battery comprising the anode strip poor performance at low temperatures not Foot.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is adopted the following technical scheme that:
A kind of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery, comprises the following steps:Step one, the preparation of anode slurry:Will Anode active material, water-based thickener, aqueous adhesive and conductive agent are according to mass ratio (85~98):(1~2):(1~ 10):(0~3) is added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring.
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry made from step one is uniformly coated in anode collector, applied Cloth thickness is 50~400um, is then dried in 60~120 DEG C of drying box, and anode strip is made.
Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:Carried out in the environment of anode strip made from step 2 is placed in into 250~450 DEG C Secondary baking sofening treatment, completes the making of anode strip.
Improved as a kind of the of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery of the present invention, the decomposition temperature of the water-based thickener Degree is less than or equal to 450 DEG C, and the water-based thickener can be decomposed partly or completely at 450 DEG C.
Improved as a kind of the of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery of the present invention, the water-based thickener is carboxymethyl At least one of sodium cellulosate, carboxymethyl cellulose lithium, potassium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and sodium alginate.
Improved as a kind of the of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery of the present invention, the fusing point of the aqueous binders is high In 450 DEG C.
Improved as a kind of the of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery of the present invention, the aqueous binders are butadiene-styrene rubber At least one of newborn, pure third latex, styrene-acrylic latex, organic silicon emulsion and polyaminoester emulsion.
Improved as a kind of the of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery of the present invention, the anode active material is natural At least one of graphite, Delanium, MCMB, silicon alloy and tin alloy;The conductive agent is superconduction carbon, acetylene At least one of black, CNT, graphene and carbon fiber.
Improved as a kind of the of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery of the present invention, in step 3, described is secondary The time for toasting sofening treatment is 1~60min.
Improved as a kind of the of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery of the present invention, in step 3, the anode strip Post processing carried out in atmosphere of inert gases, to prevent anode collector under high temperature to be oxidized the anode collector caused Electric conductivity be deteriorated.
Improved as a kind of the of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery of the present invention, the inert gas is nitrogen or argon Gas.
Improved as a kind of the of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery of the present invention, before progress step 3, first to step Rapid two obtained anode strips carry out cold pressing treatment.Certainly, after cold pressing treatment, itemizing process can also be carried out to anode strip again, Carrying out the operation of step 3 afterwards.
Relative to prior art, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:First, the anode strip prepared using the method for the present invention Pliability be improved significantly.Water-based thickener(Such as carboxymethyl cellulose salt(Lithium, potassium, sodium)With sodium alginate etc.)After film forming Common manifestation goes out very strong fragility, therefore its anode strip common manifestation prepared goes out poor pliability, when it is in anode strip Content increase when, the pliability of anode strip is worse.But this kind of water-based thickener is easily decomposed at high temperature, therefore the present invention is right Anode strip is carried out after high-temperature process, and the content of the water-based thickener in anode strip is substantially reduced, so that anode strip is flexible Property be improved significantly, the demoulding bad product quantity being embodied in rolling step middle-jiao yang, function of the spleen and stomach pole piece is significantly reduced, pole piece utilization rate 99% is brought up to from 97%.
Second, the cryogenic property of the lithium ion battery of the anode strip prepared comprising the method using the present invention is substantially carried Rise.This polymer substance with amphiphilic structure of water-based thickener, can equably spread over anode active material surface, still Wellability of this kind of material in organic electrolyte system is poor, therefore is easily caused the suction electricity of anode strip to a certain extent Solution liquid is less able, and then influences the cryogenic property of battery.Content of the invention by strictly controlling water-based thickener so that from Transmission of the son between electrolyte and anode active material particle is more smooth, therefore the internal resistance of battery is substantially reduced, and is especially existed It is this to improve more obvious under low temperature.
3rd, the lithium ion battery of the anode strip prepared comprising the method using the present invention has extended cycle life, and follows Ring thickness expansion is low.Because:On the one hand, secondary baking sofening treatment process causes anode strip in the process such as coating and cold pressing The residual stress of middle generation is preferably discharged, so as to greatly reduce risk of distortion of the battery in preparation process.It is another Water-based thickener is decomposed in aspect, anode strip, and the porosity of anode strip has a certain degree of lifting, and this is circulating battery process The expansion of anode active material provides a part of hole, and therefore, the thickness swelling during circulating battery is substantially reduced.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is that embodiment 1 and the AC impedance spectroscopy of the anode strip of the method preparation of comparative example 1 is originally respectively adopted.
Embodiment
Present disclosure is further illustrated below in conjunction with specific embodiment and accompanying drawing, but the invention of the present invention Protection domain is not limited only to the content described by embodiment.
A kind of embodiment 1, the preparation method for anode sheet of lithium ion battery that the present embodiment is provided, comprises the following steps:Step Rapid one, the preparation of anode slurry:By anode active material native graphite, water-based thickener sodium carboxymethylcellulose, aqueous bonding Agent styrene-butadiene latex and superconduction carbon are according to mass ratio 96:1:1:2 are added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring.
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry made from step one is uniformly coated to anode collector copper foil On, coating thickness is 100um, is then dried in 100 DEG C of drying box, and anode strip is made.
Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:Anode strip made from step 2 is placed under 300 DEG C of nitrogen environment and carried out 30min secondary baking sofening treatment, then the making by being cold-pressed with anode strip being completed after slitting.
A kind of embodiment 2, the preparation method for anode sheet of lithium ion battery that the present embodiment is provided, comprises the following steps:Step Rapid one, the preparation of anode slurry:By anode active material Delanium, water-based thickener carboxymethyl cellulose lithium, aqueous bonding Pure third latex of agent and acetylene black are according to mass ratio 92:2:5:1 is added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring.
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry made from step one is uniformly coated to anode collector copper foil On, coating thickness is 200um, is then dried in 110 DEG C of drying box, and anode strip is made.
Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:Anode strip made from step 2 is placed under 250 DEG C of nitrogen environment and carried out 40min secondary baking sofening treatment, then the making by being cold-pressed with anode strip being completed after slitting.
A kind of embodiment 3, the preparation method for anode sheet of lithium ion battery that the present embodiment is provided, comprises the following steps:Step Rapid one, the preparation of anode slurry:By anode active material silicon-carbon alloy, water-based thickener potassium carboxymethylcellulose, aqueous bonding Agent styrene-acrylic latex and CNT are according to mass ratio 94:1.5:3:1.5 are added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring.
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry made from step one is uniformly coated to anode collector copper foil On, coating thickness is 50um, is then dried in 90 DEG C of drying box, and anode strip is made.
Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:Anode strip made from step 2 is placed under 350 DEG C of nitrogen environment and carried out 50min secondary baking sofening treatment, then the making by being cold-pressed with anode strip being completed after slitting.
A kind of embodiment 4, the preparation method for anode sheet of lithium ion battery that the present embodiment is provided, comprises the following steps:Step Rapid one, the preparation of anode slurry:By anode active material gun-metal, water-based thickener hydroxyethyl cellulose, aqueous adhesive Organic silicon emulsion and graphene are according to mass ratio 90:1.5:6:2.5 are added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring.
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry made from step one is uniformly coated to anode collector copper foil On, coating thickness is 150um, is then dried in 80 DEG C of drying box, then the obtained anode strip after cold pressing.
Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:Anode strip made from step 2 is placed under 275 DEG C of ar gas environment and carried out 50min secondary baking sofening treatment, completes the making of anode strip after slitting.
A kind of embodiment 5, the preparation method for anode sheet of lithium ion battery that the present embodiment is provided, comprises the following steps:Step Rapid one, the preparation of anode slurry:By anode active material MCMB, water-based thickener sodium alginate, aqueous adhesive Polyaminoester emulsion and carbon fiber are according to mass ratio 88:1:8:3 are added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring.
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry made from step one is uniformly coated to anode collector copper foil On, coating thickness is 300um, is then dried in 60 DEG C of drying box, then the obtained anode strip after cold pressing, slitting.
Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:Anode strip made from step 2 is placed under 450 DEG C of ar gas environment and carried out 1min secondary baking sofening treatment, completes the making of anode strip.
A kind of embodiment 6, the preparation method for anode sheet of lithium ion battery that the present embodiment is provided, comprises the following steps:Step Rapid one, the preparation of anode slurry:By anode active material native graphite and the mixture of Delanium(The mass ratio of the two is 1: 1), water-based thickener sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethylcellulose mixture(The mass ratio of the two is 1:1), aqueous adhesive fourth Benzene latex is according to mass ratio 98:1:1 is added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring.
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry made from step one is uniformly coated to anode collector copper foil On, coating thickness is 400um, is then dried in 70 DEG C of drying box, then the obtained anode strip after cold pressing, slitting.
Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:Anode strip made from step 2 is placed under 425 DEG C of ar gas environment and carried out 5min secondary baking sofening treatment, completes the making of anode strip.
A kind of embodiment 7, the preparation method for anode sheet of lithium ion battery that the present embodiment is provided, comprises the following steps:Step Rapid one, the preparation of anode slurry:By anode active material MCMB and the mixture of Delanium(The mass ratio of the two For 1:5), water-based thickener sodium carboxymethylcellulose, the mixture of aqueous adhesive styrene-butadiene latex and pure third latex(The matter of the two Amount is than being 1:2)And conductive agent(The mixture of superconduction carbon and acetylene black(The mass ratio of the two is 3:1))According to mass ratio 85:2:10:3 are added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring.
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry made from step one is uniformly coated to anode collector copper foil On, coating thickness is 250um, is then dried in 120 DEG C of drying box, then the obtained anode strip after cold pressing, slitting.
Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:Anode strip made from step 2 is placed under 375 DEG C of nitrogen environment and carried out 15min secondary baking sofening treatment, completes the making of anode strip.
A kind of embodiment 8, the preparation method for anode sheet of lithium ion battery that the present embodiment is provided, comprises the following steps:Step Rapid one, the preparation of anode slurry:By anode active material silicon-carbon alloy and the mixture of Delanium(The mass ratio of the two is 1: 5), water-based thickener sodium alginate, pure third latex of aqueous adhesive and conductive agent(The mixture of acetylene black and graphene(Two The mass ratio of person is 4:1))According to mass ratio 95:1.5:1.5:2 are added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring.
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry made from step one is uniformly coated to anode collector copper foil On, coating thickness is 125um, is then dried in 80 DEG C of drying box, then the obtained anode strip after cold pressing.
Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:Anode strip made from step 2 is placed under 325 DEG C of nitrogen environment and carried out 25min secondary baking sofening treatment, completes the making of anode strip after slitting.
A kind of comparative example 1, the preparation method for anode sheet of lithium ion battery that this comparative example is provided, comprises the following steps:Step Rapid one, the preparation of anode slurry:By anode active material native graphite, water-based thickener sodium carboxymethylcellulose, aqueous bonding Agent styrene-butadiene latex and superconduction carbon are according to mass ratio 96:1:1:2 are added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring.
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry is uniformly coated on anode collector copper foil, coating thickness is 100um, is then dried in 100 DEG C of drying box, then anode strip is made by cold pressing and slitting.
Cohesive force test is carried out to anode strip prepared by the method using embodiment 1 to 8 and comparative example 1:Take using implementation Anode strip prepared by the method for example 1 to 8 and comparative example 1, is cut into the rectangular particles of 20mm × 10cm sizes, with wide two-sided of 20mm Gluing is on clean stainless steel plate.The peeling force of 180 ° of pole piece is tested using puller system, puller system draw speed is 50mm/ Min, acquired results are shown in table 1.
Absorbent test is carried out to anode strip prepared by the method using embodiment 1 to 8 and comparative example 1:Take using real The anode strip of the method preparation of example 1 to 8 and comparative example 1 is applied, a diameter of 20mm sequin is cut into, then by 0.5 milligram of electrolysis Drop records the time of each anode strip of electrolyte drops complete wetting with stopwatch to the surface of each anode strip, and acquired results are shown in Table 1.
In addition, the anode strip prepared to the method using embodiment 1 to 8 and comparative example 1 carries out membrane resistance test, gained As a result it is shown in table 1.
Table 1:Cohesive force, absorbent and the diaphragm of the anode strip prepared using the method for embodiment 1 to 8 and comparative example 1 Resistance test result.
As shown in Table 1:Although the caking property of the anode strip prepared using the method for the present invention slightly has reduction, still bright The aobvious process requirements higher than 4N/m.Moreover, the imbibition ability of the anode strip prepared using the method for the present invention is obviously improved.This Outside, the membrane resistance also decrease to some degree of the anode strip prepared using the method for the present invention.
The anode strip that will be prepared using the method for embodiment 1 to 8 and comparative example 1 respectively with cathode sheets, barrier film and electrolyte Flexible packing lithium ion battery is assembled into, and numbering is S1-S8 and D1 according to this.Then it is S1-S8 to numbering and the progress of D1 battery Following test:(1)Ac impedance measurement:Selection numbering is S1 and D1 battery, and introduces metal between the anode and cathode of battery Lithium is as reference electrode, and the ac impedance spectroscopy of galvanic anode and reference electrode, is as a result shown in Fig. 1 after test chemical conversion.Fig. 1 result is said The AC impedance for the battery that bright numbering is S1 is significantly lower than the battery that numbering is D1.
(2)Discharge capacity is tested:It is S1-S8 to numbering and the progress discharge capacity test of D1 battery, at 25 DEG C, with 0.7C multiplying powers are charged, then multiplying power discharging respectively at 25 DEG C, 45 DEG C, 0 DEG C, -10 DEG C to each battery 0.5C, and test is put Capacitance.Acquired results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2:Numbering is S1-S8 and D1 battery discharge capacity test result at different temperatures.
As shown in Table 2, the lithium ion battery of the anode strip prepared comprising the method using the present invention(Numbering is S1-S8)'s Discharge capacity at normal temperature and 45 DEG C and the lithium ion battery that numbering is D1 are basically identical, but the battery that numbering is S1-S8 Cryogenic property(- 10 DEG C and 0 DEG C)The battery that numbering is D1 is substantially better than, this shows that the present invention can improve the low temperature properties of battery Energy.
(3)Circulating battery expansion rate is tested:It is S1-S8 to numbering and the progress circulating battery expansion rate test of D1 battery: Before circulating battery, use high metric test voltage for the thickness of 3.8V battery, be denoted as battery original thickness.Then in 45 DEG C of bars Under part, charged with 0.7 multiplying power, 0.5C multiplying power dischargings carry out loop test, in cyclic process, test battery is the 50th, 100, 200th, battery is completely charged to the thickness after 4.2V after 300 and 400 circulations, and calculates the circulation expansion rate of battery.
Circulating battery expansion rate=(4.2V cell thickness/3.8V batteries original thickness -1)× 100%, acquired results are shown in Table 3.
As shown in Table 3:Under same loop number of times, it is D1's that the expansion rate for the battery that numbering is S1-S8, which is significantly less than numbering, Battery, this shows that the present invention can reduce the circulation expansion rate of battery.
Table 3:Numbering is S1-S8 and the circulation expansion rate after different cycle-indexes of D1 battery.
(4)Cycle performance is tested:To numbering be S1-S8 and D1 battery at 45 DEG C with 0.7 multiplying power charge, 0.5C multiplying powers After discharge cycles 200 times and 400 times, the capability retention of each battery is calculated, acquired results are shown in Table 4.
Table 4:Numbering is S1-S8 and the capability retention after different cycle-indexes of D1 battery.
As can be seen from Table 4:Capability retention of the battery that numbering is S1-S8 after circulating 200 times and 400 times is above The battery that numbering is D1, and number be S1-S8 battery 400 times circulate after capability retention be still maintained at 88% with On.As can be seen here, the present invention can improve the security performance and cycle life of lithium ion battery.
It should be noted that the announcement and elaboration of book according to the above description, those skilled in the art in the invention may be used also So that above-mentioned embodiment is changed and changed.Therefore, the invention is not limited in specific implementation disclosed and described above Mode, some equivalent modifications and change to the present invention should also be as in the scope of the claims of the present invention.In addition, to the greatest extent Some specific terms have been used in pipe this specification, but these terms are merely for convenience of description, not to present invention composition Any limitation.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
Step one, the preparation of anode slurry:By anode active material, water-based thickener, aqueous adhesive and conductive agent according to matter Amount ratio (85~98):(1~2):(1~10):(0~3) is added to the water, and anode slurry is made after stirring;
Step 2, the making of anode strip:Anode slurry made from step one is uniformly coated in anode collector, coating is thick Spend for 50~400um, then dry in 60~120 DEG C of drying box, obtained anode strip;
Step 3, the post processing of anode strip:Carried out in the environment of anode strip made from step 2 is placed in into 250~450 DEG C secondary Sofening treatment is toasted, the making of anode strip is completed;
The decomposition temperature of the water-based thickener is less than or equal to 450 DEG C, and the water-based thickener is hydroxyethyl cellulose and sea At least one of mosanom;The fusing point of the aqueous binders is higher than 450 DEG C, and the aqueous binders are styrene-butadiene latex, pure At least one of third latex, styrene-acrylic latex, organic silicon emulsion and polyaminoester emulsion.
2. the preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:The anode active matter Matter is at least one of native graphite, Delanium, MCMB, silicon alloy and tin alloy, and the conductive agent is super Lead at least one of carbon, acetylene black, CNT, graphene and carbon fiber.
3. the preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:In step 3, institute The time for stating secondary baking sofening treatment is 1~60min.
4. the preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:In step 3, institute The post processing for stating anode strip is carried out in atmosphere of inert gases.
5. the preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery according to claim 4, it is characterised in that:The inert gas is Nitrogen or argon gas.
6. the preparation method of anode sheet of lithium ion battery according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Carry out step 3 it Before, the anode strip first obtained to step 2 carries out cold pressing treatment.
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KR20170120973A (en) * 2016-04-22 2017-11-01 주식회사 엘지화학 Negative Electrode for Secondary Battery Comprising CMC-Li Salt and Lithium Secondary Battery Comprising the Same
CN107403949B (en) * 2016-05-18 2019-05-24 宁德新能源科技有限公司 Anode plate for lithium ionic cell and preparation method thereof
CN109309190A (en) * 2017-07-26 2019-02-05 成都特隆美储能技术有限公司 A kind of electrodes of lithium-ion batteries rolling method
CN107863497A (en) * 2017-09-11 2018-03-30 深圳市比克动力电池有限公司 Lithium ion battery silicon cathode material and its preparation method and application
CN111009692A (en) * 2019-12-26 2020-04-14 惠州市豪鹏科技有限公司 Manufacturing method of lithium ion battery and lithium ion battery
CN114583094A (en) * 2020-11-30 2022-06-03 力神(青岛)新能源有限公司 Lithium ion battery capable of improving low-temperature performance and preparation method thereof
CN112751034B (en) * 2020-12-31 2022-11-25 远景动力技术(江苏)有限公司 Negative electrode slurry for lithium ion battery, negative electrode, and lithium ion battery
WO2023082248A1 (en) * 2021-11-15 2023-05-19 宁德新能源科技有限公司 Electrode and fabricating method therefor, electrochemical device, and electronic device

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