CN103124833B - 在涡轮机壳体上安装防护罩的方法,以及用于实现该方法的安装组件 - Google Patents
在涡轮机壳体上安装防护罩的方法,以及用于实现该方法的安装组件 Download PDFInfo
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D21/00—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
- F01D21/04—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for responsive to undesired position of rotor relative to stator or to breaking-off of a part of the rotor, e.g. indicating such position
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- B21K1/00—Making machine elements
- B21K1/26—Making machine elements housings or supporting parts, e.g. axle housings, engine mountings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D21/00—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
- F01D21/04—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for responsive to undesired position of rotor relative to stator or to breaking-off of a part of the rotor, e.g. indicating such position
- F01D21/045—Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for responsive to undesired position of rotor relative to stator or to breaking-off of a part of the rotor, e.g. indicating such position special arrangements in stators or in rotors dealing with breaking-off of part of rotor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/24—Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/24—Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
- F01D25/26—Double casings; Measures against temperature strain in casings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/04—Air intakes for gas-turbine plants or jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/05—Air intakes for gas-turbine plants or jet-propulsion plants having provisions for obviating the penetration of damaging objects or particles
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02K1/00—Plants characterised by the form or arrangement of the jet pipe or nozzle; Jet pipes or nozzles peculiar thereto
- F02K1/78—Other construction of jet pipes
- F02K1/82—Jet pipe walls, e.g. liners
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04D27/008—Stop safety or alarm devices, e.g. stop-and-go control; Disposition of check-valves
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04D27/02—Surge control
- F04D27/0261—Surge control by varying driving speed
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/40—Casings; Connections of working fluid
- F04D29/52—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps
- F04D29/522—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/40—Casings; Connections of working fluid
- F04D29/52—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps
- F04D29/522—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
- F04D29/526—Details of the casing section radially opposing blade tips
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2240/00—Components
- F05D2240/10—Stators
- F05D2240/14—Casings or housings protecting or supporting assemblies within
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/70—Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
- Y10T29/4932—Turbomachine making
- Y10T29/49323—Assembling fluid flow directing devices, e.g., stators, diaphragms, nozzles
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Abstract
用于将防护罩(15)安装到涡轮机(10)的发动机构造(30)的壳体(20)上的组件,包括连接凸耳(70)和用于连接壳体(20)和防护罩(15)的点(82、92)。根据防护罩(15)和壳体(20)的曲率,连接点具有足够的间隔,以使凸耳(70)与防护罩(15)或壳体(20)的连接,以及与连接点(92,82)的连接是大体上切向的。凸耳(70)尺寸可以调整以使连接具有足够程度的挠性,由此以控制其振动定位,并确保在热机械负载下具有足够程度的机械强度。
Description
本发明涉及一种在发动机构造,特别是安装在航空器上的涡轮机或陆地工业涡轮机的涡轮机壳体上安装防护罩的方法,以及用于实现该方法的安装组件。
更特别地,本发明的领域是发动机,尤其是动力涡轮机,例如航空器的涡轮发动机的保护。发动机构造需要保护防护罩的存在,以限制能够脱离发动机构造或壳体的任何部件或元件。特别地,自由涡轮机的防护罩提供了所有自由涡轮机叶片在超速情况下“叶片脱落”类型的事件发生时的固持。事实上,叶片本来在一个给定的速度范围内就会破裂,以保证发动机在给定阈值下的运行能力,并保证超出这种阈值时叶轮的完整性。
这种防护罩一般被嵌入到发动机壳体和相邻部件的结构上。它可以局限于实心部件。防护罩通过多个装配法兰或等同物被固定在壳体上。
但是,似乎这种防护罩法兰的寿命非常地受限制。特别是,法兰和连接部件之间的热惯性和刚度的差异对过渡状态,如在动力上升或下降中的部件行为具有影响。
根据另一种结构,在温暖空气中运行的内部防护罩被安装在两个壳体之间。然而,这样的环境可能会限制防护罩固持能力,这然后将需要更多的随之而来的厚度。此外,外部壳体的存在也会导致不可忽略的额外质量。
在这种结构中,作用力被直接传递到发动机构造上。这种传递可导致渐渐远离紧固件,以及损害飞行安全的防护罩振动。
此外,防护罩通过位于高点的螺钉将栓钉对准螺钉而紧固。这种安装需要精确的和微妙的调整来实现。此外,关于振动转换和其他现象:“微振磨损”,剪切等,栓钉的寿命是随机的。
本发明旨在克服以上所描述技术的缺点,尤其是,去除对发动机构造的部件的机械行为起作用的防护罩的热惯性。它还旨在使防护罩的质量最小化,简化安装而不损害防护罩的坚固性。
为此,本发明提供了一种挠性的防护罩紧固件,其能形成融合部,限制传递到发动机构造的作用力。
更确切地说,本发明的目的是提供一种在涡轮机的发动机构造的壳体上安装防护罩的方法,在于根据防护罩和壳体的点之间的防护罩和壳体的曲率,通过切向连接而联接足够间隔的防护罩和壳体的点之间的防护罩和壳体,以实现它们之间的挠性联接,以能够在热机械负载下提供振动定位和足够的机械强度。对于航空器涡轮机,则通过航空器操作来控制振动定位和机械强度。
在这种情况下,可以看出防护罩充分接近于壳体,因此后者有助于保持碎屑或喷射出的部件片段。外部防护罩的温度足够低以确保部件以相当弱的厚度被固持。
因此,这种结构能够使防护罩相对于可能经受热机械疲劳的壳体下方的发动机构造的部件热绝缘和机械绝缘。而且,产生的挠性允许在防护罩和壳体之间省去调整装置。
根据特定的实施方式:
-还提供了振动阻尼,其与防护罩和壳体之间的联接相连接;
-根据连接所受到的热机械负载来确定连接尺寸;
-确定连接的数目和分布以使热机械转换所产生的作用力最小化,并因此相对于发动机所受到的负载情况以及防护罩和壳体组件的振动定位,特别是在低激励频率范围内的振动定位,来优化所述安装的寿命。
为实现上述方法,本发明还涉及一种涡轮机的发动机构造的防护罩和壳体组件,包括位于壳体和防护罩之间的具有用于壳体和防护罩的紧固点的连接凸耳。在这种组件中,根据防护罩和壳体的曲率,紧固点具有足够的间隔,这样,一方面,凸耳和防护罩或壳体的连接,另一方面,和紧固点的连接是大体切向的,并使凸耳呈现预定程度的挠性。
根据特定的实施方式:
-防护罩和壳体之间的环形构造上设有适于阻尼振动的弹簧叶片;
-每个凸耳提供有位于防护罩上的至少一个紧固点和位于壳体上的至少一个紧固点;
-通过焊接到壳体外皮上的加强凸台中的螺钉,将凸耳紧固到壳体,所述螺钉的头部适于在防护罩中所形成的开口中移动;
-通过横穿防护罩的铆钉,将凸耳紧固到防护罩;
-安装组件包括大量适于调整尺寸的连接凸耳,在壳体和防护罩之间所述凸耳被规则地分布和环状配置,以及每个凸耳通过螺钉被固定到壳体和通过铆钉被固定到防护罩。
通过阅读下文中示范性实施例的详细描述,并参照附图,本发明的其他的特征和优点将变得十分明显,其中,附图分别为:
-图1是根据发明的具有安装组件的自由涡轮机沿其纵轴线的局部半剖视图;
-图2是根据前述视图的平面II-II的局部视图,突出显示了根据本发明的安装组件的一个凸耳的位置;以及
-图3是根据本发明具有安装凸耳的防护罩的局部透视图。
参考图1的局部剖视图,自由涡轮机10特别地包括外部防护罩15和形成发动机的主要结构的壳体20,以及连接到其上的空气脉管形成元件:涡轮机分配器22和26,涡轮机环24和26b以及通过轴承结构(未显示)的涡轮机叶轮25和30。每个叶片系统是由静止叶片系统或在空气流动的方向跟随有移动叶片或叶轮系统的空气流量“分配器”定子,以及接近喷嘴(未显示)的出口脉管40构成。
通过法兰或接头50,52,54,在邻接本身与防护罩15连接的壳体20的不同部件之间设置不同的密封。
此外,由金属板制成的两个弹簧叶片60和62被设置在防护罩15和壳体20之间,从而,例如在热机械转换时阻尼振动。这样的叶片被设置在以肋条60a,62a所界定的壳罩内。可选地,这样的叶片可被紧固到法兰或连接件上,例如在所示的例子中,被紧固到法兰50或螺钉53上。
弹簧叶片阻尼连接凸耳在二者之间连接的防护罩和壳体之间的振动。有利地,这种叶片可轴向分开以高效地消散热能,并提高组件在振动时的坚固性。
在图1的剖面II-II中,位于螺钉头80和螺钉82之间的切向凸耳70更精确地显示在图2的视图上。该螺钉插入到被焊接到壳体20的外皮91上的螺纹凸台90中。可选地,该螺纹凸台90可替换为一个螺母。所述螺钉头80设置在防护罩15中所形成的开口84中。因此,在振动时,所述螺钉头80可在开口84中自由振动。
首先,凸耳70通过形成在其一个端部71a上的孔73被安装到螺钉82的非螺纹部,并且在另一端,被安装到横穿防护罩15的铆钉92上。接着,该螺钉82被完全插入到区域90中,铆钉92被挤压。在这种情况下,凸耳70实质上被安装为与壳体20和防护罩15相切。如此一来,凸耳70在区域72是略微弯曲的,因此,靠近铆钉的其另一端71b接触防护罩15的内部面15a。
在凸耳70断裂的情况下,通过定位螺钉头80与防护罩开口84靠近在一起,防护罩15被基本保持在适当的位置。如此靠近的定位也限制了备件的通道。此外,弹簧叶片60,62(图1)保证了在连接凸耳断裂的情况下,防护罩被径向地保持。
凸耳70的长度,以及因此螺钉82和铆钉92之间的距离,与位于螺钉和铆钉之间防护罩和壳体的相似曲率相一致,以获得切向连接。在宽度、长度和厚度方面调整凸耳的尺寸使其适于其所经受的热机械负载的计算,以限制传递到壳体和由此传递到发动机构造的作用力。
在图3的半防护罩15的局部透视图中,连接凸耳70规则地分布在防护罩15的内表面15a上,而铆钉92用于将这些凸耳紧固到防护罩15上。用于将凸耳70安装到螺钉82上(图2)的安装孔73也是可见的。在这个实施例中,整个防护罩具有六个凸耳。
本发明不限于上文所描述和示出的示例性实施例。事实上,凸耳的数量可以更加重要,以适应于组件的振动模式和/或保证在飞行操作时的负荷抗性强度。特别是,对于陆地工业涡轮机,凸耳的数量可以是几十个,甚至更多,这是由于该类型涡轮机的大直径。
此外,铆钉的部分可调整尺寸,在叶片断裂时,因此传递到发动机构造的作用力是有限的。凸耳可大体上呈V形或W形,以分别将两个或三个防护罩紧固铆钉连接到壳体上的一个或两个紧固螺钉。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于固持在涡轮机(10)的发动机构造(30)的壳体(20)上的防护罩(15)的安装方法,其特征在于:它在于根据防护罩和壳体的点之间的防护罩和壳体的曲率,通过在足够间隔的防护罩(15)和壳体(20)的紧固点之间圆周方向定向的切向连接将防护罩(15)联接到壳体(20)上,以实现它们之间的挠性联接,能够在热机械负载下提供振动定位以及足够的机械强度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的安装方法,其中,还提供了振动阻尼,其与防护罩(15)和壳体(20)之间的联接相连接。
3.根据权利要求1所述的安装方法,其中根据连接所经受的热机械负载确定连接的尺寸。
4.根据权利要求1所述的安装方法,其中,确定连接的数量和分布以使热机械转换产生的作用力最小化。
5.一种涡轮机(10)的发动机构造(30)的防护罩(15)和壳体(20)组件,用于实施权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:它包括位于壳体和防护罩之间的具有用于壳体(20)和防护罩(15)的紧固点的连接凸耳(70),根据防护罩(15)和壳体(20)的曲率,紧固点具有足够的间隔,这样,在凸耳(70)和防护罩(15)或者凸耳(70)和壳体(20)之间紧固点(92,82)处的连接是大体切向的,并使凸耳(70)呈现预定程度的挠性。
6.一种涡轮机(10)的发动机构造(30)的防护罩(15)和壳体(20)组件,用于实施根据权利要求2的所述方法,其特征在于:它包括位于壳体和防护罩之间的具有用于壳体(20)和防护罩(15)的紧固点的连接凸耳(70),根据防护罩(15)和壳体(20)的曲率,紧固点具有足够的间隔,这样,在凸耳(70)和防护罩(15)或者凸耳(70)和壳体(20)之间紧固点(92,82)处的连接是大体切向的,并使凸耳(70)呈现预定程度的挠性;其中,适于阻尼振动的弹簧叶片(60、62)被设置在防护罩(15)和壳体(20)之间的环形结构内。
7.根据权利要求6所述的组件,其中弹簧叶片(60,62)轴向分开。
8.根据权利要求5所述的组件,其中每个凸耳(70)设有位于防护罩(15)上的至少一个紧固点和位于壳体(20)上的至少一个紧固点。
9.根据权利要求5所述的组件,其中,通过位于焊接到壳体(20)外皮(91)上的凸台(90)中的螺钉(82),将凸耳(70)紧固到壳体(20),螺钉(82)的头部(80)适于在防护罩(15)中所形成的开口(84)中移动。
10.根据权利要求5所述的组件,其中,通过横穿防护罩(15)的铆钉(92),将凸耳(70)紧固到防护罩(15)。
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FR1056795A FR2964145B1 (fr) | 2010-08-26 | 2010-08-26 | Procede d'accrochage de blindage sur carter de turbine et ensemble d'accrochage pour sa mise en oeuvre |
FR1056795 | 2010-08-26 | ||
PCT/FR2011/051946 WO2012025690A2 (fr) | 2010-08-26 | 2011-08-23 | Procédé d'accrochage de blindage sur carter de turbine et ensemble d'accrochage pour sa mise en oeuvre |
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CN103124833A CN103124833A (zh) | 2013-05-29 |
CN103124833B true CN103124833B (zh) | 2016-03-16 |
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US (1) | US9429038B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2609296B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP5988976B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR101828637B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN103124833B (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2807913C (zh) |
FR (1) | FR2964145B1 (zh) |
PL (1) | PL2609296T3 (zh) |
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WO2014106045A1 (en) * | 2012-12-28 | 2014-07-03 | United Technologies Corporation | Axial tension system for a gas turbine engine case |
EP2853685A1 (de) * | 2013-09-25 | 2015-04-01 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Einsatzelement und Gasturbine |
US10731507B2 (en) * | 2014-09-09 | 2020-08-04 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Fan case assemblies |
EP4201565A3 (en) | 2015-02-25 | 2023-09-20 | Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation | Miter saw |
FR3039218B1 (fr) * | 2015-07-22 | 2017-08-11 | Snecma | Turbomachine a soufflantes contrarotatives comportant des pales de turbine detachables |
US20170191498A1 (en) * | 2015-12-30 | 2017-07-06 | General Electric Company | Graphene ultra-conductive casing wrap |
FR3060052B1 (fr) | 2016-12-14 | 2020-10-09 | Safran Helicopter Engines | Procede de fabrication d'une cartouche de blindage d'un element de turbomachine et cartouche de blindage et element de turbomachine correspondants |
DE102018110235A1 (de) * | 2018-04-27 | 2019-10-31 | Man Energy Solutions Se | Turbolader |
JP7222171B2 (ja) | 2020-09-11 | 2023-02-15 | ドゥサン エナービリティー カンパニー リミテッド | 振動調節装置、排気ディフューザシステム、およびこれを含むガスタービン |
CN114526128B (zh) * | 2022-01-07 | 2023-10-27 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种航空发动机内外机匣的主动振动控制系统及方法 |
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- 2011-08-23 US US13/817,057 patent/US9429038B2/en active Active
- 2011-08-23 RU RU2013107593/06A patent/RU2584744C2/ru active
- 2011-08-23 KR KR1020137004293A patent/KR101828637B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2011-08-23 EP EP11761656.5A patent/EP2609296B1/fr active Active
- 2011-08-23 CN CN201180040507.4A patent/CN103124833B/zh active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2807913C (fr) | 2018-08-21 |
FR2964145A1 (fr) | 2012-03-02 |
RU2013107593A (ru) | 2014-10-10 |
PL2609296T3 (pl) | 2020-06-01 |
EP2609296B1 (fr) | 2020-02-12 |
KR20130102038A (ko) | 2013-09-16 |
EP2609296A2 (fr) | 2013-07-03 |
WO2012025690A3 (fr) | 2012-04-19 |
JP5988976B2 (ja) | 2016-09-07 |
KR101828637B1 (ko) | 2018-03-22 |
US20130142634A1 (en) | 2013-06-06 |
RU2584744C2 (ru) | 2016-05-20 |
FR2964145B1 (fr) | 2018-06-15 |
CN103124833A (zh) | 2013-05-29 |
WO2012025690A2 (fr) | 2012-03-01 |
CA2807913A1 (fr) | 2012-03-01 |
JP2013536366A (ja) | 2013-09-19 |
US9429038B2 (en) | 2016-08-30 |
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