CN103109515A - Business deploy method and device - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method and device for service deployment, relates to the field of information technology, can increase the speed of service deployment, and reduce the time used for service deployment. The solution provided by the embodiment of the present invention configures the infrastructure required to run the application according to the application selected by the user and the configuration of the application selected, and generates parameter configuration scripts and compilation scripts; determines the application image according to the application , and configure the application image on a server node in the infrastructure; start the application, run the compilation script on the server node, and apply the parameter configuration script. The solutions provided by the embodiments of the present invention are suitable for use when deploying services under the FBCI framework.

Description

Method and device for service deployment

technical field

The present invention relates to the field of information technology, in particular to a method and device for service deployment.

Background technique

At present, services can be deployed on servers in the traditional way: first, install and debug purchased hardware devices such as servers, storage devices, and network devices, and then connect the servers to infrastructure such as storage devices and network devices; , OS) and divide the storage space; install relevant databases and implement pre-data; install middleware and deploy business applications; in order to ensure high performance and high reliability of business operations, business applications can also be optimized. However, using this method of layered implementation requires different independent software vendors (Independent Software Vendors, ISVs) to provide services or requires people who are proficient in each component to install, and it takes a long time for business deployment.

In the cloud computing environment, the Matrix automatic deployment system is launched for business deployment: using the preboot execute environment (PXE) automatic installation technology to deploy the infrastructure, the infrastructure refers to the server connected to the storage device and network device , and then install the operating system, which includes infrastructure such as servers, storage devices, and network devices, as well as the operating system. Then use virtual machines to deploy services, that is, select application templates according to service characteristics, then import application templates, start applications to complete service deployment, but still cannot shorten the process of operating system installation and software installation, so service deployment still takes a long time.

However, when using the existing technology for service deployment, the service deployment speed is slow and takes a long time.

Contents of the invention

Embodiments of the present invention provide a method and device for service deployment, which can increase the speed of service deployment and reduce the time required for service deployment.

In the first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for service deployment, including:

According to the application selected by the user and the selected configuration of the application, configure the infrastructure required to run the application, and generate a parameter configuration script and a compilation script;

determining an application image according to the application, and configuring the application image on a server node in the infrastructure;

Start the application, run the compilation script on the server node, and apply the parameter configuration script.

In a first possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the configuration of the infrastructure required for running the application includes: evaluate the required infrastructure performance value, and determine the required infrastructure; where, ∑α represents the performance value required by the application; β represents the redundancy coefficient; a, b, c, d represent a set of basic Architecture performance values, {a, b, c, d, ...} represent the set of infrastructure performance values.

With reference to the first aspect or the first possible implementation of the first aspect, in the second possible implementation, after generating the parameter configuration script and the compilation script, it further includes: combining the parameter configuration script and the compilation The script is delivered to the infrastructure and stored in an external storage in the infrastructure.

With reference to the first aspect or the first or second possible implementation manner of the first aspect, in a third possible implementation manner, an application image is determined according to the application, and the application image is configured in the On the server nodes in the infrastructure, including:

According to the application, the hard disk drive HDD library managed by the management node of the structure-based infrastructure and computer FBCI architecture determines the application image, and configures the application image to the server in the infrastructure by way of HDD snapshot on the node; or,

According to the application, the application image is determined in the template library managed by the management node of the FBCI architecture, and the application image is configured on the server node in the infrastructure by means of hard disk copy.

In the second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a device for service deployment, including:

The management node is configured to configure the infrastructure required to run the application according to the application selected by the user and the selected configuration of the application, and generate a parameter configuration script and a compilation script; and determine an application image according to the application, and The application image is configured on the server nodes in the infrastructure;

The management node is further configured to start the application;

The server node is configured to run the compilation script and apply the parameter configuration script.

In a first possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the management node further includes: an evaluation unit, configured to evaluate the Evaluate the performance value of the infrastructure, and determine the required infrastructure; where, ∑α represents the performance value required by the application; β represents the redundancy coefficient; a, b, c, d represent a group of infrastructure The performance values of , {a, b, c, d, ...} represent the collection of infrastructure performance values.

With reference to the second aspect or the first possible implementation manner of the second aspect, in a second possible implementation manner, the management node further includes:

A delivery unit, configured to deliver the parameter configuration script and the compilation script to the infrastructure, and store them in an external storage in the infrastructure.

With reference to the second aspect or the first or second possible implementation of the second aspect, in a third possible implementation, the management node is configured to: according to the application, between the structure-based infrastructure and The hard disk drive HDD library managed by the management node of the computer FBCI architecture determines the application image, and configures the application image on the server node in the infrastructure through the HDD snapshot; or, according to the application, in the FBCI The application image is determined in the template library managed by the management node of the architecture, and the application image is configured on the server nodes in the infrastructure by means of hard disk copy.

Embodiments of the present invention provide a method and device for service deployment. According to the application selected by the user and the configuration of the application selected, the infrastructure required for running the application is configured, and a parameter configuration script and a compilation script are generated; The application determines an application image, and configures the application image on a server node in the infrastructure; starts the application, runs the compilation script on the server node, and applies the parameter configuration script . Compared with the business deployment using the existing technology, the business deployment speed is slow and the adoption time is long, the solution provided by the embodiment of the present invention can automatically configure the infrastructure and generate parameter configuration scripts and compilation scripts according to the application selected by the user, so that It can increase the speed of service deployment and reduce the time required for service deployment.

Description of drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings that need to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description are only These are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can also be obtained according to these drawings without any creative effort.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a service deployment method provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a service deployment device provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a service deployment method provided in Embodiment 2 of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the FBCI architecture provided by Embodiment 2 of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an apparatus for service deployment provided by Embodiment 2 of the present invention.

Detailed ways

The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Example 1

The embodiment of the present invention provides a method for service deployment. The method provided by the embodiment of the present invention can be implemented under a Fabric-based infrastructure and computers (FBCI) architecture, and the FBCI architecture is generally assembled by independent modules. are formed and connected to each other through a conversion backplane. As shown in Figure 1, the method includes the following steps:

Step 101, according to the application selected by the user and the selected configuration of the application, configure the infrastructure required to run the application, and generate a parameter configuration script and a compilation script;

The infrastructure refers to the installation of the operating system on the basis of connecting the server to storage devices and network devices.

Optionally, according to the application selected by the user and the selected configuration of the application, the hardware configuration information is obtained after the configuration engine is configured. Here, the business system refers to the IT system used to meet the business needs of enterprises or organizations, usually including database middleware and applications. Database middleware refers to third-party software or services used to access databases. Middleware is an independent system software or A service program can connect two independent applications or independent systems for information transfer between two independent applications or independent systems. Application (Application, APP) refers to technologies, systems, software or products that provide services for enterprises or organizations.

It should be noted that different applications have different configurations, and the configurations here refer to hardware configurations and software configurations. For example, the business choice is a database server, and the application refers to the specific software that supports this business. For example, the application can be different types of software such as Oracle and Mysql. Then select the relevant configuration of the database server, which can be business scenarios, number of users, specific products, Service Level Agreement (ServiceLevel Agreement, SLA) and other network interconnection protocols (Internet Protocol, IP) domain name server (Domain Name Server, DNS) Related performance parameters, etc. Store the selected relevant configuration in the solid state buffer disk (Solid State Disk, SSD) configured for the application, so as to speed up the speed of business deployment. SSD is a technology that uses electronic storage media for data storage and reading, which breaks through the performance bottleneck of traditional mechanical hard disks, has extremely high storage performance, and is faster and more efficient than traditional hard disks.

The service deployment in this embodiment is to deploy the service system on a new server, so that the service system can be applied on the new server.

Further, the infrastructure required for the configuration to run the application includes:

According to Σα·β≈{a, b, c, d, . . . }, the performance value of the infrastructure required to run the application is evaluated, and the required infrastructure is determined. That is, the configuration model closest to the performance value required by the business system is obtained by comparing the performance value required by the business system with the corresponding set of performance values of the infrastructure running the application.

Among them, Σα represents the performance value required by the application; for example, a real-time accounting system requires a 300W online transaction processing benchmark program (Transaction Processing Performance Council, TPCC). TPCC is one of the parameters for evaluating performance under the FBCI framework, and TPCC can provide the performance of the overall system constructed by the server and the client.

β represents the redundancy coefficient, for example, β can be 1.3, then Σα·β requires the performance value of TPCC to be 390w.

a, b, c, d respectively represent a set of performance values of the infrastructure, {a, b, c, d, ...} represent the set of performance values of the infrastructure, you can take the upper track closest to the requirement, that is, the closest to 390w on track.

For example, a is the configuration of 150w TPCC, CPU: 4 10-core CPUs, the CPU can be Xeon E7500; memory: 16G; external storage: SSD 10T storage space. d is the configuration of 400W TPCC, eight 10-core CPUs, the CPU can be Xeon E7500; memory: 512G; external storage: SSD 10T storage space.

According to the evaluation rule: take the upper track closest to the requirement. Therefore, the performance value here can be taken as 400W. Then the business begins to allocate hardware resources such as CPU, memory, and external storage for construction based on the 400w configuration model.

Further, after the generating parameter configuration script and compiling script, it also includes:

Sending the parameter configuration script and the compiling script to the infrastructure and storing them in an external storage in the infrastructure.

Step 102, determining an application image according to the application, and configuring the application image on a server node in the infrastructure;

Optionally, according to the application, the hard disk drive (HardDisk Drive, HDD) library managed by the management node of the FBCI architecture determines the application image, and configures the application image into the infrastructure by means of a HDD snapshot on the server node of the ; or,

According to the application, the application image is determined in the template library managed by the management node of the FBCI architecture, and the application image is configured on the server node in the infrastructure by means of hard disk copy.

Step 103, start the application, run the compilation script on the server node, and apply the parameter configuration script.

The embodiment of the present invention provides a service deployment method, which can increase the speed of service deployment and reduce the time required for service deployment by automatically configuring the infrastructure according to the application selected by the user and generating parameter configuration scripts and compilation scripts.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a device for service deployment, which may be an FBCI, wherein the FBCI architecture is assembled from independent modules and connected to each other through a structure or a conversion backplane. As shown in Figure 2, the device includes: a management node 201, a server node 202;

The management node 201 is configured to configure the infrastructure required to run the application according to the application selected by the user and the relevant configuration of the application selected, and generate a parameter configuration script and a compilation script; and determine an application image according to the application, and configuring the application image onto the server node 202 in the infrastructure;

Further, the management node 201 includes: an evaluation unit, configured to evaluate the value of the infrastructure properties required to run the application according to Σα·β≈{a, b, c, d, ...}, and determine the required The required infrastructure; wherein, Σα represents the performance value required by the application; β represents the redundancy coefficient; a, b, c, d represent the performance values of a group of infrastructure respectively, {a, b, c, d, ...} represent a collection of infrastructure performance values, and these collections of infrastructure performance values can be derived from a configuration library obtained by synthesizing relevant knowledge and data according to a business model.

The management node 201 also includes: a delivery unit, configured to deliver the parameter configuration script and the compilation script to the infrastructure and store them in an external storage in the infrastructure.

The management node 201 is configured to: according to the application, determine the application image in the hard disk drive HDD library managed by the management node of the structure-based infrastructure and computer FBCI architecture, and configure the application image by way of HDD snapshot to the server node in the infrastructure; or, according to the application, determine the application image in the template library managed by the management node of the FBCI architecture, and configure the application image to the on the server nodes in the infrastructure.

The management node 201 is further configured to start the application; the server node 202 is configured to run the compiled script and apply the parameter configuration script.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a device for service deployment. The management node automatically configures the infrastructure according to the application selected by the user and generates parameter configuration scripts and compilation scripts. The management node determines the application image and configures the application image on the server node of the infrastructure. Start the application, run the compilation script by the server node, and apply the parameter configuration script, so that the speed of service deployment can be improved and the time required for service deployment can be reduced.

Example 2

An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for service deployment, as shown in FIG. 3 , the method includes:

Step 301, configure the infrastructure required to run the application according to the application selected by the user and the configuration of the application selected;

Users select applications according to their business needs, and select configurations based on the selected applications. It should be noted that different applications have different configurations, and the configurations here refer to hardware configurations and software configurations. For example, select the database server for the business, and then select the relevant configuration of the database server. The relevant configuration can be business scenarios, number of users, specific products, service level agreements (Service Level Agreement, SLA) and other Internet Protocols (Internet Protocol, IP) Domain Name Server (Domain NameServer, DNS) related performance parameters, etc., store the selected related configuration in the solid state buffer disk (Solid State Disk, SSD) configured for the application, so as to speed up the speed of business deployment. SSD is a technology that uses electronic storage media for data storage and reading, which breaks through the performance bottleneck of traditional mechanical hard disks, has extremely high storage performance, and is faster and more efficient than traditional hard disks. Here, the business system refers to the IT system used to meet the business needs of enterprises or organizations, usually including database middleware and applications, database middleware refers to third-party software or services used to access databases, middleware is an independent system software Or a service program that can connect two independent applications or independent systems for information transfer between two independent applications or independent systems. Application (Application, APP) refers to technologies, systems, software or products that provide services for enterprises or organizations.

It should be noted that the FBCI architecture is shown in FIG. 4 , wherein the FBCI architecture is assembled from independent modules and connected to each other through a conversion backplane. The FBCI architecture includes: management node, central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, CPU) pool, memory pool, and storage pool. The management node manages the CPU, memory, and external storage in the FBCI architecture, and allocates different resources according to different applications. It should be noted that the CPU pool, the memory pool, and the storage pool all correspond to physical entities. In this step, configuring the infrastructure required to run the application is the allocation of physical resources. The infrastructure refers to the installation of the operating system on the basis of connecting the server to storage devices and network devices, which means that it can provide computing, storage and Network architecture system.

FBCI receives the user's selected application and related configuration, and obtains the hardware configuration information after configuring the configuration engine in the rapid deployment function area, that is, configures the required CPU, memory, external storage space, network bandwidth, etc. on the new server, and combines the hardware to form A server that can provide storage and network.

It should be noted that, in step 301, according to the application selected by the user and the relevant configuration of the application selected, hardware resources required for running the application are configured.

Step 302, according to Σα·β≈{a, b, c, d, ...}, evaluate the performance value of the infrastructure required to run the application, and determine the required infrastructure; that is, according to the business system The required performance value is compared with the corresponding set of performance values of the infrastructure running the application to obtain a configuration model closest to the performance value required by the business system.

Wherein, Σα represents the performance value required by the application, for example, a real-time accounting system requires a 300W online transaction processing benchmark program TPCC. TPCC is one of the parameters for evaluating performance under the FBCI framework, and TPCC can provide the performance of the overall system constructed by the server and the client.

β represents the redundancy coefficient, for example, β can be 1.3, then Σα·β requires the performance value of TPCC to be 390w.

{a, b, c, d, ...} represent a collection of infrastructure performance values, and the upper track closest to the requirement can be taken, that is, the upper track closest to 390w.

For example, a is the configuration of 150w TPCC, CPU: 4 10-core CPUs, the CPU can be Xeon E7500; memory: 16G; external storage: SSD 10T storage space. d is the configuration of 400W TPCC, eight 10-core CPUs, the CPU can be Xeon E7500; memory: 512G; external storage: SSD 10T storage space. Wherein, the collection of these infrastructure performance values may be derived from a configuration library obtained by synthesizing relevant knowledge and data according to a business model.

According to the evaluation rule: take the upper track closest to the requirement. Therefore, the performance value here can be taken as 400W. Then the business starts to allocate CPU, memory, external storage and other resources for construction according to the 400w configuration model.

Step 303, generating a parameter configuration script and a compilation script according to the application selected by the user and the configuration of the application selected;

For example, when deploying a database application, parameter configuration scripts can be generated, such as operating system parameters and configuration scripts; database parameter scripts; related performance processing scripts, etc.; compilation scripts can also be generated, such as database compilation scripts.

It should be noted that the generated parameter configuration script and compilation script are directly sent to the allocated infrastructure by the management node in the FBC I architecture, and stored in the external storage in the infrastructure.

Step 304, determining an application image according to the application, and configuring the application image on a server node in the infrastructure;

Optionally, according to the application selected by the user, the application image is determined in the hard disk drive HDD library or the template library of the management node of the FBCI architecture. As shown in Figure 4, the HDD library or template library is located in the rapid deployment functional area and is managed by the management node. Application images of various business applications are stored in the HDD library or template library.

It should be noted that this embodiment supports two methods for configuring the application image on the corresponding server node running the application: one is an HDD image, and the other is a traditional virtual machine. When using HDD mirroring, select the application mirroring from the HDD library stored in the management node of the FBCI architecture, and configure the application mirroring on the server nodes in the infrastructure through HDD snapshots; when using traditional virtual machines, the FBCI Select the application image from the template library stored in the management node of the architecture, and configure the application image to the server nodes in the infrastructure by means of hard disk copy.

Step 305, start the application, run the compilation script on the server node, and apply the parameter configuration script.

After the application image is configured on the corresponding server node running the application, the application is started. During the application start-up process, the server nodes in the infrastructure run the compiled script, and apply the parameter configuration script, that is, the IP DNS database parameters, application parameters and other configurations are automatically applied through the parameter configuration script.

The embodiment of the present invention provides a method for service deployment. By adopting the FBCI framework, the infrastructure is automatically configured according to the application selected by the user, and the parameter configuration script and the compilation script are generated, the application image is determined according to the application, and the application image is configured. Go to the server node in the infrastructure, start the application, run the compilation script on the server node, and apply the parameter configuration script. When the service deployment method provided by the embodiment of the present invention is used for service deployment, it can be completed within a short period of time, for example, within 10 minutes, so that the speed of service deployment can be increased and the time required for service deployment can be reduced.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a device for service deployment. The device may be FBCI. As shown in FIG. 5 , the device includes: a management node 501, an evaluation unit 5011, a delivery unit 5012, and a server node 502;

The management node 501 is configured to configure the infrastructure required to run the application according to the application selected by the user and the configuration of the application selected, and generate parameter configuration scripts and compilation scripts;

Further, the infrastructure includes server nodes, memory, external storage, etc. Further, the evaluation unit 5011 in the management node 501 is configured to evaluate the infrastructure performance value required to run the application according to Σα·β≈{a, b, c, d, ...}, and determine The required infrastructure; wherein, Σα represents the performance value required by the application; β represents the redundancy coefficient; {a, b, c, d, ...} represents the set of performance values of the infrastructure. The collection of these infrastructure performance values can be derived from a configuration library obtained by synthesizing related knowledge and data according to the business model.

For example, a real-time accounting system requires a 300W TPCC. TPCC is one of the parameters for evaluating performance under the FBCI framework, and TPCC can provide the performance of the overall system constructed by the server and the client.

β represents the redundancy coefficient, for example, β can be 1.3, then Σα·β requires the performance value of TPCC to be 390w.

a, b, c, d respectively represent a set of performance values of the infrastructure, {a, b, c, d, ...} represent the set of performance values of the infrastructure, you can take the upper track closest to the requirement, that is, the closest to 390w on track.

For example, a is the configuration of 150w TPCC, CPU: 4 10-core CPUs, the CPU can be Xeon E7500; memory: 16G; external storage: SSD 10T storage space. d is the configuration of 400W TPCC, eight 10-core CPUs, the CPU can be Xeon E7500; memory: 512G; external storage: SSD 10T storage space.

According to the evaluation rule: take the upper track closest to the requirement. Therefore, the performance value here can be taken as 400W. Then the business begins to allocate hardware resources such as CPU, memory, and external storage for construction based on the 400w configuration model.

Further, the delivery unit 5012 in the management node 501 is configured to deliver the parameter configuration script and the compilation script to the infrastructure, and store them in an external storage in the infrastructure.

The management node 501 is further configured to determine an application image according to the application, and configure the application image on a server node in the infrastructure;

Further, the management node 501 is specifically configured to: according to the application, determine the application image in the HDD library of the hard disk drive managed by the management node of the structure-based infrastructure and computer FBCI architecture, and upload the application image through the HDD snapshot. The image is configured on the server node in the infrastructure; or, according to the application, the application image is determined in the template library managed by the management node of the FBCI architecture, and the application image is copied by hard disk Configured on the server nodes in the infrastructure.

The management node 501 is further configured to start the application, and then the server node 502 runs the compilation script and applies the parameter configuration script.

The embodiment of the present invention provides a device for service deployment. The management node automatically configures the infrastructure according to the application selected by the user, generates parameter configuration scripts and compilation scripts, determines the application image and configures the application image to the server node; starts the application, the server The node runs the compilation script and applies the parameter configuration script, so that the speed of service deployment can be increased and the time required for service deployment can be reduced.

The above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Anyone skilled in the art can easily think of changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention. Should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims (8)

1. A method for service deployment, comprising: According to the application selected by the user and the selected configuration of the application, configure the infrastructure required to run the application, and generate a parameter configuration script and a compilation script; determining an application image according to the application, and configuring the application image on a server node in the infrastructure; Start the application, run the compilation script on the server node, and apply the parameter configuration script. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the configuring the infrastructure required to run the application comprises: Evaluate the performance value of the infrastructure required to run the application according to Σα·β≈{a, b, c, d, ...}, and determine the required infrastructure; Among them, Σα represents the performance value required by the application; β represents the redundancy coefficient; a, b, c, d represent the performance value of a group of infrastructure respectively, and {a, b, c, d, ...} represent the infrastructure A collection of performance values. 3. according to the method described in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that, after described generating parameter configuration script and compiling script, also comprise: Sending the parameter configuration script and the compiling script to the infrastructure and storing them in an external storage in the infrastructure. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein determining an application image according to the application, and configuring the application image on a server node in the infrastructure includes: According to the application, the hard disk drive HDD library managed by the management node of the structure-based infrastructure and computer FBCI architecture determines the application image, and configures the application image to the server in the infrastructure by way of HDD snapshot on the node; or, According to the application, the application image is determined in the template library managed by the management node of the FBCI architecture, and the application image is configured on the server node in the infrastructure by means of hard disk copy. 5. A device for service deployment, comprising: The management node is configured to configure the infrastructure required to run the application according to the application selected by the user and the selected configuration of the application, and generate a parameter configuration script and a compilation script; and determine an application image according to the application, and The application image is configured on the server nodes in the infrastructure; The management node is further configured to start the application; The server node is configured to run the compilation script and apply the parameter configuration script. 6. The device according to claim 5, wherein the management node comprises: An evaluation unit, configured to evaluate the performance value of the infrastructure required to run the application according to ∑α.β≈{a, b, c, d, ...}, and determine the required infrastructure; Among them, Σα represents the performance value required by the application; β represents the redundancy coefficient; a, b, c, d represent the performance value of a group of infrastructure respectively, and {a, b, c, d, ...} represent the infrastructure A collection of performance values. 7. The device according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the management node further comprises: A delivery unit, configured to deliver the parameter configuration script and the compilation script to the infrastructure, and store them in an external storage in the infrastructure. 8. The device according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the management node is configured to determine an application image according to the application, and configure the application image on a server node in the infrastructure ,Specifically: The management node is configured to determine the application image in the hard disk drive HDD library managed by the management node based on the structure-based infrastructure and computer FBCI architecture according to the application, and configure the application image to the On the server node in the infrastructure; or, according to the application, determine the application image in the template library managed by the management node of the FBCI architecture, and configure the application image to the base by means of hard disk copy on the server nodes in the architecture.

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