CN103091924B - 电子纸显示器的被动复用扩展 - Google Patents
电子纸显示器的被动复用扩展 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
由多路复用驱动方案取代电子纸显示器(EPD)的单一区段驱动方案,该多路复用驱动方案将驱动器管脚的数目减少为每个位或字母数字符号的显示区段加上每个位或字母数字符号的一个输入/输出(I/O)线路的数目。根据本发明,当典型采用的EPD材料具有稳定阈值并结合了小的滞后时,被动数位选择机制支持多路复用显示驱动方案。典型地,显示操作越好,滞后越小并且所采用的EPD材料的阈值越稳定。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种被动多路复用电子纸显示器。
背景技术
字母数字式电子纸显示器(EPD)的典型实现以其中每个显示区段由一个输入/输出(I/O)线路驱动的单一区段驱动方案为基础。更复杂的显示器需要大量I/O线路,导致管脚数目多的驱动器IC。典型的管脚数目多的显示驱动器装置通常不适合低成本实现。典型地,昂贵的显示驱动器提高了成本,该昂贵的显示驱动器由于大量I/O线路而要求大的硅区域;由于显示驱动器的低倾度(low-pitch)而需要昂贵的柔性(flex)基板;因为低倾度的显示驱动器而需要高定位精确度,从而管芯附着工艺需要昂贵的拾取和放置设备;以及,特别在存在机械应力的情况下,因结合低倾度和大数量的I/O线路,导致可靠性损失。字母数字式电子纸显示器,例如,可以用在嵌入式智能卡、带有显示功能的智能标签、安全令牌、条形码显示器以及电子文档中。
发明内容
用于EPD的单一区段驱动方案被多路复用(multiplexed)驱动方案所取代,该多路复用驱动方案将驱动器管脚的数目减少到每个位(bit)或字母数字符号的显示区段加上每个位或字母数字符号的一个输入/输出(I/O)线路的数目。根据本发明,当典型采用的EPD材料具有结合了小滞后的稳定阈值时,被动数位(digit)选择机制能够实现多路复用显示驱动方案。典型地,显示操作越好,所采用的EPD材料的滞后越小并且阈值越稳定。
附图说明
图1a示出了根据本发明的一个实施例。
图1b示出了根据本发明的一个实施例。
图2a示出了电子纸显示膜的非线性翻转行为(flipping behavior)。
图2b示出了根据本发明实施例的作为时间的函数的施加电压和位移。
图2c示出了根据本发明的电子纸显示膜的校准步骤。
图2d示出了根据本发明,针对示例电子纸显示膜,作为时间的函数,从浅色状态(白色)到深色状态(黑色)的反射率转变和从深色状态(黑色)到浅色状态(白色)的反射率转变。
图3示出了根据本发明实施例的电子纸显示器的横截面。
图4示出了根据本发明实施例的电子纸显示器的相关电容和寄生电容。
图5示出了根据本发明实施例中的三位七段显示。
图6示出了根据本发明实施例,针对主动白色上黑色显示的实现的典型示例性显示驱动序列。
具体实施方式
典型地,电子纸显示器(EPD)的微囊体包含在载流子流体中的有色和预充电颗粒。在电场的影响下,这些色素颗粒在流体中移动。载流子流体中颗粒的速度给出为:
v=μ·E(1)
其中v是载流子流体中颗粒的速度,μ是电泳迁移率,而E是施加的电场。例如,黑色和白色颗粒通常具有相反的电泳迁移率。假设电场与单元间隙(cell gap)上施加的电压成比例,并且黑色颗粒和白色颗粒的电泳迁移率是常数:
spart=∫v dt(2)
其中spart是颗粒163的颗粒位移,而dt是时间变化。结合等式(1)和等式(2),得出:
spart=μ·∫E dt(3)
参见图1a:
E=uepd/s(4)
其中uepd是底部电极160和顶部电极162(其典型地是ITO)之间的电压差,而s(单元厚度)是底部电极160和顶部电极162之间的距离。定义:
k=μ/s(5)
其中k是取决于电泳迁移率μ的常数,而单元厚度s允许将颗粒位移写为:
spart=k·∫uepd(t)dt(6)
颗粒位移spart是所施加电压uepd(t)的时间积分的函数。在两种颗粒颜色(白色和灰色)的情况下,大于零而小于s的颗粒位移spart得到中间灰度级别。引入作为积分常数的颗粒163的初始位移spart_ini,得到:
spart_tot=spart_ini+k·∫uepd(t)dt(7)
总颗粒位移spart_tot是所施加电压uepd(t)时间积分和初始位移spart_ini的函数,这意味着由初始位移spart_ini表示的灰度级别能够通过对颗粒163进一步施加电压uepd(t)而改变。
在EPD显示器的典型操作中,电压被施加至EPD区段以改变其颜色或者产生翻转(flip)。一旦完成了理想的颜色变化或者翻转,则去除所施加的电压,并且颜色状态保持,而无进一步能耗。
在根据本发明的一个实施例中,电容分压器110由两个本征电容器121和131组成。电容器121由电极120和浮动收集器(floating collector)140形成。如图1b所示,电容131由电极130和浮动收集器140形成。电容分压器110具有两个电压输入端110和112。电子纸显示(EPD)膜170由在浮动收集器140上得到的电压直接驱动。电容分压器110实现对控制非线性EPD颜色变化或翻转行为的E场的选择性减小。注意,电容分压器110可以在标准板工艺(board process)中典型地通过银印(silver printing)或者铜(copper)实现。
图2a示出了EPD膜170的非线性翻转行为。如曲线120所示的非线性驱动行为主要起于EPD膜170中载流子流体中的摩擦。一旦浮动收集器140上的电压达到vth,曲线120显示出在EPD膜170中发生翻转或者颜色变化。典型地,施加的电压超过了vth“安全”裕度。在vth以下(和在与vth有关的负电压处),由于低迁移率,EPD膜170不会改变状态。
以简化方式在图2b中示出了由公式(7)表示的电泳显示器对在特定时间段上施加的驱动电压uepd的积分反应。例如如图2b中所示的,曲线212显示了作为时间t的函数的位移spart,初始位移spart_ini为50μm,这表示了中间颜色级别。曲线215显示了作为时间t的函数的所施加电压。当时间t=0.4秒时,施加15伏特的正电压uepd,颗粒朝向底部电极160移动(参见图1a)。0.2秒以后,颗粒的位移spart_tot为0μm(颗粒已到达其底部位置)。当在0.9秒处施加-15伏特的负电压uepd时,颗粒朝向顶部电极162移动(参见图1a)。0.4秒以后,颗粒的位移spart_tot为100μm(颗粒已到达其顶部位置)。
由于电泳材料的双稳态属性,在底部电极160处的0伏特电压将会保持当前状态,而不需要施加电力。通过在恒定时间上施加小于驱动电压的电压,或者通过在小于1位建立时间的时间上施加驱动电压,可以获得中间灰度级别(参见表1)。
为了准备根据本发明的电子纸膜,需要对电子纸显示膜进行如图2c所示的校准。校准序列如下:
在步骤220中,测量所需的恒定驱动电压(±)Va,该电压需要被施加至电子纸膜以获得用于两种颜色状态(例如,深色和浅色)的期望对比率CR。
在步骤222中,对电子纸膜施加幅度为(±)Va并且脉冲持续时间变化的电压脉冲。
在步骤224中,测量从期望对比率CR上的一个颜色状态翻转到期望对比率CR上的另一个颜色状态所需的1位(最小)建立时间tset,如图2d所示,针对BRIDGESTONE QR-LPD。图2d显示了针对根据本发明的示例性电子纸膜,作为时间函数的给出从浅色状态(白色)到深色状态(黑色)的反射率转变的曲线240和给出从深色状态(黑色)到浅色状态(白色)的反射率转变的曲线245。图2d中的tset是0.2msec。
在步骤226中,施加具有持续的安全建立时间tssetup的脉冲,该安全建立时间tssetup典型地为tsetup的两倍;以及将脉冲的幅度从-Va变化至+Va,并且测量相应的对比率CR。
在步骤228中,识别当CR开始增加时在深色状态下的阈值电压+Vp,该电压等于当CR开始减小时在浅色状态下的电压。
在步骤230中,识别当浅色状态下的CR已经达到最大值CRlight时的电压+Va。
在步骤232中,识别当CR开始增加时在深色状态下的阈值电压-Vp,该电压等于当CR开始减小时在浅色状态下的电压。
在步骤234中,识别当深色状态下的CR已经达到最大值CRdark时的电压-Va。
图3示出了根据本发明实施例的带多路复用300的电子纸显示器的横截面。EPD膜170由透明氧化铟锡(ITO)或者PEDOT公共电极310覆盖。公共电极310不是结构化的(structured)。屏蔽电极315与区段收集器电极(collector electrode)320一起位于EPD膜170下面。注意,区段收集器电极被完全隔离,使得不存在任何可能引起温度相关泄漏电流的结点。聚合物350提供区段选择电极365、数位选择电极360和区段收集器电极320之间的隔离。聚合物350典型地需要具有相对高的介电常数ε,以保持EPD膜170的电容和选择电容之间的至少为15的典型比率(见图4)。聚合物350可以典型地具有高达20的相对介电常数K。合适的聚合物材料包括聚(偏二氟乙烯-三氟乙烯),钛酸钡/苯并环丁烯,钛酸锶钡(例如,Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3)和氰乙基支链淀粉。
区段选择触点335电耦接至区段选择电极365,数位选择触点340电耦接至数位选择电极360,屏蔽触点345电耦接至屏蔽电极315。基板355提供对带多路复用300的电子纸显示器的结构性支撑。
图4示出了图3根据本发明实施例的带多路复用300的电子纸显示器的相关电容以及寄生电容,以及示出了包括在EPD膜170中的电子墨微囊体。电容410是与EPD膜170相关联的电容。电容420和430是与屏蔽315相关联的电容。电容440是与区段选择电极365相关联的电容,电容450是与数位选择电极360相关联的电容。注意,电容410、440和450形成如图1b中所示的电容分压器110。最后,电容460是区段选择电极365和数位选择电极360之间的电容。
在根据本发明的一个实施例中,电子墨微囊体480包括由无电(clear)流体495分离的带负电黑色色素颗粒485和带正电白色色素颗粒490。电子墨微囊体480示出为在其深色状态。在图4中,在浅色状态下,极性反转,带正电白色色素颗粒490占据黑色色素颗粒485的位置,而带负电黑色色素颗粒485占据带正电白色色素颗粒490的位置。
图5中示出了三位七段显示500以提供根据本发明的一个实施例。区段501,502,503,504,505,506和507每个分别需要输入/输出(I/O)线路501a,502a,503a,504a,505a,506a和507a以产生数位。三个I/O线路510,520和530被用来分别控制对数位560,570和580的访问。I/O线路550控制屏蔽电极315(参见图3)以设置背景颜色(例如,黑色或者白色)。顶部ITO公共电极310(图5中未示出)需要额外的I/O线路(未显示)。
如图1b中所示的,电容分压器110具有两个电压输入端110和112并且控制EPD膜170的翻转。如果V区段是电压输入端110上的电压输入而V数位是电压输入端112上的电压输入,那么:
V输出=(C121·V区段+C131·V数位)/(C121+C131)(8)
其中C121为本征电容器121的电容,而C131为本征电容器131的电容。图5中所示的每个数位560,570和580的每个区段501,502,503,504,505,506,507由类似于电容分压器110的电容分压器控制。例如,参照图5中由黑至白改变数位560的区段501,V区段被施加至I/O线路501a,并且V数位被施加至I/O线路510并传递给数位560的所有7个电容分压器的电压输入端112。数位560,570和580的区段501并联,使得V区段通过I/O线路501a被施加至所有区段501。如果翻转至白色需要例如Vth=3伏特(当C121=C131时),V区段=4伏特且V数位=7伏特,那么利用公式(8)当施加V输出=5.5伏特时,数位560的区段501开始向白色变化。电压V输出越高,达到白色状态越快。假设数位570的区段501也是黑色而没有翻转至白色,由于所有区段501并联但是V数位=0伏特被施加至I/O线路520,V区段=4伏特,并且V输出=2伏特,使得数位570的区段501不开始转至白色。可以看出,翻转是由I/O输入端510,520和530上的电压控制的,这些I/O输入端510,520和530分别提供电压给数位560,570和580。
图6示出了示出了根据本发明,针对主动白色上黑色显示(active blackon white display)的实现的典型示例性显示驱动序列。在步骤610中,通过将电压V屏蔽施加至I/O线路550,将三位七段显示500的背景设为白色。在步骤620中,通过将电压-V区段(典型地等于-V屏蔽)分别施加至区段I/O线路501a,502a,503a,504a,505a,506a和507a,并且将电压-V数位(典型地等于-V屏蔽)施加至区段I/O线路510,520和530,将所有区段501,502,503,504,506,507设为黑色。在步骤630中,通过将电压V区段施加至区段501,502,503,504,506,507中所选择区段的区段I/O线路,并且将电压V数 位施加至用于数位560,570和580中所选择数位的数位I/O线路,将区段501,502,503,504,506,507中所选择的区段设为白色。最后,在步骤640中,所有I/O线路501a,502a,503a,504a,505a,506a,507a,510,520,530和550上的电压都被设为零。由于图2a所示的翻转行为的非线性,显示将稳定而不需要供给电力。注意,对于黑色上白色显示的情况,图6中的电压反转。
根据本发明,还可以使用诸如SIPIX MICROCUP和BRIDGESTONEQR-LPD等其它电泳显示器。SIPIX MICROCUP的使用典型地需要改变所需电压水平以适应如表1中所示的不同阈值电压以及如表1中所示的显示材料的1位建立时间所表示的电泳迁移率。BRIDGESTONE QR-LPD根据类似于电子墨(E-Ink)的静电原理操作。因为带电颗粒悬浮在空气中,所以典型地需要更高的电压来驱动该显示器。需要针对如表1中所示的阈值电压以及如表1中所示的显示材料的1位建立时间所表示的电泳迁移率,来调整正电压水平、负电压水平以及两个中间电压水平。
表1显示了适用于根据本发明的电泳显示器的材料的典型值。
表1
虽然已经结合具体实施例描述了本发明,但是对于本领域技术人员来说明显的是,根据前面的描述,多种替换、改变和变化变得明显。因此,本发明旨在涵盖落入所附权利要求的精神和范围之内的所有其它这些替换、改变和变化。
Claims (6)
1.一种被动多路复用电子纸显示器,包括:
电子纸显示膜(170),所述电子纸显示膜被分成n个字母数字符号显示部,每个字母数字符号显示部包括m个显示区段;
m个输入/输出线路,所述m个输入/输出线路电耦接至n*m个所述显示区段;
位于所述电子纸显示膜(170)上方的顶部电极(310),
位于所述电子纸显示膜(170)下方的屏蔽电极(315)、区段收集器电极(320)、区段选择电极(365)和数位选择电极(360);其中,
区段收集器电极(320)、屏蔽电极(315)、区段选择电极(365)和数位选择电极(360)彼此之间通过聚合物(350)隔离,在各电极之间形成电容。
2.如权利要求1所述的被动多路复用电子纸显示器,其中所述n个字母数字符号显示部中的每一个电耦接至专用输入/输出线路。
3.如权利要求1所述的被动多路复用电子纸显示器,其中电容分压器提供电场以控制所述字母数字符号显示部的每个所述区段的颜色变化。
4.如权利要求1所述的被动多路复用电子纸显示器,其中所述电子纸显示膜包括电子墨微囊体。
5.如权利要求3所述的被动多路复用电子纸显示器,其中需要阈值电场来影响所述区段的颜色变化。
6.如权利要求1所述的被动多路复用电子纸显示器,其中所述顶部电极不是结构化的。
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