CN103016276B - Two-sectional inclined folding blade device for large wind-driven generator - Google Patents
Two-sectional inclined folding blade device for large wind-driven generator Download PDFInfo
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- CN103016276B CN103016276B CN201210526207.3A CN201210526207A CN103016276B CN 103016276 B CN103016276 B CN 103016276B CN 201210526207 A CN201210526207 A CN 201210526207A CN 103016276 B CN103016276 B CN 103016276B
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 210000003746 feather Anatomy 0.000 description 6
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 241000341910 Vesta Species 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003911 water pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors
- F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D7/022—Adjusting aerodynamic properties of the blades
- F03D7/0236—Adjusting aerodynamic properties of the blades by changing the active surface of the wind engaging parts, e.g. reefing or furling
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2240/00—Components
- F05B2240/20—Rotors
- F05B2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
- F05B2240/307—Blade tip, e.g. winglets
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wind Motors (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a two-sectional inclined folding blade device for a large wind-driven generator. The two-sectional inclined folding blade device for the large wind-driven generator comprises a wind turbine hub, a two-sectional combined blade and a blade connecting device, wherein the two-sectional combined blade comprises a main blade and a folding blade, the main blade is a fixed blade and the folding blade is a rotating blade; the folding blade is driven to rotate by a drive motor and a rotating gear directly; an included angle is formed between the rotating axis of the folding blade and the upper reference axis of the main blade; the folding blade can perform upward rotating movement and downward rotating movement, and one side of the blade has a warped edge, so that the rotating torque can be adjusted conveniently aiming at different wind conditions; and therefore, an effect of variable pitch is achieved. When strong wind and wind damage is met, the device can enter a completely folded position of safety protection. The device provided by the invention can be manufactured and assembled in sections, has the characteristics of simple structure, convenience in field assembly and maintenance, and easiness and convenience in control of the start and the shutdown of the blades, and is particularly suitable for large and ultra-large blade units.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to blades of large-scale wind driven generator structure, belong to field of wind power equipment.
Background technique
Current most of energy sources is fossil fuel: coal, oil and rock gas, with present operating speed, known residue colliery mineral reserve will run out after about 200 years, and oil and natural gas will use totally in less than 100 years.Fossil fuel can cause a large amount of environmental pollutions in use, comprising the greenhouse gases causing global warming.Wind energy is one of most business potential, most active renewable energy sources, and use clean, cost is lower, and takes endless.It is large that wind-power electricity generation has electric motor power growth space, and cost declines fast, and safety, the energy such as never to exhaust at the advantage.Wind-power electricity generation, while provide stable power to supply for economic growth, can effectively alleviate atmospheric pollution, water pollutions and global warming issue.In all kinds of new energy development, wind-power electricity generation is technology relative maturity and has the generation mode of large-scale development and business development condition, wind-power electricity generation can reduce a large amount of pollutants and the carbon emission of fossil fuel power generation, and large-scale promotion wind-powered electricity generation can make positive contribution for energy-saving and emission-reduction.Under global energy crisis and the day by day serious background of environmental crisis, wind energy resources starts to be subject to common concern.Wind-power electricity generation large-scale development provides the wide market space and prospect to wind-power electricity generation equipment manufacture.According to estimates, global potential wind-power electricity generation ability more than 70,000,000,000,000 kilowatts, than the water energy total amount that the earth can develop also large 10 times.Along with following conventional energy resource cost continues to rise, wind-powered electricity generation advantage is more obvious, and development can be faster, estimates that in years ahead, installed capacity of wind-driven power average annual growth rate will up to 20%.According to the report of GWEC, the installed capacity of wind-driven power of the states such as current Germany, Spain, the U.S., India, Denmark, Italy, Britain, Holland, China, Japan and Portugal is relatively many.The global industry blue book that international green peace organization and WWEA issue is thought, 12.6 hundred million kilowatts will be reached to the wind energy electric motor power of the year two thousand twenty whole world, wind-powered electricity generation electricity reaches 3.1 trillion kilowatt hours when the time comes, wind-powered electricity generation will account for 12% of world power supply, meanwhile, this clean energy resource will reduce by the CO2 emission of about 11,000,000,000 tons.
Can find out, the utilization comprising the renewable energy sources of solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy etc. enters a brand-new developing period, and wind energy is considered to the clean energy resource being hopeful most to contend with in cost of electricity-generating with traditional energy.The average single-machine capacity of the European countries such as Britain, Denmark Wind turbines has reached 2.5 megawatts, Chinese average out to 1.6 megawatt.The installation cost of offshore wind turbine is higher, and therefore Large-scale machine set more has cost advantage, and the 6MW blower fan of Denmark Vestas is about to come into operation, and Clipper company of the U.S. develops 10MW model machine, and marine separate unit wind-powered electricity generation MW class unit of future generation will reach 6MW to 10MW.
China in Recent Years wind-powered electricity generation industry presents explosive growth, from the year electric motor powers of 2005 less than 1000MW, to year electric motor power in 2009 more than 14000MW, five years increased 14 times, the newly-increased installed capacity of wind-driven power of " 12 " period (2011-2015) China will reach 40000MW, and China has become the wind-powered electricity generation big country of attracting attention in the whole world.
From 19 end of the centurys to the wind-power electricity generation of 20 beginnings of the century, be all small-scale DC generation, until first half in 20th century, just start the maximization realizing wind power generating set, and increase output power by improving aerodynamic quality.To phase late 1990s, adopt the wind power generating set of 1MW-1.5MW on a large scale.Enter 21 century, the power of wind power generating set and rotor diameter are tending towards maximizing more, and the wind-driven generator that rotor diameter reaches 60-80m, output power reaches 2MW consists of leading unit, and meanwhile, offshore wind turbine also maximizes more.
Now, the state-of-the-art technology of wind-power electricity generation and development trend present the development trends such as maximization, variable-speed operation, feather and non-gear box, namely
One, in maximization, the Wind turbines of present MW class has possessed commercialization value, its single-machine capacity can reach 2 ~ 3MW, the marine single-machine capacity of Wind turbines maximum at present can reach 5MW, wind wheel blade length is also greater than 30m, the weight of generator set is also heavier, and inevitable in transport and install and bring larger difficulty, the safety of structure of Wind turbines when strong wind also faces larger risk.
Two, in variable-speed operation, namely compared with the wind power generating set of constant-speed operation, the blower fan of variable-speed operation has that generated energy is large, good to the adaptability of wind speed change, cost of production is low, efficiency advantages of higher, but for large fan, because blade is longer and heavier, the control for its inertia will be a difficult point.
Three, in feather design and operating aspect; current fixed pitch is to feather future development; the advantage that feather regulates is that startup of unit performance is good, stable output power, set structure stressed little, shut down convenient and safe; but the mechanism of feather is comparatively complicated; too increase the probability of failure of vane change device, control program more complicated.In conjunction with the application of feather technology and the development of Power Electronic Technique, most Wind turbines exploitation manufacturer brings into use variable speed constant frequency technology, and have developed variable-pitch variable-speed Wind turbines, makes to have had on Wind resource change and improves further and improve.
Four, in non-gear box (directly driving type), what namely adopt non-gear box directly drives mode, effectively can improve efficiency and the operational reliability of system, but need to develop slow-revving generator techniques.
Five, in blade technology, the aerofoil profile of wind generator set blade is from the aerofoil profile adopting aircraft wing originally, develop into most recently used specially for the aerofoil profile of wind-driven generator, and within the scope of low Reynolds number, obtain higher ratio of lift coefficient to drag coefficient, compared with the aerofoil profile of aircraft utilization, aerofoil profile is thickening, and intensity and the rigidity of blade also improve widely.
Only with regard to blade, there is following deficiency in current large-scale wind generating equipment: the size of large-scale blade is more and more longer, this proposes more and more higher requirement to blade material weight, intensity and rigidity, meanwhile, also brings very large difficulty to transportation, installation, maintenance; Therefore; for the manufacture of large-scale blade and installation, complexity, the stability for output power in unit running process, the startability for unit for blade pitch device and shut down the aspects such as convenient and safe property, study one of key problem in technology and difficult point that novel blade technology is the large-scale and super sized type blade structure of Developing.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention is intended to propose the two-part oblique fold impeller assembly for large-scale wind driven generator, be convenient to manufacture and the assembling of large-scale blade, meanwhile, it can also be made for different wind regime to carry out the adjustment of running torque easily, play the effect becoming oar.
Technological scheme of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of two-part oblique fold impeller assembly for large-scale wind driven generator, described device contains axial fan hub and at least two blades, it is characterized in that: each blade comprises primary blades and folding blade, described primary blades is stator blade, and primary blades root is fixedly connected with axial fan hub; Primary blades is connected by blade attachment with folding blade, and make folding blade carry out upper rotation and lower rotary motion around folding blade spin axis, described folding blade spin axis becomes α angle with axis of reference in primary blades, the absolute value of α angle is more than or equal to 10 °, be less than or equal to 30 °, axis of reference and blower fan rotary main shaft line parallel in described primary blades.
Technical characteristics of the present invention is also: described blade attachment comprises folding blade drive motor, connection main shaft, transmitting gear, rotary bearing, folding blade connection bracket and connects base; Connect main shaft to be connected with the inner ring of the rotary bearing at two ends, and supported, the outer shroud of the rotary bearing at two ends connects with the connection base at two ends respectively, and is fixed in primary blades; One end of folding blade connection bracket is connected with folding blade, the other end is fixed on and connects on main shaft, folding blade drive motor drives driving gear, driving gear is engaged with transmitting gear, transmitting gear is fixed on the medium position of connection main shaft, make folding blade under the effect of transmitting gear, rotate around folding blade spin axis.
Technical characteristics of the present invention is also: the ratio of described primary blades length and folding blade length is 1:0.3 ~ 1:0.5.
The present invention compared with prior art, there is following characteristics and high-lighting effect: 1. adopt two-part, be convenient to manufacture and the assembling of large-scale blade, 2. adopt transmitting gear to carry out rotation to folding blade to control, control accuracy is high, the startup of blade and shutting down is controlled easy, the effect becoming oar can be played, and do not need complicated blade pitch device, 3. folding blade is lighter, control simple, the power of required drive motor is less, 4. when running into strong wind and disaster caused by a windstorm, can by the rotation of folding blade to complete folding position, blade is made to enter guard mode, there is higher Security.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the two-part oblique fold impeller assembly structural representation for large-scale wind driven generator provided by the invention.
Fig. 2 is the plan view of two-part oblique fold blade.
Fig. 3 is plan view and the blade lean rotary motion schematic diagram of two-part oblique fold blade.
Fig. 4 is the complete folded state schematic diagram (connect angle of main shaft inclination on the occasion of time) of two-part oblique fold blade.
Fig. 5 is the complete folded state schematic diagram (when connection angle of main shaft inclination is negative value) of two-part oblique fold blade.
In figure: 1-axial fan hub; 2-primary blades; 3-folding blade; 4-blower fan rotary main shaft line; 5-blade attachment; 6-connects main shaft; 7-transmitting gear; 8-rotary bearing; 9-folding blade connection bracket; 10-folding blade drive motor; 11-blower fan front shroud; 12-connects angle of main shaft inclination; 13-wind direction; The upper transposition of 14-is put; Under 15-, transposition is put; The complete folding position of 16-folding blade; 17-connects base; 18-angle of rotation; 19-wiring groove; Axis of reference in 20-primary blades; 21-folding blade spin axis; Leaf position after 22-is completely folding.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, structure of the present invention and embodiment are further described:
Fig. 1 is the two-part oblique fold impeller assembly schematic diagram for large-scale wind driven generator provided by the invention, and described device contains axial fan hub 1, primary blades 2, folding blade 3 and blade attachment 5, each blade is combined by primary blades 2 and folding blade 3, and its primary blades 2 is stator blade, is fixedly connected with axial fan hub 1, and its folding blade 3 is connected with primary blades 2 by connection set 5, and folding blade is rotation blade, blade attachment 5 is by connection main shaft 6, transmitting gear 7, rotary bearing 8, folding blade connection bracket 9, connection base 17 and folding blade drive motor 10 form, transmitting gear 7 is fixed on the medium position of connection main shaft 6, there are two folding blade connection brackets 9, the one end of each is connected with folding blade 3, the other end is fixed on the end position of connection main shaft 6, connect main shaft 6 to carry out being connected and supporting with the inner ring of the rotary bearing 8 at two ends, the outer shroud of the rotary bearing 8 at two ends connects with the connection base 17 at two ends respectively, and be fixed in primary blades 2, folding blade drive motor 10 drives driving gear, and driving gear is engaged with transmitting gear 7, and transmitting gear 7 is fixed on the medium position of connection main shaft 6, makes folding blade 3 under the effect of transmitting gear 7, rotates around folding blade spin axis 21, the power line of folding blade drive motor 10 and control wiring are arranged in the wiring groove 19 in primary blades 2, because blade is two-part layout, manufacture and the transport of segmentation can be carried out, folding blade 3 can be carried out connecting and installing by connection set 5 by primary blades 2 at the scene, and folding blade is rotated to the complete folded state as shown in Fig. 4 or Fig. 5, so that the lifting of blade and impeller, will greatly reduce the difficulty of the manufacture of blade, transport and installation.
Fig. 2 is the plan view of two-part oblique fold blade, described folding blade spin axis 21 and axis of reference in primary blades 20 form one and are connected angle of main shaft inclination 12, i.e. α angle, in primary blades, axis of reference 20 is parallel with blower fan rotary main shaft line 4 and wind direction 13, the absolute value of α angle is more than or equal to 10 °, is less than or equal to 30 °; When α angle be on the occasion of time, folding blade 3 is FC rotation blade, sees the blade state shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 4; When α angle is negative value, folding blade 3 is BI rotation blade, blade state as shown in Figure 5; No matter be FC or BI folding blade, when folding blade 3 carries out upper rotation and lower rotary motion around folding blade spin axis 21, all will the side of folding blade 3 made to occur alice phenomenon.
Fig. 3 is the plan view of two-part oblique fold blade and folding blade 3 position view when carrying out Sloped rotating, folding blade 3 is made to produce an angle of rotation 18 when being driven by drive motor 10, namely the angle beta rotated, at this moment will there is alice phenomenon in the side of folding blade 3, folding blade 3 as shown in Figure 3 upper transposition put 14 and put 15 in lower transposition time folding blade alice pattern, this alice phenomenon will change the aerodynamic characteristics of folding blade 3 significantly, the absolute value of α angle is larger, the absolute value of angle of rotation β is larger, just larger to the change of vane aerodynamic characteristic, folding blade 3 upper transposition put 14 and put 15 in lower transposition time the fan blade running torque that produces of alice phenomenon there is antipodal direction, like this by controlling the rotation of folding blade 3, just can play the effect becoming oar, this provides simple and reliable means for carrying out power adjustments with wind regime.
Just by folding blade 3 upper transposition put 14 and put 15 in lower transposition time the different direction fan blade running torque that produces of alice phenomenon, control the power of whole generator set, as when fan starting, need larger startup running torque, and when running into especially big wind regime or urgency, need the braking etc. carrying out blower fan, adjustment and the control of a series of like this situation can be carried out.
When running into especially big wind regime, if desired blade is made to be in the state of braking or safety protection, at this moment transmitting gear 7 can be driven by folding blade drive motor 10, make folding blade 3 under the effect of transmitting gear 7, turn to complete folded state around folding blade spin axis 21, as shown in Figure 4 or shown in Fig. 5, the length of the integral blade after folding will shorten, the wind load that its integral blade bears will greatly reduce, and the Security of blower fan when running into extreme wind and carrying is protected; It should be noted that for windward formula blower fan, according to BI folding blade, integral blade and generator set cabin should be kept to have certain space length, should not interfere with generator set cabin to make the blade tip of folding blade after folding completely.
Claims (3)
1. for the two-part oblique fold impeller assembly of large-scale wind driven generator, described device contains axial fan hub (1) and at least two blades, it is characterized in that: each blade comprises primary blades (2) and folding blade (3), described primary blades (2) is stator blade, and primary blades root is fixedly connected with axial fan hub (1); Primary blades (2) is connected by blade attachment (5) with folding blade (3), and makes folding blade (3) carry out upper rotation and lower rotary motion around folding blade spin axis (21); Described folding blade spin axis (21) becomes α angle with axis of reference in primary blades (20), and the absolute value of α angle is more than or equal to 10 °, is less than or equal to 30 °; In described primary blades, axis of reference (20) is parallel with blower fan rotary main shaft line (4).
2. according to the two-part oblique fold impeller assembly for large-scale wind driven generator according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described blade attachment (5) comprises folding blade drive motor (10), connection main shaft (6), transmitting gear (7), rotary bearing (8), folding blade connection bracket (9) and connects base (17); Connect main shaft (6) to carry out being connected and supporting with the inner ring of the rotary bearing (8) at two ends, the outer shroud of the rotary bearing (8) at two ends connects with the connection base (17) at two ends respectively, and is fixed in primary blades (2); One end of folding blade connection bracket (9) is connected with folding blade (3), the other end is fixed on and connects on main shaft (6), folding blade drive motor (10) drives driving gear, driving gear is engaged with transmitting gear (7), transmitting gear (7) is fixed on the medium position of connection main shaft (6), make folding blade (3) under the effect of transmitting gear (7), rotate around folding blade spin axis (21).
3. according to the two-part oblique fold impeller assembly for large-scale wind driven generator according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the ratio of described primary blades (2) length and folding blade (3) length is 1:0.3 ~ 1:0.5.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210526207.3A CN103016276B (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2012-12-07 | Two-sectional inclined folding blade device for large wind-driven generator |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210526207.3A CN103016276B (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2012-12-07 | Two-sectional inclined folding blade device for large wind-driven generator |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN103016276A CN103016276A (en) | 2013-04-03 |
| CN103016276B true CN103016276B (en) | 2015-01-21 |
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| CN201210526207.3A Expired - Fee Related CN103016276B (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2012-12-07 | Two-sectional inclined folding blade device for large wind-driven generator |
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Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104314761B (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2017-02-22 | 丁健威 | Blade-foldable wind-power generator |
| FR3048953B1 (en) * | 2016-03-21 | 2018-04-06 | Arianegroup Sas | AIRCRAFT PROPELLER COMPRISING FOLDING BLADES AND VARIABLE SHAFT |
| DE102016208051A1 (en) * | 2016-05-10 | 2017-11-16 | Wobben Properties Gmbh | Wind turbine rotor blade, and wind turbine with selbigem |
| DK3293392T3 (en) * | 2016-09-08 | 2020-08-31 | Vestas Wind Sys As | WIND TURBLE WINGS INCLUDING AN EDGE STABILIZER |
| CN112483307B (en) * | 2020-10-26 | 2022-04-05 | 西安交通大学 | Three-section pivoting type wind driven generator blade |
| CN112879240B (en) * | 2021-04-06 | 2022-08-02 | 中广核贵港港南风力发电有限公司 | Wind-resistant wind power blade |
| CN113915066B (en) * | 2021-11-22 | 2023-04-25 | 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司 | Self-protection wind power system with folding and heating blades and working method thereof |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102400845A (en) * | 2010-09-15 | 2012-04-04 | 通用电气公司 | Wind turbine rotor blade with aerodynamic winglet |
| EP2525085A2 (en) * | 2011-05-19 | 2012-11-21 | Envision Energy (Denmark) ApS | A wind turbine and wind turbine blade |
| EP2527645A2 (en) * | 2011-04-29 | 2012-11-28 | Envision Energy (Denmark) ApS | A wind turbine and wind turbine blade |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7821148B2 (en) * | 2009-08-14 | 2010-10-26 | Piasecki Frederick W | Wind turbine |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102400845A (en) * | 2010-09-15 | 2012-04-04 | 通用电气公司 | Wind turbine rotor blade with aerodynamic winglet |
| EP2527645A2 (en) * | 2011-04-29 | 2012-11-28 | Envision Energy (Denmark) ApS | A wind turbine and wind turbine blade |
| EP2525085A2 (en) * | 2011-05-19 | 2012-11-21 | Envision Energy (Denmark) ApS | A wind turbine and wind turbine blade |
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| CN103016276A (en) | 2013-04-03 |
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